Classis Reptilia#2

7/29/2019 Classis Reptilia#2

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Defense

Natural selection resulted in modifications for defense.

Camouflage is beneficial for both seeking prey and hiding from

predators.

- many snakes are green and blend with foliage- others are brown and hide against the bark of trees


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Defense

Some snakes defendthemselves by signaling theirpresence.

Some ward off danger byrapidly changing body shape

- extending a hood likecobras

Some hiss

Others make mechanicalnoises

- such as the rattle of therattlesnake.


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Reproduction

Most male snakes rely on the

scent of female snakes of

heir own species.

Before mating, a male and

female snake may glide

alongside by side, with the

male stroking the female

with his chin and flicking his

tongue over her body.

Fertilization is internal.


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Reproduction

Most snakes are oviparous

- female lays eggs that hatchoutside her body.

- To break out a hatchling uses aspecial tooth which is lost soon

after.

Other snakes are ovoviviparous

- the female carries the eggs in herbody throughout development

the young are born live.

- All newborns must fend forthemselves, relying on their manyspecialized adaptations forsurvival on land.


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Reproduction

Oviparous

Live birth

Boas

Garter snakes

Age of snakes

135 million years old

Possible relation tocaecilians


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Elapidae

Bungarus fasciatus

Bungarus candidus

Naja naja


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SNAKE CLASSIFICATION

15 FAMILIES

ALETHINOPIDHIA

SCOLEOPIDHIA

CAENOPHIDIA

HENOPHIDIA


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18 families; Alethinophidia 15 fams


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Elapidae

A group of highly dangeroussnakes with powerfulneurotoxic venom that affectsthe nervous system, causingrespiratory paralysis. Included

in this family are coral snakes,cobras, mambas, and all theAustralian venomous snakes.The coral snake is small andhas caused human fatalities.The Australian death adder,

tiger, taipan, and king brownsnakes are among the mostvenomous in the world,causing many human fatalities.
http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfmhttp://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfmhttp://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfm


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Colubridae

The colubrids (KAHL-yuh-bruhds)make up the largest group ofsnakes; they include almost 75percent of all the world's snakespecies, or types of snakes. Thesesnakes come in many sizes,

shapes, and colors. Despite themany differences among thesnakes in this family, colubridsshare a few features. Most havewide scales on their bellies and,usually, nine large scales on thetops of their heads. Mostcolubrids also have glands, orgroups of cells, behind each eye.

Boiga dendrophyla

Trimeresurus albolabris


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Viperidae

Solenoglypha type of

teeth


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Snout acuminate, projecting, without dermal

appendage, rather more than twice as long as

the eye. Internasals usually in contact with thelabials; one to four small loreals between the

prefrontal and the labials ; frontal as long as its

distance from the end of the snout or a little

longer, a little longer than the parietals; one

preocular, in contact with the frontal; two

postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3+3, rarely 1+2;upper labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering

the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with the

anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than

the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, usually faintly

keeled on sacral region. Ventrals 203-234; anal

divided; subcaudals 167-203, Bright green,

pale olive, or grey-brown, with a yellow line

along each side of the lower parts; interstitial

skin of the neck black and white.


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Suborder Amphisbaenia

Double walk

Worm Lizards

135 Species

Habitat

Specialized burrowers

Africa, South America, Caribbean, and

Mideast


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Characteristics

Legless

Wedge shaped head

Single median tooth in upperjaw

Can move forward or

backward


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Order Crocodilia

Fam: Aligatoridae, Gavialidae,

crocodylidae; 21-23 species

Crocodiles, alligators, gavials,

and caimans

Have existed for 170 million

years


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Croc like animal

Nostrils at the anterior end to helpwith breathing while mostlysubmerged

large protective scales (osteoderm orscutum)

Breathe and inhale water at thesame time

Have an extra transparent eyelid

Ability to close their nostrils and earsin a similar manner to prevent theunwanted influx of water


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A Comparation


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A Comparison


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Alligator and Crocodile

The easiest way of tellingapart crocodiles fromalligators, however, is tolook at their noses.

Alligators (and caimans)have a wide "U"-shaped,rounded snout (like ashovel), whereas

crocodiles tend to havelonger and more pointed"V"-shaped noses.


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Alligator and crocodile

In alligators, the upper jaw is widerthan the lower jaw and completelyoverlaps it. Therefore, the teeth inthe lower jaw are almost completelyhidden when the mouth closes,fitting neatly into small depressionsor sockets in the upper jaw. This is

particularly apparent with the largefourth tooth in the lower jaw (see [A]in diagram on right). In crocodiles,the upper jaw and lower jaw areapproximately the same width, andso teeth in the lower jaw fit along themargin of the upper jaw when the

mouth is closed. Therefore, the upperteeth interlock (and "interdigitate")with the lower teeth when themouth shuts.


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Aligator and crocodile

Crocodiles and gharialsalso differ from alligatorsand caimans in havingfunctioning salt glands ontheir tongue. Structurally,

these are actually modifiedsalivary glands, and whilealligators and caimans alsohave these structures theyappear to have lost the

ability to use them forexcreting significantamounts of salt.


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Alligator and Crocodile

DPRs (Dermal PressureReceptors). Crocodiles havesimilar organs covering virtuallyevery scale on their body, butalligators and caimans only havethose around the jaws. Although

it's been known for years thatsense organs on the jaws areinvolved in pressure detection,nobody is quite sure what thoseorgans covering the rest of thebody in crocodiles actually do.They probably extend the sensory

surface over the crocodile's entirebody, but previous researchershave suggested they may assist inchemical reception, or evensalinity detection.


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Caimans

Caimans are alligatoridcroccodylian within Caimaninae.The group is one of two primarylineages within Alligatoridae, theother being alligator Caimansinhabit central and south

america. They are relatively smallcrocodylians, with most speciesreaching lengths of only a fewmetres, with the smallest beingthe dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus

palpebrosus), which grows to 1metre (3 feet) long and the

largest being the black caiman(Melanosuchus niger), which cangrow to 4 metres (13 ft) or more.


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Gharial

The false gharial(Tomistoma schlegelii),also known as theMalayan gharial, or false

gavial is a freshwatercroc with a very thin andelongated snout. Thefalse gharial is listed asan endfangered species

by IUCN as thepopulation is estimatedat below 2,500 matureindividuals


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Sarcosuchus imperator

Sarcosuchus meaningcommonly calledSuperCroc, is anextinct genus of

crocodyliform thatlived 112 million yearsago. It dates from theearly cretaceous of

what is now africa andand is one of thelargest crocodile-likereptiles that ever lived


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Sarcosuchus imperator


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Order: Testudinata

Family: Chelydridae Genus: Chelydra

Family: Kinosternidae Genus: Sternotherus

Family: Emydidae Genus: Clemmys Genus: Glyptemys Genus: Graptemys Genus: Pseudemys Genus: Chrysemys Genus: Terrapene Genus: Trachemys

Family: Trionychidae Genus:Apalone Amyda


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Chelonia Order consists of about 265 species of turtles and

tortoises

- Tortoise are terrestrial Chelonia

(Galapagos tortoises)

- Turtles- chelonians that live in water

- Body covered by a shell made of hard

plates- 2 parts- a carapace and

plastron

- Shape is modified for variety of

ecological demands- retract heads, swimming

- Forelimbs of a marine turtle have

evolved into flippers and freshwater

turtles have webbed toes

- Migratory behavior of sea and riverturtles

-return to land to lay eggs


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Sea Turtles

Bodies are enclosed in a carapace shell

Cannot retract their head into the shell

Forelimbs are modified into flippers

Only 9 species exist

Lack teeth but have strong jaws for biting

Females come up onto the beach at night to lay eggsin the sand

Babies hatch and return to the sea

Turtles are thought to return to same beach theywere born on to lay their own eggs


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Hawksbill Turtle(Eretmochelys imbricata)The Hawksbill Turtle gets its name from its hawk-

like beak. It ranges in size from 30 to 36 inches in

length. This turtle's shell is the source of "tortoiseshell", and because of this commercial exploitation

has caused their numbers to dwindle. Their shell

and oils are in constant demand, placing this turtlein danger.


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Loggerhead Sea Turtle(Caretta caretta)The Loggerhead is a large reddish-brown turtle.

They range in size from 33 to 40 inches in length.

Loggerheads are the most common sea turtles

found in the Southeastern U.S. They feed on

crabs, mollusks, and jellyfish. The biggest danger

to this species is pollution and commercialfishing.


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Leatherback Sea Turtle(Dermochelys coriacea)The Leatherback is the largest of the sea turtles.

They can reach a length of 6 feet, making them

the true giants of the undersea reptiles. These

turtles get their name from their shells. Unlike

the other turtles, the Leatherback's shell has no

scales. Instead it is covered with a rubberyleather-like skin.


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Green Sea Turtle(Chelonia mydas)The Green Sea Turtle can be recognized by the

radiating pattern on its shell. This is a medium sized

turtle ranging in size from 36 to 43 inches in length.The Green Sea Turtle is commonly found in the

waters off Florida. Due to their declining numbers,

steps are being taken to protect their nesting areas

on Florida beaches.


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Family: Chelydridae


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Eastern Snapping Turtle

Carapace with large

tubercles

Plastron with less than

8 plates

Tail long

Body spiny

Chelydra s. serpentina


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Family: Kinosternidae


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Stinkpot

11 plastron shields

Spines covering the

body

Dome shaped

carapace

Sternotherus odoratus


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Family: Emydidae


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Spotted Turtle

Spots on eachcarapace scute

Head is spotted

Dome shaped

carapace

Clemmys guttata


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Wood Turtle

Sculptured carapace

No longitudinal stripes

on head

Notched scutes

Glyptemys insculpta


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Northern Map Turtle

Longitudinal stripeson head

Keeled carapace

Somewhat flattened

Triangular spots

behind eyes

Graptemys geographica


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Ouachita Map Turtle

Very keeled carapace

Somewhat flattened

Longitudinal stripes

on head Square spots behind

eyes

Graptemys o. ouachitensis


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Eastern Painted Turtle

Boarder around outerpart of shell

Head with longitudinalstripes

Smooth carapace First row of costals

and vertebrals line up

Chrysemys p. picta


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Midland Painted Turtle

First line of vertebralsand costals dont line

up

Smooth carapace

Head with longitudinal

stripes

Chrysemys p. marginata


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Eastern River Cooter

Cusps not prominent Longitudinal stripes

on head

Longitudinal grooveson carapace

Pseudemys c. concinna


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Northern Red-bellied Cooter

Prominent cusp onupper jaw

Plastron might have

pink/red color

Pseudemys rubriventris


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Eastern Box Turtle

Dome shaped

carapace

Orange and red-ish

Plastron with movable

hinge

Terrapene c. carolina


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Red-eared Turtle

Spot on each scute of

the plastron

Longitudinal grooves

on the carapace

Longitudinal stripeson head

Trachemys scripta elegans


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Family: Trionychidae


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Eastern Spiny Softshell

Spines on the anteriorpart of the shell

Shell is covered withskin

Snout projected Pancake like

Feet mottled

Apalone spinifera


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Midland Smooth Softshell

No spines to theanterior of the shell

Feet not mottled

Nostril rounded Pancake like

Apalone mutica

Classis Reptilia#2

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