ANNA LERNER, ORIOL PASCUAL, ZHENIA VIATCHANINOVA

CLEANWEB FOR DEVELOPMENTAN INTRODUCTION

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The growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the increased importance of clean technology has allowed for a new cleantech paradigm. Traditionally, clean technology investments in renewable energy, mobility, and water management hardware have required high upfront capital and long implementation periods. Cleanweb, a sub-category of cleantech is a rapidly deployable, relatively low-cost alternative leading to a more efficient use of re-sources and a reduced environmental impact.

Cleanweb solutions are driven by innovative business models and recent advances in areas like big data, cloud com-puting, mobile communications, and sensing. Successful Cleanweb startups are already disrupting traditional cleantech financing models and enabling a smarter and more efficient use of energy and other resources in everything from our homes and cars, to our factories and farms.

The United States and the European Union are early adopters and developers of Cleanweb applications, mainly in the form of web and mobile applications, as well as data driven solutions, but its potential benefit for developing and emerging markets is vast.

This publication serves to introduce and define the concept of Cleanweb, describe its advantages over existing models and highlight its potential as an enabler for sustainable development and green growth. A collection of examples within this document illustrates the benefits of Cleanweb and provides grounds for inspiration to build further capacity in this emerging field.

1. INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction.--------------------------------------------------------------32. What is Cleanweb? ------------------------------------------------------4 3. Characteristics of Cleanweb solutions--------------------------------10 4. Impact of Cleanweb-----------------------------------------------------135. Cleanweb as an enabler for development----------------------------166. The role of governments-----------------------------------------------207. List of resources---------------------------------------------------------268. References and acknowledgements ----------------------------------27

CONTENTS

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2. WHAT IS CLEANWEB?

Cleanweb can be described as business solutions in the form of web and mobile applications that use net-work-based or connected technologies to help consumers make better use of resources, understand and reduce their environmental footprint and disrupt traditional cleantech financing models.

Figure 1: Framing the Cleanweb (Ref: O. Pascual, 2014)

Cleanweb originates from the merging of three existing industries: Cleantech, Internet of Things, and the Shar-ing Economy - also known as Collaborative Consumption.

• Cleantech: Technology, products and services which generate superior commercial benefits to customers while addressing significant environmental concerns such as global warming, sus-tainability of natural resources and energy security. It usually takes the form of hardware and large engineering projects and includes examples like green transport, recycling, renewable energy and other technologies offering energy efficiency improvements;

• Internet of Things (IoT): An ever-growing system of network-based and connected technol-ogies and physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, paired with the communication that occurs between these objects and other internet-enabled devices and systems. These may include sensors with the capacity to acquire data (i.e. environmental, consumption, use, etc.);

• Sharing Economy: The Sharing Economy leverages information technology to empower individuals, organizations, and governments to share human and physical resources, maximizing the use of idle assets, both goods and services, through peer-to-peer sharing agreements (P2P) and social lending.

Cleanweb applications capitalize on the power of ICT and innovative technologies to optimize resource use across all sectors and to create value by:

1. Facilitating resource efficient consumption: Providing actionable insights that help people take informed decisions about their resource consumption (for instance water, energy, fuel, and food) and connecting individuals on peer-to-peer basis with the aim of sharing resources. Examples include Airbnb, Yerdle, and GetAround;

2. Improving environmental performance: While traditional environmental solutions typically use a technical language to communicate environmental performance (i.e. kWh, tonnes of CO2, etc.), Cleanweb solutions embrace innovative visualization and engagement techniques that make environ-mental data easier to understand and as such incentivizes end users to reduce their environmental footprint. For instance, the use of game thinking and game mechanics, often called gamification, to motivate people to compete against their neighbors in energy efficiency, or miles avoided driving. Examples include Opower, and Changers;

3. Disrupting cleantech financing models: The deployment of cleantech solutions like renewable en-ergy systems has traditionally been constrained by high upfront financing. Leveraging ICT and mobile platforms, cleanweb companies have today developed P2P financing models like crowdfunding to capitalize renewable energy projects of all sizes, from off-grid villages in Africa to wind farms in the Netherlands. Examples include Sunfunder, Abundance Generation, and Mosaic.

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ECOLIBRIUM ENERGY, INDIAhttp://ecolibriumenergy.com

DescriptionEcolibrium is a startup in India that provides a smart grid platform to monitor and control energy usage for commercial and industrial customers, as well as power distribution companies. This can have a big impact on India’s constrained electricity grid as well as drive cost-effective energy efficiency solutions – a pri-ority for the government and the private sector alike.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Ecolibrium uses E-Grid, a big data platform, to monitor and analyze energy consumption and then helps owners to use it more intelligently, lowering costs and reducing their carbon footprint. For example, the company sets up sensors in various parts of an assembly line in a factory and then the cloud-based software system analyses the data to find power inefficiencies and recommends ways to reduce and optimize consumption.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity • Big data• Social networks• Gamification• Advanced analytics

Similar initiatives • EcoisMe, Ukraine, https://ecois.me/en• GreenAnt, Brazil, http://www.greenant.com.br/

OPOWERhttp://opower.com

DescriptionOpower is a US -based startup that creates value both for utilities and its clients, and at the same time helps reduce energy consumption using social behavior science.

Opower believes that the most efficient way to influence energy consumer behavior is by showing people how they perform in relation to their neighbors. When consum-ers realize that they are 20% less efficient than their neighbors that live in a house of similar characteristics they start to wonder about their consumption patterns and are prompted to implement changes related to energy efficiency.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Opower is a customer engagement tool for utilities (they show that care for their clients) and creates value for energy users that for first time have a driver to improve their energy efficiency. Opower helps consumers consume resources more efficiently.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Gamification• Big data• Data visualization

Similar initiatives• WattzOn, USA, http://www.wattzon.com • MyEnergy, USA, https://www.myenergy.com

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TADOhttps://www.tado.com/en/

Description One-third of the energy consumed around the world is used for heating or cool-ing buildings, and the systems used for this are usually controlled by non-smart technology that has been outdated for decades. Tado offers a modern hardware and software solution (smart thermostat), which optimizes energy consumption of buildings while adjusting it to the actual demand of the residents. With the help of a mobile and web app, Tado automatically knows how far away a person is from their home and thus it can modify the temperature by cooling the build-ing or pre-warming it. Tado won’t let the heating or AC run at full power when no one is at home.

How does it improve resource efficiency? By pre-warming rooms before a host’s return, Tado cuts overall costs by up to 31%, based on an analysis of the current customer base. In addition, a scientif-ic study conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics showed an energy savings potential of between 14% and 26% depending on the scenario considered. It is showed that the greatest factor determining savings is with presence detection and savings of up to 24% could be achieved. In addition to the presence detection, further savings of up to 7% could be achieved due to the weather forecast function. The intelligent cooling software has not yet been launched commercially, but the startup claims that up to 40% of AC electricity consumption could be reduced through it without sacrificing one’s comfort.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Networked sensors• Open weather data• Data visualization

Similar initiatives• Nest, USA, https://nest.com/• Ecobee, USA, https://www.ecobee.com/

FIRST FUELhttp://www.firstfuel.com/

Description The combination of increased availability of data and improved analytics mod-els has enabled FirstFuel and companies like it to evaluate large portfolio of buildings fast and at low cost. In addition, it offers deep building-specific energy consumption insights without onsite presence, something that enables scale of building energy efficiency. Commercial building intelligence, remote building audits

How does it improve resource efficiency? Building energy efficiency has previously been limited by lack of data to assess, design and monitor cost-efficient energy efficiency investments. With improved energy management models that also offer improved customer management and engagement the world is seeing a lot more energy efficiency investments than previously. In the case of FirstFuel, they have over 40TWH under energy manage-ment worldwide.

Enablers• Big data• Advanced data analytics• Data visualization

Similar initiatives• EnerNOC, USA, http://www.enernoc.com/• Control4, USA, http://www.control4.com/• Bidgely, India, https://www.bidgely.com/

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3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLEANWEB SOLUTIONS

Cleanweb solutions are synthesized utilizing the integration of knowledge derived from Cleantech, Internet of Things, and the Sharing Economy. Because of this interdisciplinary approach, Cleanweb solutions have a series of advantages when compared to approaches that involve only one dimension within the framework. The main advantages include:

• Agile development: One of the characteristics of software based cleanweb solutions is its potential for lean and agile development. It allows one to validate, test, and improve the solution in short-term cycles, especially when compared to traditional cleantech. Quick iteration cycles lead to lower risk of failure in product development phases. This is probably the biggest contribution of Cleanweb to cleantech: pairing the advantages of web and app development with the resource efficient product design of cleantech;

• Light capital: Software development costs are relatively low as compared to traditional clean tech, and keep on getting lower over time. In its initial phases, Cleanweb solutions, like P2P based sharing platforms, can be bootstrapped and require very light capital. This is advantageous to entrepreneurs and investors in that it does not require the same upfront capital mobilizing efforts. It also decreases the venture’s risk in that less time and investments are needed before the product is proven;

• Scalability: Cleanweb solutions are highly scalable when compared to traditional cleantech. As demonstrated by peer-to-peer platforms like Uber, Airbnb or the solar lending investment platform Mosaic, powering its business through crowdfunding, Cleanweb can also bring scalability to tradition-al cleantech through innovative financing models.

NEXT DROPhttp://nextdrop.org

DescriptionWater availability is a problem in many parts of the world. Even when a pipe network is in place, water might not always be running.

NextDrop partners with Indian water utilities and provides real-time data via SMS to consumers regarding water availability, pipe damage, and water quality (i.e. contamination).

How does it improve resource efficiency? NextDrop is an intelligence tool for utilities. Consumers use NextDrop to report water network status, ensuring prevention and efficient solving of unexpected incidences and damages.

Enablers• Mobile phones• Broadband connectivity• Network structure • Open data

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DROPCOUNTRhttp://dropcountr.com

Description Dropcountr connects people and their water utilities on the mobile devices they use everyday. Dropcountr’s unique mobile and web applications help water utili-ties and their customers save water, money, and time.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Dropcountr educates users by presenting intuitive information on their current water consumption, showing them if their usage is above average, and helping them set a reasonable water budget.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Sensors• Big data• Network structure

Similar initiatives• Watersmart, USA, http://www.watersmartsoftware.com • Driblet, Mexico, http://driblet.co • Banyan Water, http://www.banyanwater.com

4. IMPACT OF CLEANWEB

Although the Cleanweb industry is in its early stages of development, there are already some indications of the positive impact that this new category of solutions can have on the natural environment. What follows are three examples of the impact of Cleanweb.

AIRBNBAirbnb is a website for people to rent out lodging. It has over 800,000 listings in 34,000 cities in over 192 countries. In December 2013, the company reported it had over six million new guests in 2013, and nearly 250,000 properties were added that same year.

According to a study by Airbnb, home sharing helps make a more efficient use of resources. For instance, when com-pared with hotel stays in Europe, home sharing consumes per guest night:

• 78% less energy• 48% less water• and produces 89% less Green House Gases (GHG)

In 2013 Airbnb displaced over 10,000 hotels per night, and as it continues to grow it reduces the carbon footprint of the hospitality sector.

OPOWEROpower is a publicly held Software-as-a-Service company that provides cloud-based software to the utility industry and transforms the way utilities relate to their customers. Working with 95+ utilities and serving 50+ million homes in 9 countries, Opower's customer engagement platform positions utilities as trusted energy advisors to the custom-ers they serve. As a result, the company has helped:

• Save 5 terawatt-hour (TWh) of energy (accumulative, period 2007-July 2014)• Reduce consumers’ utility bills by $550 million• Abated 7.6 billion pounds of CO2 emissions

SUNFUNDERSunFunder uses its crowdfunding platform to connect lenders and accredited investors overseas with installers and distributers of off-grid renewable energy projects in African countries (i.e. Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Zambia). As a result, SunFunder has already:

• Impacted 131,848 people by replacing kerosene for solar, a significant improvement in terms of GHG emissions released, health impacts, and safety. • Channeled private investments to an underfunded sector; in 2014, they reported having invested $1,012,000 ($688k private + $324k crowdfunded)

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CHANGERShttp://changers.com

DescriptionChangers is a Berlin-based startup offering a solar charger for gadgets, with a social network included. The Changers flexible solar panel charges an auxiliary battery in only 4 hours that hosts enough juice to fully power 2 smartphones. Moreover, the battery pack tracks the clean, renewable energy produced and uploads the data to a personal profile online a la Nike+.

Game dynamics and social network elements motivate users to keep producing renewable energy; each Kwh of clean energy produced is equivalent to a virtual currency that can be used at the Changers marketplace to acquire sustainable products and services.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Changers makes environmental data meaningful to users, and rewards sustain-able behaviors.

Enablers• Gamification• Data visualization

Similar Initiatives • Civiclub, Spain, https://www.civiclub.org• Recyclebank, USA, https://www.recyclebank.com • PIP’s Rewards, USA, https://pipsrewards.com

SUNFUNDERhttp://sunfunder.com

DescriptionAround the world 2.5 billion people still lack access to reliable electricity. They rely on costly and polluting kerosene and diesel to light their homes and busi-nesses and have no good options for phone charging. Still, today’s investments in energy access are heavily skewed towards traditional fossil fuel-fired grid exten-sions. However, the market suffers from a distinct lack of access to finance.

SunFunder is creating a debt-based crowdfunding solar ecosystem that aims to catalyze financing into the off-grid and grid deficit solar market. SunFunder:

1. Is 100% dedicated to short-term working capital and project finance loans to help solar companies operating in developing and emerging economies achieve scale.2. Aggregates investments from multiple sources including unaccredited, ac-credited and institutional investors.3. Specializes in a relationship-centered, efficient and scalable customer part-nerships and risk management.

How does it improve resource efficiency? It enables adoption of clean renewable energy though a crowdfunding scheme.

Enablers• Collaborative consumption • Network structure

Similar Initiatives • Abundance Generation, UK, https://www.abundancegeneration.com • Milk the Sun, Denmark https://www.milkthesun.com • Collective Sun, USA, https://www.collectivesun.com • SparkFund, USA, http://www.sparkfund.co

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5. CLEANWEB AS AN ENABLER FOR DEVELOPMENT

Recently, Cleanweb solutions have gained popularity in markets in the EU and the US by considerably reducing the barriers to develop resource efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-efficient solutions. Much of this growth can be traced back to conducive market conditions, including policies encouraging companies to do good for the environment and capitalize on recent ICT maturity. In less favorable environments, for example in markets characterized by limited access to capital, lack of willingness to take risk by investors, or limited access to stable/reliable infrastructure, Cleanweb can offer even bigger benefits in terms of private sector development and job creation. This emerging class of low-cost, high-efficiency, scalable products and services offers many benefits to society in general, developing and emerging markets in particular. In a recent publication (Building Competitive Green Industries, 2014), the World Bank estimates that $6.4 trillion dollar will be invested in the clean technology market in developing countries over the next decade. $1.trillion is expected to be accessible to small and me-dium enterprises (SMEs). Cleanweb has the potential to help countries take advantage of these opportunities while supporting competitiveness and increasing economic growth and prosperity.

India, a leader in the ICT innovation space, sets a good example. Accounting for 10% of all global software developers, India has seen the development of a strong ICT startup ecosystem, with many success companies emerging in recent years. Using currently available infrastructure and talent, India is supporting a nascent cleanweb startup industry through their PowerStart2015 initiative. In January 2015, IIM Ahmedabad’s Centre for Innovation Incubation and Entrepreneurship, together with InfuseVentures and Asian Development Bank launched PowerStart2015, a national incubation program aiming to bridge the gap between ICT and cleantech sectors. The theme for PowerStart 2015 is Cleanweb focused on energy and water solutions. PowerStart 2015 and its resulting Cleanweb solutions are expected to help bridge the energy access gap of over 290 million people without access to the electric grid, more than 90% of whom live in rural areas. Cleanweb companies offering energy management and energy efficiency solutions can also contribute to the aim to improve energy efficiency with 15% over the next decade, something that can save $32 billion per annum by 2023 (Blowing Hard or Shining Bright, Brookings India, 2015).

But not all governments have the means to implement initiatives such as PowerStart. Environments charac-terized with political and economic turmoil can sometimes drive informal networks to take a bigger role to support an emerging tech scene. Take Ukraine’s Greencubator, a platform uniting over 3,000 renewable energy and sustainability experts and enthusiasts from Ukraine and abroad, which aims at connecting energy talent and promoting sustainable energy innovations locally. It is run by a group of expert volunteers whose financial support comes from non-government sources. Since 2009, its efforts to promote energy awareness and green

entrepreneurship have helped strengthen the local energy startup ecosystem and mainstream energy efficiency and sustainability discourse in Ukraine. Greencubator has organized open-air off-grid and renewables-powered energy camps and hackathons (e.g. TeslaCamp); Ukraine’s first cleantech and smart energy forum; university conferences and media trainings focusing on green economic models and energy sustainability; launched a weekly green education publication; and is running mentorship programs for smart energy startups. Its events often serve as a launch pad for new energy startups: over the last two years several of Ukrainian startups that have been part of Greencubator’s network have won entry into the international business accelerators in the EU.

Amongst others, some of the assets that make Cleanweb an enabler for development include:

• Capitalization of freely available open data provided by local and national governments; • Use of software as means to deploy Cleanweb solutions which can be developed quickly and at a low cost; • Availability of proven models existing in other parts of the world that can be easily adapted and replicated; • Involvement of local communities of developers, engineers, students, and business experts through hack-athons where solutions are developed; • Potential to use peer-to-peer models and social lending that enable communities and empower individuals, rather than centralized structures.

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WEATHERSAFEhttp://www.weathersafe.co.uk

DescriptionUncertainty is inherent to the agricultural practice. As a consequence, decisions on what’s the most optimal crop for a specific piece of land and the best times to plant and harvest are based on “gut feeling”.

WeatherSafe combines hyper-local weather monitoring, agronomic data model-ing, and high-resolution satellite data to deliver a software solution that helps coffee farmers, government & NGO’s.

WeatherSafe vision is to enable pro-active environmental stewardship through solutions, which provide a range of benefits and add value environmentally, socially and economically.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Tools like WeatherSafe help make better decisions that save resources like water, or the use of pesticides.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Open data• Big data

Similar initiatives • WeFarm, UK, http://wefarm.info• ECow, UK, http://www.ecow.co.uk• Farm intelligence, USA, http://farmintelligence.com • FarmLogs, USA, http://farmlogs.com

GRANULARhttp://www.granular.ag

DescriptionGranular is a cloud-based management and analytics platform that helps farm-ers improve efficiency, profit and yield. As farmers enter and adjust their pro-duction plans Granular updates their operational schedules and budgets while providing growth model driven scheduling tools, input inventory tracking, and estimating expected profitability updated by activities. It also helps farmers man-age their teams more efficiently while giving them access to operational prog-ress monitoring in real time. The app also enables faster and more optimized and evidence-based decision making through analysis based on integrated operational, financial and agronomic data. The platform customers stay updated on the cost of their crop production, benchmark their performance along several indicators, and receive regular reports on the activity.

How does it improve efficiency?By allowing farmers to monitor in real time weather and workability by field as well as yield and crop inventory, the app increases savings on the resources such as water, fuel, and fertilizers.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Open data• Big data• Data visualization• GPS

Similar Initiatives• OnFarm, USA, http://www.onfarm.com/• The Climate Corporation, USA, http://climate.com/products/climate-basic/

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6. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS

ICT costs have significantly decreased in recent years resulting in accelerated development of many econo-mies, including markets that have been previously closed to global trading. ICT companies are often early en-trants to new markets, enabling access to global value chains and global financial system. This often increases trade flows as well as facilitates movement of people, data, and technology. It is with the help of ICT that developing countries are now adapting successfully tested and internationally recognized cleanweb solutions to their local needs.

To stimulate development of indigenous Cleanweb solutions and facilitate adaptation locally of the solutions proven to be successful elsewhere governments can take a set of regulatory and legal actions as well as al-locate public funding for selected undertakings aimed at promotion of cleanweb or its enablers. Key enablers for Cleanweb solutions are strategies to increase access, availability, and adoption of ICT. Some actions for consideration include:

• Removing legislative barriers to making appropriate government data accessible in ma-chine-readable formats for free use and reuse for any purpose including commercial one. Aside from the release of energy-specific data this can also include release of government data on weather, water consumption, maps, estate ownership, pollution, public transport, etc;

• Providing a regulated framework for the development of peer-to-peer financing and lend-ing markets like crowdfunding platforms where both service providers and customers can complete transactions in a safe manner. [Early findings and more details can be found in the InfoDev report on crowfunding in the References section];

• Building awareness of the use of Cleanweb technologies to increase resource efficiency in government and public institutions and promoting citizen behavior change as means to resource efficiency while complimenting, as appropriate, legislative and regulatory means;

• Devising and implementing a cyber-security strategy to protect critical government IT in-frastructure from cyber-attacks and malware is important for implementation of Cleanweb technologies;

• Bolstering local IT sector and energy startup ecosystem through favorable regulatory condi-tions and support through other available means such as, for example, subsidies and public

funding in IT and green incubators, accelerators, and academic institutions;• Devising and implementing an e-Waste strategy and taking forward other measures aimed at

combatting pollution and negative externalities caused by electronics;

• Initiating measures aimed at bridging the gap between the number of male vs. female entre-preneurs and technologists by, for example, subsidizing the cost of education for female en-trepreneurs/technologists, subsidizing the cost of setting up a new venture, etc. Encouraging a female point of view in developing Cleanweb technologies for efficient use of natural and other resources;

• Inviting successful promoters of existing Cleanweb models from other markets to implement them locally by providing a testing bed for their solutions, or to partner with local entrepreneurs to develop local versions of those;

• Consider the use of open innovation methodologies to foster behavior change and targeted technology development; open innovation is a lean way to engage entrepreneurs to create cleanweb solutions for the government.

The Negawatt Challenge is an international competition empowering communities to innovate around local urban energy is-sues and transform cities into more sustainable and energy efficient places, in collaboration with municipalities or other public service providers. Rapidly urbanizing capitals from Africa and Latin America – Accra, Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, and Rio de Janeiro - are pioneering the Negawatt Challenge on the basis of their governments’ commitment to energy efficiency and low carbon growth, as well as the existence of dynamic and growing entrepreneurial and technology sectors. In the case of Ghana, the Accra Metropolitan Authority helped define the most pressing energy efficiency challenges and by delegating mentors to the competing teams. In Nairobi, Kenya Power and Light Company provided access to energy sector data which participants used to develop their business solutions. In Rio de Janeiro, Negawatt is implemented in partnership with the Mayor’s Office and Estacio University and is designed to address water and electricity shortages. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) partnered with KTH to focus Negawatt on urban water challenges through problem based learning. In return for their engagement, Government counterparts receive enhanced knowledge on open innovation methodologies and cleanweb solutions, will build their capacity to further the collaboration with local innovation hubs, and strengthen citizen engagement in improving public service delivery.

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SOCIAL CARhttp://www.socialcar.com

DescriptionA variety of products remain idle, not in use, much of the time. For certain prod-uct categories (i.e. mobility, housing, power tools) it is highly inefficient to buy a product that it is only occasionally used.

Social Car addresses this issue by allowing car owners to rent to other individu-als their vehicles when not in use. A mobile application and web platform direct-ly connects car owners with potential renters, and provides a safe framework for the transaction to take place, protecting both the owner and renter.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Sharing resources when they are not being used helps reduce the need for pro-ducing new artifacts, and make a more efficient use of existing ones.

Enablers• Collaborative consumption • Connectivity

Similar initiatives• Airbnb, USA, https://www.airbnb.com • Peerby, the Netherlands, https://peerby.com • StreetBank, UK, http://www.streetbank.com

ZUBIEhttp://zubie.co/

DescriptionSubscription to Zubie allows car owners to have GPS tracking of trips in their family and social circles, get timely updates on the state of vehicle health, and monitory driver performance. The solution consists of a Zubie Key which, when plugged under a car dashboard, gets connected to the cloud and an app. High-performance GPS, a wireless connection to the cloud and multiple sensors constantly track car health and activity, and notify the car owner in real time on, for example, the fuel level, engine status, and battery voltage.

How does it improve resource efficiency? Using Zubie helps reduce gasoline consumption and save costs on repair. The company has estimated that, for example, business owners reach a total of $1,502/yr annual savings by using Zubie on a corporate level. In particular, they gain $937 in improved driving behavior, $170 in cost of doing business, $140 in better dispatching, and $255 in preventative & other maintenance.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Open and big data• Cloud• GPS• Collaborative consumption• Sensors• Accelerometer

Similar initiatives• Automatic, USA, https://www.automatic.com/features/• Dash, USA, https://dash.by• CarMD, USA, http://www.carmd.com/wp/• Torque, USA, http://torque-bhp.com• Vinli, USA, http://www.vin.li

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CITYMAPPERhttps://citymapper.com

DescriptionTraveling from A to B in a large city with public transport can be a daunting task. What is the best combination of train, metro, bus, and tram that will ensure that you are on time at the desired location?

Citymapper encourages the use of public transport in big cities by making easy to find the best combination for someone’s needs. Aggregating publicly available open data from the different transport systems in a city, Citymapper makes cities more usable.

How does it improve resource efficiency? By encouraging the use of public transport versus private transport options.

Enablers• Broadband connectivity and smartphones• Open data

Similar initiatives• Loco2, UK, https://loco2.com • Ridescout, USA, http://www.ridescoutapp.com

VINLIhttp://www.vin.li

DescriptionOne might think that the car has practically remained the same basic technology for almost 100 years. However, today cars embed a large number of sensors that provide data on engine and transmission conditions as well as driving patterns. This data has been used by the mechanics to diagnose cars’ ability to be repaired.

Vinli taps into existing on board information to build an open source platform for mobile applications that help people drive safely and more efficiently. Data is gathered in real time by plugging a Bluetooth OBD (On Board Diagnostic) device to the car’s computing system (all cars manufactured after 2006 are compatible).

How does it improve resource efficiency? Applications in the Vinli platform inform drivers how to adjust their driving patterns and save fuel, as well as provide diagnostics that help void unusual functioning.

Enablers• Sensors• Network structure• Connectivity

Similar initiatives• Metromille, USA, https://www.metromile.com • Automatic, USA, http://www.automatic.com

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• The Cleanweb InitiativeThe Cleanweb Initiative promotes the use of ICT for the development of solutions that help make a better use of resources. Join a local chapter or create a new one. http://cleanweb.co

• Cleanweb Meetup Groupshttp://cleanweb.meetup.com

• Cleanweb Company Database An open-source and collaborative database containing over 220 examples of Cleanweb compa-nies. Contribute to the database by adding examples you might be aware of, or browse for inspi-ration. http://oriol.me/cleanweb

• Cleanweb UK: how British companies are using the Web for economic growth & environmen-tal impact. [Working paper] Masero, Sonny and Townsend, Jack (2014)http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/369513

• Green HackathonHackathons are gatherings of technical and business experts with the aim to develop functional prototypes of solutions for specific challenges. Green hackathons are a great starting point for the development of Cleanweb solutions. http://www.greenhackathon.com

• Open Data 500 Open Data 500 is a project by the GovLab at New York University, gathering 500 US companies that use open data as the basis to provide value for their costumers. A useful resource that helps understand how open data can create environmental value. http://www.opendata500.com

• Open Data Now Open Data Now is a book by Open Data 500 project leader Joel Gurin covering the potential of open data to develop new businesses. http://www.opendatanow.com

7. LIST OF RESOURCES 8. REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• O. Pascual; Cleanweb: How ICT Creates Environmental, User, and Market Value. Proceedings Sustainable Innovation 2014 (Copenhagen, Denmark) 2014• Building Competitive Green Industries, World Bank Group, 2014. http://www.infodev.org/in-fodev-files/green-industries.pdf• Crowdfunding’s Potential for the Developing World, World Bank Group, 2014. http://www.infodev.com/infodev-files/infodev_crowdfunding_study_0.pdf• Blowing Hard or Shining Bright, Brookings India, 2015. http://www.brookings.in/wp-content/downloads/renewable_energy_final_new.pdf • Study on Environmental Impact of Home Sharing, Airbnb, 2014 http://blog.airbnb.com/envi-ronmental-impacts-of-home-sharing • Opower Results http://opower.com/results• SunFunder Results http://crowd.sunfunder.com/about/sunfunder• All other information about Cleanweb companies was retrieved from their websites.

The creation of this booklet would not have been possible without the generous contributions of many team members across both the World Bank and the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. In particular, we would like to acknowledge and thank the following team members for their guidance and support:

World BankHallie Rocklin ApplebaumNaomi HalewoodEric William HansonArturo Muente KunigamiAnnika OstmanPriyanka C. Pathak

IIM AhmedabadMudit NarainMohsin Bin Latheef

A publication of the ICT Sector Unit of the World Bank. 2015.