Clemson Travel Patterns:

Applying State-of-the-Practice Travel Survey Techniques to the

Local LandscapePh.D. Colloquium

Friday, October 13, 2006Anne E. Dunning, Ph.D.

Ben Boyles Scott Adams Mark Brown Erin ComstockWilliam Boyles David Myers

2

Outline

The Right Time for Mobility at Clemson (Motivation and Research Questions)

Methodologies Overview of Results Venues for Dissemination Concurrent Research

Motivation and Research Questions

4

Motivation at Clemson

Trustee mandate: no new surface parking lots Increasing demand for parking

Ten years ago: ~30% of freshmen brought cars to campus

Now: ~80% of freshmen bring private vehicles

2004 hiring of a new parking director 2006 study to create a Parking and

Transportation Management Plan

5

Mobility Matters

Access and mobility help define the intuitive feel of a campus

Safe, easy, and convenient transportation systems can help attract students, faculty and staff

6

University Priorities Efficient

transportation can enhance the experience of visitors and returning alumni

Environmentally conscious transportation planning can help preserve natural beauty & meet regional goals

7

Unique Environments University campuses are vibrant, distinct communities

made up of people from different backgrounds, incomes, lifestyles and attitudes.

Diverse demographic and socioeconomic characteristics require a diverse set of mobility options.

University campus land use can provide an environment where multi-modal transportation systems can work

8

The Clemson UniversityTransportation Challenge Goal: A pedestrian friendly campus

Highest and best use of campus land Surface parking lot conversion (multi-million dollar garages?) Increased research space and activity

A balanced transportation systems approach is needed Multi-modal focus

Need to understand how the campus currently moves

Travel demand surveying

9

Objectives

Objectives Discuss best practices identified from literature and case study

investigation. Examine Clemson campus transportation system challenges

and opportunities Conduct statistical and spatial analysis of travel patterns in the

Clemson community. Make recommendations for transportation systems and capacity

allocations that will help to create a sustainable multi-modal campus transportation system

How does Clemson move?

Methodology

11

Questions

Under what circumstances do people move at Clemson?

What are the populations of interest for developing a transportation system?

What types of trips do we need to understand? What do we need to know about those trips?

12

Triple-Survey Structure

Three distinct surveys aimed at different aspects of campus transportation issues Internet Survey

November 21 – December 6, 2005 Large sample Stated and revealed preference questions on general daily travel patterns

Travel Diary September-October 2006 coinciding with Clemson University parking

inventory and demand study Small sample Revealed behavior with substantial detail

Football Intercept Survey 2005 season (5 out of 6 home games) Large sample Major events with

Special traveling populations Unique origin-destination needs Concentrated time requirements

13

Human Subjects Research

Stringent requirements for review of research procedures, instruments, risks, and ethicsNazi medical experimentsAddictive drug research

Special consideration of minors (freshmen?)

What kind of risks could the campus

surveys pose?

14

Internet Survey

1,614 valid responses

Tree structure (Each survey was unique according to how the person answered it) Classification as student (on

or off campus)/faculty/staff Primary mode used Other modal preferences

Widespread distribution, e-mailed to all Clemson faculty, staff, and students

Intro

I05

IRB Review Language and Introduction

I04 I07I06I03

I01

Auto

A01

A11 ?

A01

A02 ?

Yes No

A07

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty Staff

A25

Yes No

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A32

A37

Walk

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A26

A31

Auto Auto Auto

Bike

B16

B17

B27B18

B21B22

B25

B26

B23

B24

Year Round

Part Year

B18

Rail

No Commute

Commute

R01

R13

R03R02

R08

Yes No

R09

R12

Please see page 3

Walk Walk

W02

W03

W04

W01

W06

W07

W02

W05

W08

W03

W02

Yes No

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty, Staff

Yes No

CAT

Golf Carts

C01

C09

C10C02

C11

Yes No

Off Campus Students

On Campus Students

Faculty & Staff

C01

C03

C19C02

C20

Yes No

C01

C04

C28C02

C29

Yes No

C13

C18

C27

C24

G04

G01

DemographicsDemographics

D12

D15

D08

I02

D15

D14

D14

Students

Faculty

Staff

D09

D10

D11

D01

D07

Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.

15

Intro

I05

IRB Review Language and Introduction

I04 I07I06I03

I01

Auto

A01

A11 ?

A01

A02 ?

Yes No

A07

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty Staff

A25

Yes No

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A32

A37

Walk

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A26

A31

Auto Auto Auto

Bike

B16

B17

B27B18

B21B22

B25

B26

B23

B24

Year Round

Part Year

B18

Rail

No Commute

Commute

R01

R13

R03R02

R08

Yes No

R09

R12

Please see page 3

Walk Walk

W02

W03

W04

W01

W06

W07

W02

W05

W08

W03

W02

Yes No

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty, Staff

Yes No

CAT

Golf Carts

C01

C09

C10C02

C11

Yes No

Off Campus Students

On Campus Students

Faculty & Staff

C01

C03

C19C02

C20

Yes No

C01

C04

C28C02

C29

Yes No

C13

C18

C27

C24

G04

G01

DemographicsDemographics

D12

D15

D08

I02

D15

D14

D14

Students

Faculty

Staff

D09

D10

D11

D01

D07

Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.

16

Intro

I05

IRB Review Language and Introduction

I04 I07I06I03

I01

Auto

A01

A11 ?

A01

A02 ?

Yes No

A07

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty Staff

A25

Yes No

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A32

A37

Walk

A11 ?

A01

A16

Yes No

A26

A31

Auto Auto Auto

Bike

B16

B17

B27B18

B21B22

B25

B26

B23

B24

Year Round

Part Year

B18

Rail

No Commute

Commute

R01

R13

R03R02

R08

Yes No

R09

R12

Please see page 3

Walk Walk

W02

W03

W04

W01

W06

W07

W02

W05

W08

W03

W02

Yes No

On Campus Students

Off Campus Students

Faculty, Staff

Yes No

CAT

Golf Carts

C01

C09

C10C02

C11

Yes No

Off Campus Students

On Campus Students

Faculty & Staff

C01

C03

C19C02

C20

Yes No

C01

C04

C28C02

C29

Yes No

C13

C18

C27

C24

G04

G01

DemographicsDemographics

D12

D15

D08

I02

D15

D14

D14

Students

Faculty

Staff

D09

D10

D11

D01

D07

Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.

17

Internet Survey

 On-campusStudents

Off-campusStudents Faculty Staff

2005 Actual Enrollment/Employment 6,175 10,990 1,322 2,980

Needed for 95% confidence with ± 5% interval 363 371 298 340

Needed for 90% confidence with ± 5% interval 261 265 225 249

     

Sample Size 506 622 204 286

Weight 12.204 17.669 6.480 10.420

Percent of Population 8.2% 5.7% 15.4% 9.6%

Current confidence interval at 95% (+/-) 4.17% 3.82% 6.31% 5.63%

Current confidence interval at 90% (+/-) 3.51% 3.21% 5.31% 4.74%

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Travel Diary More focused on trip

characteristics than previous two surveys

Entirely revealed behavior of trips throughout the day over the course of week Origin-destination data Time of day Location-specific reporting

Paper format, easy to carry along for the day

Recruitment 401 potential participants allowing

personal contact As of October 12th, 2006

147 diaries distributed 49 diaries returned

What about

statistical significan

ce?

Departed from origin:

Arrived atdestination:

Number of people traveling with you:

Relationship(s) of travelingcompanions to you:

Factors contributing to how you rated trip security:

Factors contributing to how you rated trip safety:

at ___ : ___AMPM

Please rate how secure you felt on this trip.(security from criminal activity) 1

VeryVulnerable Neutral

VerySecure

5432

Please rate how safe you felt on this trip.(safety from accidental injury)

Day of week:(Please circle)

1

VeryVulnerable Neutral

VerySafe

5432

at ___ : ___AMPM

Purpose of trip:

Travel mode:

Environmental concern

Exercise

No alternative

Distance

Congestion (Traffic/parking)

Convenience

Time Safety (accident avoidance)

Privacy

Cost

Security (crime avoidance)

Interaction with people

Other:

Reason for Mode Choice(Check all that apply)

(location)

(location)

19

Diaries… not state of the practice

Activity diaries Vehicle instrumentation GPS packs

Expense?Equipment reliability?

Modal bias?Privacy?

20

Football Survey 946 respondents for the season

±3.2% confidence interval 95% confidence level Student undercount

Paper surveys directed at anyone entering the stadium, aiming to catch all modes, all gates

Collected throughout games, but primarily before kick-off, at half-time and post-game

21

Football Survey

Visibility important with signs/uniforms

Catchy phrases on signs

22

Percent Response by Affiliation

Other11%

Clemson Alumnus49%

Family or Friend19%

Visiting School Alumnus

1%

Visiting School Student

1%

Clemson Student8%Clemson Faculty or

Staff4%

Clemson Area Resident

7%

Football Survey Results

23

Survey Method ComparisonFootball Intercept General Internet Travel Diary

PreparationForm designPrinting

Programming Form designBook designComplicated production

IRB Expedited Expedited Expedited…full…exempt…expedited

Supplies Substantial Minimal Substantial

Recruitment

E-mailAlumni e-newsletterGreek house contactShirts and capsPortable signs

E-mail only E-mail Sign in dormsSigns on grounds

DistributionHours of heat and coldLost weekendsSore backs

Await web clicks Await eager participants in the library

Labor DistributionData entry

PlanningProgramming

Diary productionData entry

Rejection High Moderate Low

Morale Low High Moderate

What biases should you expect for each?

Overview of Modal Results

25

Mode Split for Clemson UniversityInternet Survey Respondents

Responses for question, "How do you normally travel to campus?"

Single passenger automobile, 44%

Multi-passenger automobile, 14%

Bus (Clemson Area Transit), 4%

Walk, 10%

Bike, 2%

Park and ride, 9%

Live on campus, 16%

Other, 1%

26

No3%

Somewhat6%

Maybe16%

Usually31%

Yes43%

Not Sure1%

Do You Have Reasonable Access to Places Within Clemson University?

27

Average Mobility Rating by Mode for All Internet Survey Respondents (1=None and 5=Most)

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Automobile Walking Transit Bike Other

Ave

rag

e M

obi

lity

Rat

ing

28

What Type of Parking Pricing Would You Prefer On Campus (Off-Campus Students)

Up-Front Flat Fee55%

Pay-as-you-go

10%

Reimburse-ment

Program32%

Other3%

29

“I Need A Car…” (On Campus Students)1=Least Agreement and 5=Most Agreement

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Vacation

Shopping

Entertainment

Visit friends

Recreation

Medical care

Sporting events

Work

Research/H

omework

To get to class

30

Gas Prices Results of the Internet Survey show that

gas prices have a bigger effect on the travel habits of Clemson students and staff compared to faculty

Driving less and combining trips were the two most cited effects of increased gas prices for students, faculty and staff

31

Reasons People Do Not Walk

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Me

an

Faculty/Staff

Off Campus Students.

32

Walk Commute Times to Campus

Walk Commute Time to Campus

0.05.0

10.015.0

20.025.030.035.0

Pe

rce

nt

Students

Faculty/Staf f

33

Who is Riding Transit?

On-Campus Students

Off-Campus Students

Faculty & Staff

40% 53% 5%

34

Why Do We Not Ride Transit?

“Bus routes do not serve my needs” “Bus schedule does not serve my need” “Service frequencies do not fit my needs” “I need the flexibility to come and go

during the day” “It takes more time to get to campus when

I ride transit”

35

Bike Facilities 915 people regularly bike to and around campus 52% of all respondents requested more bike lanes, 20% are willing to

pay higher student fees for them 48% of all respondents requested covered bike racks, 19% willing to

pay higher student fees for them

December 6, 2005November 17, 2005

36

Reasons Why Bicyclists Avoid Certain Areas of Clemson

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

AggressiveDrivers

Too manypedestrians

Lack of bikelanes

Other

Pe

rce

nt

of

Pe

op

leW

ho

Bik

e o

n C

am

pu

s

37

Percent Mode Choice

Bus or shuttle0.9%

Walk5.6%

Bike0.3%

Boat0.9%

RV1.0%

Automobile91.3%

Football Survey Results

38

Parking: Not just a car issue

Strollers get designated parking, so why don’t bikes?

Alternative Transportation Options

40

How Often Would You Ride Commuter Rail Between Clemson and Greenville?

7 days a week, 2%

6 days a week, 0%

5 days a week, 5%

4 days a week, 2%

3 days a week, 6%

2 days a week, 6%

1 day a week, 10%

Twice a month, 19%Once a month, 10%

Rarely, 25%

Never, 15%

31% of the Clemson community would use commuter rail every week.

60% of the Clemson community would use commuter rail every

month.

41

Would You Support a County Wide Sales Tax To Support Commuter Rail for Clemson?

On-campusstudent

Off-campusstudent Staff Faculty

Yes 40% 51% 43% 64%

No 22% 20% 26% 17%

Unsure 38% 29% 32% 19%

42

Golf Carts??!!!! Mobility: Access across campus improves with easy access to low-speed

transportation. Congestion: More golf carts than autos can park in the same space Convenience: With smaller vehicles, more vehicles can park in existing lots

closer to buildings. Environment: Address regional air quality issues and non-attainment with

emphasis on electric or propane golf carts. Cost:

Students can use a $2000 golf cart (or a $200 bicycle on the same infrastructure) instead of a $20,000 private vehicle.

The University assumes little cost for operating this mode. The University maximizes existing infrastructure, reducing need for costly garages.

Character: Clemson further establishes its name for automotive technology through practical use

of alternative fuel vehicles. A golf-cart campus will help distinguish Clemson as a unique top-twenty university.

Golf carts have a place in this community, but will people use them?

43

"If Clemson provides appropriate parking and right of way, golf carts and similar small personal vehicles can serve as a viable transportation option for the community."

13%

17%

24%12%

25%

9% 14%

22%

25%

6%

26%

7%

19%

14%

27%8%

23%

9% 20%

20%

18%6%

24%

12%

On

-cam

pu

s S

tud

ents

Fac

ult

yS

taff

Off

-cam

pu

s S

tud

ents

33.2% of the campus community sees golf carts as a likely viable transportation option.

44

Which of the following trips would you use a golf cart for if designated lanes existed for golf carts?"

 On-campus Student

Off-campusStudent Staff Faculty Overall

On Campus 68.0% 64.8% 73.1% 50.6% 64.3%

Football and Events 49.6% 44.4% 25.2% 11.7% 40.2%

Commuting 29.7% 39.8% 12.8% 21.0% 32.7%

Grocery Shopping 36.4% 22.0% 11.0% 15.7% 24.6%

Entertainment and Dining 32.2% 19.0% 14.6% 13.5% 21.7%

Visiting Friends and Family 19.8% 16.4% 6.6% 7.0% 15.5%

Other Shopping 16.2% 11.1% 9.7% 7.5% 12.0%

Medical Care 17.1% 7.9% 4.8% 6.4% 10.1%

45

"Lanes and paths designated for bicycles, golf carts, and mopeds should exist in the Clemson community."

 StronglyDisagree Disagree Neutral Agree

StronglyAgree

NotSure

On campus student 7.5% 15.7% 29.0% 13.8% 28.5% 5.5%

Off campus student 6.9% 15.0% 29.0% 10.1% 35.0% 3.9%

Staff 7.0% 11.4% 27.2% 10.1% 38.2% 6.1%

Faculty 6.4% 7.0% 18.6% 8.1% 52.3% 7.6%

Total 7.0% 13.9% 27.5% 10.9% 35.7% 5.0%

Only 1/5 of the community opposes investing in infrastructure for low-speed local transportation.

46.6% of the Clemson community agrees that we have a need.

Venues for Dissemination

Who cares?How relevant is a study of Clemson?

47

Contribution to the Clemson Campus

2006 consultant study of campus transportation needs

Parking & Transportation Management Plan

48

Classes

2005 City and Regional Planning Graduate Studio

2006 Undergraduate Creative Inquiry

Future potential for landscape architecture and engineering studio work

49

Theses

Brown, Mark (2006). Commuter Rail for Small Metropolitan Areas

Boyles, Ben (2006). University Campus Mobility: Creating a Systems Approach to Transportation Planning.

Miller, Ben (2007). Untitled proposal to investigate geographic patterns revealed in the diary to determine barriers to active transportation.

An apparent bias toward students named Ben

50

Presentations / Potential Publications Adams, Boyles, Brown, and Comstock. Presentation to the Clemson University

Administrative Council, January 30, 2006 Dunning, Anne and Boyles, Ben. Carolinas Parking Association Meeting,

Clemson, SC, May 2006. Boyles, Ben and Dunning, Anne. “Maximizing Mobility in a Rural University

Community Environment,” presented at the National Rural Bus and Intercity Transit Conference (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science), Skamania, WA, October 2006.

Boyles, Ben. “Charting a New Path in University Campus Transportation Planning,” presented to the American Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, Dallas, TX, November 2006.

Boyles, Ben and Dunning, Anne. “University Campus Parking: Balancing Supply and Demand,” paper #07-3470 submitted for the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2007.

Brown, Mark and Dunning, Anne. “A Demand Analysis Of A Commuter Rail System Between Clemson University and Greenville, South Carolina,” paper #07-3282 submitted for the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2007.

Three more by the end of the Fall 2006…

51

Concurrent Research

Parking inventory and demand study Clemson Area Transit ridership survey Parking infrastructure needs analysis Parking management audit