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Classification of Living Things Review
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REMEMBER
______________ total of _______________ in an ecosystem
___________ population of organisms that ____________ ____________ and ________ with each other
BIODIVERSITY
SPECIES
all the living things
share similarcharacteristics can breed
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Biologists have identified and named over____________________ so far.
Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered
2 million species
2-100 million
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WHY CLASSIFY?________________________________
________________________________
Identifies and names species
Groups organisms in a logical manner
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_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms
TAXONOMY
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Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance __________________________.
BIRD . . . ?An animal with feathers
helps make senseof relationships
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A good classification system: places organisms in a group ____________________________
other organisms that are similarwith
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A good classification system: Uses names that are ______
Can ______ as new data is discovered
Shows _____________ of organisms
UNIQUE
CHANGE
RELATIONSHIPS
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The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE
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Aristotle’s system
Based on kind of stem
PLANTS:__________________
Based on wherethey lived
ANIMALS:__________________
By: Riedell
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Common names can vary
Example: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal
By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism
universally accepted scientific name
mountain lionpuma
catamount
cougar
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Common names vary
________ (English)Streifenhornchen (______)Tamia (______)Ardilla listada (______)
SpanishItalian
GermanChipmunk
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Common names can be misleading
Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______!
Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is!
jellyFISH
animal
seaHORSE
plant
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Common names can be misleading
In the United States,________ refers to a ______.
In the United Kingdom,________ refers to a ____BUZZARD
vultureBUZZARD
hawk
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By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.
Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.
Latin and Greek
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EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
Names too hard and long to remember!
“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”
Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.
PROBLEMS:
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________________ comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system
This system is still used today!(1707-1778)
Carolus Linnaeus
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Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a
hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________
The practice of assigning each organism a two part scientific
name = _____________________________
TAXONS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
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KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
Family Genus
Species
Kids PreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach
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KingdomPhylum
Class Order
Family Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________–Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
GENUS NAME
SPECIES NAME
UNDERLINED ITALICS
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GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = _____ (Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = ______________________
Ursusarctos
Ursusmaritimus
Ursusamericanis
Ursus
unique to each kind of bear
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Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
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In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________.
MATE
characteristics
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BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?
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Should a ______ be groupedwith ____ because it _____________________?
OR with _______ because it_______________________for its young?
mammals
fins and lives in waterhasfish
dolphin
breathes air and makes milk
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Look at these 3 organisms:
LIMPETCRAB
BARNACLE
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Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and _______ together in a group and ____ in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
limpets barnacles
crabs
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LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !
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LIMPET
CRAB BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !
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LIMPET SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________
MOLLUSKS
MOLLUSKS
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BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________CRUSTACEANS
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All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on____________________________.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.
DNA and RNA
physical similarities and differences
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GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the ___________.
_______________ can be used to help determine __________ and __________________ between organisms.
relationships
level
Similarities in DNAclassification evolutionary
molecular
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Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________
Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.
MYOSIN
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Most closely-relatedto humans
Most distantly-relatedto humans
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Similarities in DNA can be used to help show ____________________ and ____________________.
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.
evolutionary relationshipshow species have changed
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American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
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DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
African vulture American vulture Stork
recent common ancestor