Taxonomy

C17 Learning TargetsEvolution underlies the classification

of life’s diversity.

C17.1 The History of Classification

17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

TAXONOMY:

the science of classification

Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)

“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

Aristotle created:TWO KINGDOMS

In Water

In the Air

On Land

Trees

Shrubs

Herbs

PLANTS ANIMALS

Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

1707-1778

Modern Taxonomy

Classification of Life

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Two word naming systemGenus - first wordSpecies - second wordDescribes a characteristic of the organismLatin is the language used (some Greek)(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

0RDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

“Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:

C17.1 Objective Review Questions

1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms.

2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature.

3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.

C17.2 Modern Classification

HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:

PROKARYOTEOR

EUKARYOTE

MODE OF NUTRITION

CLADISTICSThe Cladistic Method

Cladograms

PHYLOGENYEvolutionary Tree

BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA

CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

BREEDING BEHAVIOR

STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES

Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection

Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited

Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors

Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

17.3 Domains and Kingdoms

The Three Domains of Life

The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms

within three domains.

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE

PLANTS

ANIMALS

FUNGI

PROTISTS

EUBACTERIA

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Glencoe textbook link

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Multicellular

Eukaryotes

Autotrophs/ photosynthesis

Cell walls (made of cellulose)

Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores

Found on all types of land

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

MulticellularEukaryotesIngestive heterotrophsCell membranesSpecialized cellsSexual reproduction (most) by eggs & spermFound everywhere

KINGDOM FUNGIMulticellular (most)

Eukaryotes

Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)

Cell walls (made of chitin)

Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores

Found in damp, dark environments

KINGDOM PROTISTAUnicellular or multicellular

Eukaryotes

Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae)

Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike

Sexual and/or asexual reproduction

Found in aquatic habitats

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsReproduce asexually

(binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation)

Live in extreme habitats:1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)2. Salty brines (Halophiles)3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsBinary fission and/or conjugationSome are:1. Parasites2. Saprophytes (saprobes)3. AutotrophsLive everywhere

C17.3 Objective Review Questions

1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains.

2. Explain four of the characteristics used to

organize organisms into the six kingdoms.

THE END!