Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To...
-
Upload
nash-michael -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To...
![Page 1: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classification of Living Things
Classification:• Grouping life based on similarities
• Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information in a common language.
![Page 2: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms
• There are There are 13 billion13 billion known species of known species of organismsorganisms
• This is This is only 5% of only 5% of allall organisms that organisms that ever lived!!!!!ever lived!!!!!
• New organismsNew organisms are are still being found still being found and identifiedand identified
copyright cmassengale 2
![Page 3: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names
copyright cmassengale 3
![Page 4: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Latin Names are Understood by all Latin Names are Understood by all TaxonomistsTaxonomists
copyright cmassengale 4
![Page 5: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Taxonomy: the classification and naming of
organisms.• Scientific names are universal.
![Page 6: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
copyright cmassengale 6
•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was one of was one of the first taxonomiststhe first taxonomists•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants plants & animals& animals
![Page 7: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778
• 18th century Swedish taxonomist
• Classified organisms by their physical structure
• Developed naming system still used today
copyright cmassengale 7
![Page 8: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Linnaeus’s Hierarchical System
Seven taxonomic categories: Kingdom Animal
Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta
Order Lepidoptera Family Danaidae
Genus Danaus Species plexippus
![Page 9: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Taxon
General term for any one of these categories in the hierarchy.
(Plural of taxon is taxa.)
![Page 10: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The system can change as scientists gather new information! (DNA, new discoveries)
• Now we have “Domain” above the Kingdom level
![Page 11: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsHierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum (Division – used for plants)• Class• Order• Family
• Genus• Species
copyright cmassengale 11
BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON
Most Specific
![Page 12: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
hierarchy
![Page 13: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http://www.aquatax.ca/images/classificationFigure.jpg
![Page 14: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Now come up with your own mnemonic device to remember the order of taxa from domain to species.
D K P C O F G S
![Page 15: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• DDumbumb• KKinging
• PPhilliphillip
• CCameame
• OOverver
• FForor
• GGooseberrooseberryy
• SSoup!oup!copyright cmassengale 15
![Page 16: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms
• The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains contains the rules for naming organismsthe rules for naming organisms
• This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated names names
copyright cmassengale 16
![Page 17: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Binomial nomenclature =
two part name:
Genus species• Genus is Capitalized, both words are italicized
or underlined in handwriting.• Latin or Greek describes organism
• Ex: Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Toxicodendron radicans, Peromiscus maniculatus
![Page 18: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
copyright cmassengale 18Which TWO are more closely related?
![Page 19: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DomainsDomains
• BroadestBroadest, most inclusive taxon, most inclusive taxon• ThreeThree domains domains• Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are
unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)
• EukaryaEukarya are more complex and are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesbound organelles
copyright cmassengale 19
![Page 20: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ARCHAEA• Probably the 1st cells to evolve• Live in HARSH environments• Found in:
– Sewage Treatment Plants– Thermal or Volcanic Vents– Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid– Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great Salt Lake)
copyright cmassengale 20
![Page 21: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
copyright cmassengale 21
ARCHAEAN
![Page 22: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
EUBACTERIAmicromovie stars
• Our bodies are covered with them!• Some may cause DISEASE• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones• Important decomposers for
environment• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
copyright cmassengale 23
![Page 24: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
copyright cmassengale 24
Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals
![Page 25: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
EUKARYAEUKARYA: : Cells have a Cells have a nucleusnucleus!!
Divided into 4 Divided into 4 Kingdoms:Kingdoms:
• ProtistaProtista (protists, algae…) (protists, algae…)• FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)• PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)• AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)
copyright cmassengale 25
![Page 26: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ProtistaProtista•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, while , while others are others are heterotrophicheterotrophic•AquaticAquatic
copyright cmassengale 26
![Page 27: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
FungiFungi
• Multicellular,Multicellular, except yeastexcept yeast
• Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
• Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
copyright cmassengale 27
![Page 28: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular•AutotrophicAutotrophic•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose – to make glucose – PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
copyright cmassengale 28
![Page 29: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
AnimaliaAnimalia• MulticellularMulticellular• Ingestive Ingestive
heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)
• Feed onFeed on plantsplants oror animalsanimals
copyright cmassengale 29
![Page 30: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
copyright cmassengale 30
![Page 31: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Plantae is divided into about 12 phyla and comprise about 270,000 species. Animalia is split into about 33 phyla and contains about 800,000 species (although this is probably a drastic underestimate of the true figure). Fungi have five phyla and about 100,000 species. Eubacteria have three phyla and a number of species that is difficult even to estimate – some authors suggest 1,000,000,000 (a billion) but even this could be a considerable underestimate! Archaea are poorly known and there are currently three main (and five tentative) phyla that have been created based largely on laboratory cultures (estimates of total phyla range from 18 to 23). The most recent list I can find (1999) contains 209 species. Protista comprise some 20 to 50 phyla and about 23,000+ species.
![Page 32: Classification of Living Things Classification: Grouping life based on similarities Why classify? To study the vast diversity of life and organize information.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/551b7664550346d31b8b632a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dichotomous Keys
• An identification key that contains pairs of contrasting descriptions.
• After each description, a key either directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies an object
http://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/ident_help/Text_Keys/arthropod_keyA.htm