Click on a lesson name to select. Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 1: The History of...

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Page 1: Click on a lesson name to select. Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains.
Page 2: Click on a lesson name to select. Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains.

Click on a lesson name to select.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Section 1: The History of Classification

Section 2: Modern Classification

Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms

Page 3: Click on a lesson name to select. Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains.

Early Systems of Classification

Biologists use a system of * to organize information about the diversity of living things.

The History of Classification

Organizing Life’s DiversitySection 1

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Aristotle’s System

More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Aristotle classified organisms as *.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Organizing Life’s Diversity

Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of *.”

Animals were further grouped according to their *.

Plants were classified by *.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Linnaeus’s System

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Linnaeus’s system of classification was the first formal system of *.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Binomial Nomenclature

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called *.

The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet, or specific name, that identifies the species.

The History of Classification

Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use.

Section 1

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When writing a scientific name, scientists use these rules:

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The first letter of the genus name always is capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all letters of the specific epithet are lowercase.

If a scientific name is written in a printed book or magazine, it should be italicized.

When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined.

After the scientific name has been written completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Taxonomic Categories

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system.

Each category is contained within another, and theyare arranged from broadest to most specific.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Species and Genus

Organizing Life’s Diversity

*called a taxa.

A genus (plural, genera) is *.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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A family is the next higher taxon, consisting of similar, related genera.

Family

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Higher Taxa

Organizing Life’s Diversity

An order contains *.

A class contains *.

A phylum or division contains *.

The taxon of related phyla or divisions is a *.

The * is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms.

The History of Classification

Section 1

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Typological Species Concept

Modern Classification

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Aristotle and Linnaeus thought of each species as a distinctly different group of organisms based on physical similarities.

Based on the idea that species are unchanging, distinct, and natural types.

Section 2

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Biological Species Concept

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The biological species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that is able to *.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Phylogenic Species Concept

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Phylogeny is the *.

The phylogenic species concept defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Organizing Life’s Diversity

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Characters

To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of descent by using characters.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Characters *.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Morphological Characters

Shared morphological characters suggest that species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Analogous characters are those that have the *.

Homologous characters might perform different functions, but show *.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Birds and Dinosaurs

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Compare birds and dinosaurs:

Hollow bones

Theropods have leg, wrist, hip, and shoulder structures similar to birds.

Some theropods may have had feathers.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Biochemical Characters

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Scientists use biochemical characters, such as *, to help them determine evolutionary relationships among species.

*.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Organizing Life’s Diversity

The similar appearance of chromosomes among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans suggests a shared ancestry.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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*

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Scientists use * to compare the DNA sequences or amino acid sequences of genes that are shared by different species.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Organizing Life’s Diversity

The differences between the genes indicate the *.

The *, the more time that has passed since divergence.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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The Rate of Mutation is Affected

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Modern Classification

Type of mutation

Where the mutation is in the genome

Type of protein that the mutation affects

Population in which the mutation occurs

Section 2

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Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Cladistics *.

Scientists consider two main types of characters when doing cladistic analysis.

An ancestral character is found within the *.

Derived characters are present members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Cladograms

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The greater the number of derived characters shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a common ancestor.

Modern Classification

Section 2

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Grouping Species

The broadest category in the classification used by most biologists is the domain.

Domains and Kingdoms

Organizing Life’s Diversity

The most widely used biological classification system has *.

The three domains are *

The six kingdoms are *.

Section 3

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Domain Bacteria

Eubacteria are *.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Eubacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many different environments.

Domains and Kingdoms

Classifying Using Biotechnology

Section 3

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Domain Archaea

Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.

They are called * because they can live in extreme environments.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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Domain Eukarya

All eukaryotes are classified in Domain Eukarya.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Domain Eukarya contains Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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Kingdom Protista

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike, animal-like, and funguslike.

Domains and Kingdoms

Protists are *.

Section 3

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Kingdom Fungi

Organizing Life’s Diversity

A fungus is a unicellular or multicellulareukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment.

Members of Kingdom Fungi are*.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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Kingdom Plantae

Members of Kingdom Plantae form the base of all terrestrial habitats.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

All plants are multicellular and have cell walls composed of cellulose.

Most plants are autotrophs, but some are heterotrophic.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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Kingdom Animalia

All animals are *.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Animal organs often are organized into complex organ systems.

They live in the water, on land, and in the air.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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Viruses—An Exception

A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Viruses *.

Because they are *, they usually are not placed in the biological classification system.

Domains and Kingdoms

Section 3

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 1

On what characteristics did Linnaeus base his system of classification?

A. red blood and bloodless

B. evolutionary history

C. behavior and habitat

D. body structure

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Chapter

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 2

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

What is the term for a named group of organisms?

A. genus

B. family

C. phylum

D. taxon

Chapter

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 3

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Determine which scientific specialist studies classifications and identifies new species.

A. ecologist

B. evolutionary geneticist

C. systematist

D. biologist

Chapter


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