CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY

What Is Climate ChangeWhat Is Climate Change

Effects of Climate Change to Water CycleEffects of Climate Change to Water Cycle

•• Water Supply and DemandWater Supply and Demand

•• Impacts of Climate ChangeImpacts of Climate Change

•• Other ChallengesOther Challenges

•• Strategies, Adaptations & MitigationsStrategies, Adaptations & Mitigations

•• ConclusionConclusion

CONTENTSCONTENTS

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?•• Change in the statistical properties of the climate Change in the statistical properties of the climate

sys. when considered over long periods of time, sys. when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause (regardless of cause (WikipediaWikipedia))

•• Climate always changing, largely irreversible Climate always changing, largely irreversible •• COCO22 emission heart of problem, Human activities emission heart of problem, Human activities

caused concentration of COcaused concentration of CO22 increase 35% since increase 35% since the beginning of the age of industrializationthe beginning of the age of industrialization

•• Lead to global warming, sea level rise, extreme Lead to global warming, sea level rise, extreme max.dailymax.daily temperaturetemperature

•• Change in daily rainfall extreme in terms of Change in daily rainfall extreme in terms of intensity & frequency intensity & frequency

•• WWater sector worst affected by climate ater sector worst affected by climate changechange

WATER CYCLE

• PRECIPITATION• EVAPOTRANSPIRATION• SURFACE RUNOFF• CHANGE IN VEGETATION

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO WATER CYCLE

• INFITRATION• RIVER FLOW etc• GROUND WATER • SEA LEVEL• ETC

WATER SUPPLY AND DEMANDWATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND

The National water demand will be expected The National water demand will be expected to increase an average 1.2 % from 14069 MLD to increase an average 1.2 % from 14069 MLD in 2010 to 25884 MLD in 2050. To cater for in 2010 to 25884 MLD in 2050. To cater for this increase in the next four decades RM 4 this increase in the next four decades RM 4 billion of CAPEX works will be expected. billion of CAPEX works will be expected.

Expected capital works Expected capital works programeprograme for the next 4 decades, for the next 4 decades, source works at RM 1.6 billion, treatment work and source works at RM 1.6 billion, treatment work and distribution networks RM 1.7 billion. The above increase in distribution networks RM 1.7 billion. The above increase in water demand and their corresponding CAPEX works water demand and their corresponding CAPEX works assume the per capita demand will decrease to 180 assume the per capita demand will decrease to 180 litreslitres in in year 2050year 2050

PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY CAPEX 2011 CAPEX 2011 -- 20502050

WATER DEMAND PER CAPITAWATER DEMAND PER CAPITA2000 2000 –– 20102010

MALAYSIA - LITRES PER CAPITA PER DAY (LCD)2002-2010

203202205206

172172171184187

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

years

litre

s pe

r cap

ita p

er d

ay (l

cd)

Singapore

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

In terms of Availability & QuantityIn terms of Availability & Quantity•• Malaysian Climate Projection from NAHRIM Study for Malaysian Climate Projection from NAHRIM Study for

Pen Malaysia for future annual rainfalls there will be Pen Malaysia for future annual rainfalls there will be 10% increase for 10% increase for KelantanKelantan, , TerengganuTerengganu and and PahangPahang, and , and

•• 5% decrease for 5% decrease for SelangorSelangor and and JohorJohor. . •• There will be more droughts There will be more droughts i.ei.e dry years dry years

anticipated (2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044) andanticipated (2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044) and•• higher maximum and lower minimum rainfall higher maximum and lower minimum rainfall

will be observed in the future in many sub regions.will be observed in the future in many sub regions.

Climate change will change the availability, quantity, quality and demand of water resources, which will impact water supply

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEDroughtDrought•• Prolong drought was experienced in Prolong drought was experienced in KluangKluang, ,

JohorJohor Feb.Feb.--March 2010March 2010-- SembrongSembrong TimurTimur Plant almost zero Plant almost zero prodprodnn..-- For water For water security,Marchsecurity,March 2011 the 2011 the Fed.Govt.announcedFed.Govt.announced EmpanganEmpangan KahangKahangproject at RM 105 millionproject at RM 105 million

•• August 2009, drought in Sarawak. Decrease August 2009, drought in Sarawak. Decrease river yield affects water supply to river yield affects water supply to Kuching, Sri Kuching, Sri Aman, Limbang, Sarikei, Mukah, Betong, Kapit Aman, Limbang, Sarikei, Mukah, Betong, Kapit dan Samarahan.dan Samarahan.

•• LabuanLabuan drought (2009drought (2009--2010) 2010) –– water water rationing major part of rationing major part of LabuanLabuan, closing of 2, closing of 2ndnd

PetronasPetronas Methanol PlantMethanol Plant•• LabuanLabuan adaptation measures : Increase use of adaptation measures : Increase use of

ground water, Brackish water T/Plantground water, Brackish water T/Plant

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEFloodFlood•• Extreme flood events in Extreme flood events in Sarawak,KedahSarawak,Kedah, Malacca , Malacca

and and JohorJohor. . •• Feb.2009, Flood in parts of SarawakFeb.2009, Flood in parts of Sarawak•• Jan.2011 Jan.2011 –– JohorJohor, flood, communication and water , flood, communication and water

supply to many districts was cutsupply to many districts was cut--off including off including SegamatSegamat, , MuarMuar, , BatuBatu PahatPahat & & KluangKluang. Water tankers . Water tankers dispatched from dispatched from neighbouringneighbouring states. states.

•• PerlisPerlis & & KedahKedah Nov.2010 flood, Nov.2010 flood, BukitBukit PinangPinang T/Plant T/Plant in in AlorAlor SetarSetar completely submerged with flood water completely submerged with flood water leaving thousands of consumers without water leaving thousands of consumers without water supply. supply.

•• After effects, water operator endure high cost of After effects, water operator endure high cost of rebuilding damaged plants and equipments while rebuilding damaged plants and equipments while consumers endure long duration of supply disruption consumers endure long duration of supply disruption due to ongoing repair works.due to ongoing repair works.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Change in River YieldChange in River Yield

•• safe yield of rivers (low flows) decrease. Also leads to safe yield of rivers (low flows) decrease. Also leads to lowering of river level, treatment plants could not lowering of river level, treatment plants could not produce their normal/design production. produce their normal/design production.

•• River intake has to be relocated further downstream River intake has to be relocated further downstream where yield is higher, lowering of river intake or weir where yield is higher, lowering of river intake or weir constructed across river to increase water depth constructed across river to increase water depth egeg. . lowering of river intakes along lowering of river intakes along Sg.PahangSg.Pahang from from TemerlohTemerloh -- PekanPekan

Summary of Simulated Flows for the Historical Summary of Simulated Flows for the Historical and Future Period (NAHRIM 2006 Study)and Future Period (NAHRIM 2006 Study)

Simulation shows higher maximum and lower minimum flowSimulation shows higher maximum and lower minimum flow

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGERaw Water QualityRaw Water Quality

•• It was observed that Malaysia sea level It was observed that Malaysia sea level risedrised at at 1.25 mm per year over 1986 to 2006 1.25 mm per year over 1986 to 2006

•• Water resources close to sea face threat from Water resources close to sea face threat from saline intrusion saline intrusion egeg. Relocation of . Relocation of PeramuPeramu T/Plant T/Plant intake (due to saline intrusion)intake (due to saline intrusion)

•• In the 9th Malaysian Plan, In the 9th Malaysian Plan, KemamanKemaman barrage in barrage in the state of the state of TerengganuTerengganu was was contructedcontructed to raise to raise river level and stop instruction of saline water into river level and stop instruction of saline water into intake of intake of Bt.SahBt.Sah T/Plant. T/Plant.

•• Deterioration of river water quality due to Deterioration of river water quality due to pollution and decrease in river flow (dry months) pollution and decrease in river flow (dry months) leads to plant shut down leads to plant shut down egeg. . CherasCheras and and LabuLabuTreatment plantsTreatment plants

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEWater DemandWater Demand

•• Rising temperature may lead to more Rising temperature may lead to more water usagewater usage

•• Impact on agriculture due to rising Impact on agriculture due to rising temp.,evapotranspirationtemp.,evapotranspiration, need more , need more waterwater

T a k l i m a tSISTEM BEKALAN AIR Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan

JBA Labuan

Paras Empangan Sg. Pagar Pada 29 Jun 2009

Paras Empangan Sg. Pagar Pada 22 Mac 2010

TaklimatSTATUS TERKINI MASALAH BEKALAN AIR LABUAN

TaklimatSTATUS TERKINI MASALAH BEKALAN AIR LABUAN

KEDAH 2010 FLOOD

KEDAH 2010 FLOOD- WATER ASSISTANCE FROM SYABAS & REJIMEN 60

Pemandangan di luar Rumah Pam Fasa IV LRA Bukit Pinang yang ditengelami banjir

Other ChallengesOther Challenges•• More than 80 % of future water stress More than 80 % of future water stress

due to population and development and due to population and development and not climate changenot climate change

•• Rapid Rapid urbanisationurbanisation and population growth and population growth are the major challenges are the major challenges

•• More often than not government policies for More often than not government policies for water and sewerage provision are outpaced water and sewerage provision are outpaced by rapid by rapid urbanisationurbanisation and unplanned and unplanned urbanisationurbanisation contribute to water resource contribute to water resource pollution pollution

•• Challenges dealing with poor governance and Challenges dealing with poor governance and understanding of the river basin and its ecounderstanding of the river basin and its eco--systems and lack of financing. systems and lack of financing.

Strategies, Adaptation & Strategies, Adaptation & MititigationMititigation

•• Adaptation to reduce risk, government and institutional concern Adaptation to reduce risk, government and institutional concern must be addressedmust be addressed

•• quantify uncertainties and reduce themquantify uncertainties and reduce them•• Engineering to be robust. Adaptive measures with respect to Engineering to be robust. Adaptive measures with respect to

design and safety of installationdesign and safety of installation•• Need Need ‘‘Total WaterTotal Water’’ approach, holistic viewapproach, holistic view•• Integration of climate change consideration into planning Integration of climate change consideration into planning

activities. activities. •• Protection from saline intrusionProtection from saline intrusion•• flash flood and prolong drought. Flood closed major plants. flash flood and prolong drought. Flood closed major plants.

Proper location of new source infrastructure with regard to Proper location of new source infrastructure with regard to climate changeclimate change

•• Having major network connectivity during crisis. How to divert Having major network connectivity during crisis. How to divert pipe flow from unaffected area to affected area (pipe flow from unaffected area to affected area (egeg flow from flow from neighbouringneighbouring areas, district, statesareas, district, states

•• Water supply and demand management, Reducing NRW and Water supply and demand management, Reducing NRW and consumption, need for rain water harvestingconsumption, need for rain water harvesting

•• Efficient flood response planEfficient flood response plan

ConclusionConclusion•• Climate change slow but will gain momentumClimate change slow but will gain momentum•• Improve understanding of longImprove understanding of long--term climate variability and term climate variability and

change. Quantify uncertainties and reduce them. This will change. Quantify uncertainties and reduce them. This will facilitate improved urban water supply systems and design facilitate improved urban water supply systems and design water resource management options and policy response. water resource management options and policy response.

•• Policy not only to consider costPolicy not only to consider cost--benefit but also environment, benefit but also environment, social, response and recovery measures, knowledge and social, response and recovery measures, knowledge and information mgmt., engaging public, stakeholdersinformation mgmt., engaging public, stakeholders

•• Efficient water management could mean adoption of more Efficient water management could mean adoption of more efficient water treatment technologies, increased reefficient water treatment technologies, increased re--use of use of water and wastes, going for nonwater and wastes, going for non--coventionalcoventional source and source and improved demand management. improved demand management.

•• Protect our environment, not to stress and Protect our environment, not to stress and polutepolute it it •• Consumers can be the source of and solution to Consumers can be the source of and solution to

unsustainable consumption by reducing daily water demand unsustainable consumption by reducing daily water demand and changing lifestyleand changing lifestyle