Classifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things

• Classification – the process of grouping things Classification – the process of grouping things based on their shared traitsbased on their shared traits

• We did this in class with the mix of markers, We did this in class with the mix of markers, crayons, cubes, glue, hand sanitizer, water bottle, crayons, cubes, glue, hand sanitizer, water bottle, etc.etc.

• The study of how living things are classified is The study of how living things are classified is called taxonomycalled taxonomy

• Organisms are classified by structure, the way it Organisms are classified by structure, the way it develops or changes through life, and by its DNAdevelops or changes through life, and by its DNA

• Linnaeus devised a naming system for Linnaeus devised a naming system for organismsorganisms

• Binomial Nomenclature – each organism has a 2 Binomial Nomenclature – each organism has a 2 part name (genus/species)part name (genus/species)

Classifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things

• 7 Levels of Classification7 Levels of Classification• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

SpeciesSpecies• As you move down the levels, the number of As you move down the levels, the number of

organisms decreaseorganisms decrease• The organisms at lower levels share more The organisms at lower levels share more

characteristicscharacteristics

• Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms• Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants,

AnimalsAnimals

Classifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things

• Work due on Tuesday…Work due on Tuesday…

• Sketch a member of each kingdom & Sketch a member of each kingdom & describe the characteristics that describe the characteristics that place the organism in that kingdom place the organism in that kingdom

BacteriaBacteria• Bacteria are prokaryotes – their genetic

material is not contained in a nucleus.

• They have 3 shapes – spherical, rodlike or spiral – the shape helps to identify the bacteria

• The chemical makeup of the cell wall determines the cell’s shape

• Inside the wall you will find the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and genetic material. You will also see flagella, which enable movement of the cell. See pg. 191 for a picture!

BacteriaBacteria• Some bacteria are autotrophs while others are

heterotrophs

• Bacteria have 2 ways to reproduce• Binary fission – one cell divides to form 2 identical

cells• Conjugation – one cell transfers some of its genetic

material into another cell through a threadlike bridge

• When conditions become unfavorable for bacteria to live, endospores are formed

• These are small, thick-walled, resting cells that form inside a bacteria cell – contains some cytoplasm and the genetic material from the cell

BacteriaBacteria• Endospores can survive for many years b/c

they resist freezing, heating and drying – when conditions turn favorable, they open up and grow again

• Bacteria that causes disease are eubacteria

• Most bacteria are harmless or interact with you in positive ways

• Some bacteria that live in the Earth are decomposers – how are they beneficial?

BacteriaBacteria

• Work due on Tuesday…Work due on Tuesday…

• Write a paragraph (complete Write a paragraph (complete sentences… a paragraph you wouldn’t sentences… a paragraph you wouldn’t mind turning into Ms. Hambleton or mind turning into Ms. Hambleton or Mr. Sebek) describing bacteria that Mr. Sebek) describing bacteria that are helpful to humans. Look through are helpful to humans. Look through your kitchen and find foods that are your kitchen and find foods that are made using bacteria. Focus on key made using bacteria. Focus on key words such as "live" or "active words such as "live" or "active cultures", enzymes.cultures", enzymes.

Protists and FungiProtists and Fungi

• The protist kingdom is occasionally The protist kingdom is occasionally referred to as the “junk drawer” referred to as the “junk drawer” kingdomkingdom

• This kingdom is filled with organisms that This kingdom is filled with organisms that don’t easily fit into other kingdomsdon’t easily fit into other kingdoms

• They are all eukaryotes & almost all live in They are all eukaryotes & almost all live in moist areasmoist areas

• 3 ways to classify protists – animal-like, 3 ways to classify protists – animal-like, plant-like and fungi-likeplant-like and fungi-like

• Animal-like protists have structures Animal-like protists have structures that enable them to move aroundthat enable them to move around

• Like animals, they are heterotrophsLike animals, they are heterotrophs

Protists and FungiProtists and Fungi• Animal-like protists are also called Animal-like protists are also called

protozoans protozoans • Protozoans use many different structures to Protozoans use many different structures to

move and obtain foodmove and obtain food• How do pseudopods work? How do pseudopods work? • How does cilia work?How does cilia work?• Remember flagella?Remember flagella?

• A fourth type of protozoans are called A fourth type of protozoans are called sporozoanssporozoans

• These are parasites that live on, or in, a hostThese are parasites that live on, or in, a host• Plasmodium causes malariaPlasmodium causes malaria

• What is the function of a pseudopod?What is the function of a pseudopod?

Protists and FungiProtists and Fungi• Plant-like protists are all autotrophsPlant-like protists are all autotrophs

• These are commonly referred to as algaeThese are commonly referred to as algae• Algae can live in many different Algae can live in many different

environments & can range greatly in sizeenvironments & can range greatly in size• They can be unicellular, like euglenas (pg. They can be unicellular, like euglenas (pg.

200) or multicellular, like seaweed200) or multicellular, like seaweed

• Fungi-like protists are heterotrophs, Fungi-like protists are heterotrophs, have cell walls and use spores to have cell walls and use spores to reproducereproduce

• A spore is a tiny cell that is able to grow into A spore is a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organisma new organism

Protists and FungiProtists and Fungi• The Fungi KingdomThe Fungi Kingdom

• Most fungi share 3 important characteristicsMost fungi share 3 important characteristics• They are eukaryotesThey are eukaryotes• They use spores to reproduceThey use spores to reproduce• They are heterotrophs that feed in a similar wayThey are heterotrophs that feed in a similar way

• They need warm & moist places to growThey need warm & moist places to grow• Fungi can be unicellular, like yeast or Fungi can be unicellular, like yeast or

multicellular, like hyphaemulticellular, like hyphae• Hyphae are branching, thread-like tubes that Hyphae are branching, thread-like tubes that

make up the body (pg. 202 shows you an make up the body (pg. 202 shows you an example)example)

• Some fungi feed on the remains of dead Some fungi feed on the remains of dead organisms, while others are parasites that organisms, while others are parasites that break down chemicals in living organismsbreak down chemicals in living organisms

Protists and FungiProtists and Fungi• Hyphae are a good example of how Hyphae are a good example of how

structure is related to function in structure is related to function in organismsorganisms

• Can you explain how?Can you explain how?• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and Most fungi reproduce both asexually and

sexuallysexually• When there is adequate moisture & food, they When there is adequate moisture & food, they

produce asexually, where they can produce produce asexually, where they can produce thousands of spores. Yeast also reproduces thousands of spores. Yeast also reproduces asexually, called budding (but no spores asexually, called budding (but no spores involved)involved)

• When growing conditions are unfavorable, fungi When growing conditions are unfavorable, fungi reproduce sexually (the hyphae grow together)reproduce sexually (the hyphae grow together)

The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom• Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that produce their Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that produce their

food through photosynthesisfood through photosynthesis• Many plants have vascular tissue, leaves, roots and Many plants have vascular tissue, leaves, roots and

stemsstems• Vascular PlantsVascular Plants

• Have vascular tissue which is an internal system of tubelike Have vascular tissue which is an internal system of tubelike structures that carry water, minerals and food. Also supports structures that carry water, minerals and food. Also supports the bodies of plants, enabling them to grow large.the bodies of plants, enabling them to grow large.

• Have leaves that carry out photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide Have leaves that carry out photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through tiny pores called stomata, which control enters a leaf through tiny pores called stomata, which control the movement of gases into and out of the leaf.the movement of gases into and out of the leaf.

• Have roots that anchor plants in the ground and absorb water Have roots that anchor plants in the ground and absorb water and nutrients from soil and stems that carry substances back and nutrients from soil and stems that carry substances back and forth between the roots and leaves.and forth between the roots and leaves.

• Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular Plants• No vascular tissueNo vascular tissue• Have leaflike structures where photosynthesis occursHave leaflike structures where photosynthesis occurs• Do not have roots or stems but have similar structures which Do not have roots or stems but have similar structures which

perform the same functionperform the same function

The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom• ReproductionReproduction

• The life cycles of plants have two stages, or The life cycles of plants have two stages, or generationsgenerations

• The plants produce spores (1The plants produce spores (1stst stage) and the spore stage) and the spore develops into the plant’s other stage, in which the develops into the plant’s other stage, in which the plant undergoes sexual reproduction that involves plant undergoes sexual reproduction that involves fertilizationfertilization• Remember terms for fertilization, zygote and embryoRemember terms for fertilization, zygote and embryo

• Seed plantsSeed plants• Includes gymnosperms (cones) and angiosperms Includes gymnosperms (cones) and angiosperms

(flowers)(flowers)• The embryo develops inside a seedThe embryo develops inside a seed• A seed is a structure that contains a young plant A seed is a structure that contains a young plant

inside a protective coveringinside a protective covering• 3 important parts—an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. 3 important parts—an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat.

Some plants have cotyledon to store food. LOOK AT PG Some plants have cotyledon to store food. LOOK AT PG 208208

The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom• Seeds are scattered in many ways – when it lands in Seeds are scattered in many ways – when it lands in

a suitable place, it can germinate (begin to grow)a suitable place, it can germinate (begin to grow)• Cones (gymnosperms)Cones (gymnosperms)

• 2 kinds of cones (reproductive structures) male & female2 kinds of cones (reproductive structures) male & female• Male cones produce pollenMale cones produce pollen• Female cones produce ovulesFemale cones produce ovules

• Flowers (angiosperms)Flowers (angiosperms)• Most plants you seeMost plants you see• Seeds are produced in flowers (the reproductive organs)Seeds are produced in flowers (the reproductive organs)• Stamens are male reproductive parts & pollen is produced Stamens are male reproductive parts & pollen is produced

in the antherin the anther• Pistils are the female reproductive parts, which contains Pistils are the female reproductive parts, which contains

the ovary the ovary after pollination, a ripened ovary is a fruit after pollination, a ripened ovary is a fruit• Stigma is sticky, so pollen sticks to it during pollinationStigma is sticky, so pollen sticks to it during pollination

The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom• Unlike animals, plants commonly repsond to Unlike animals, plants commonly repsond to

stimuli by growing either toward or away from a stimuli by growing either toward or away from a stimulus – this is called a tropismstimulus – this is called a tropism

• A positive tropism is when it grows toward the stimulusA positive tropism is when it grows toward the stimulus• A negative tropism is when it grows awayA negative tropism is when it grows away

• Plants respond to touch, light & gravityPlants respond to touch, light & gravity• Can you explain examples of these kinds of stimuli?Can you explain examples of these kinds of stimuli?

• Plants respond to the stimuli because they Plants respond to the stimuli because they produce hormones produce hormones they act as internal stimuli they act as internal stimuli that cause a plant to react in a certain waythat cause a plant to react in a certain way

• Remember – Annuals (live for only one year), Remember – Annuals (live for only one year), biennials (live for 2 years) & perennials (live biennials (live for 2 years) & perennials (live longer than 2 years)longer than 2 years)