Classification Classification Notes Notes

Why do we classify?Why do we classify?

Classification puts organisms into groups Classification puts organisms into groups by looking at characteristics (traits) they by looking at characteristics (traits) they share.share.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Classifying Classifying living things into living things into groups based groups based on their body on their body structures structures (anatomy), DNA (anatomy), DNA or other traits.or other traits.

Carolus LinneausCarolus Linneaus Swedish botanist, Swedish botanist,

lived 1707-1778lived 1707-1778 Invented Invented binomial binomial

nomenclaturenomenclature, the 2-, the 2-word naming system word naming system we still use today to we still use today to classify organismsclassify organisms

Called “the father of Called “the father of taxonomy.”taxonomy.”

BiBinomial Nomenclaturenomial Nomenclature

Gives a unique Gives a unique 22-word, Latin, scientific -word, Latin, scientific name to all living thingsname to all living things

Genus is capitalized; species is not; both Genus is capitalized; species is not; both are are italicizeditalicized

Examples: Examples: Homo sapiens = humanHomo sapiens = human

Felis domesticus = catFelis domesticus = cat

Panthera tigris = tigerPanthera tigris = tiger

TURN & TALKTURN & TALK

What are these animals’ scientific What are these animals’ scientific names?names? Common

nameChimpanzee Paramecium

Domain Eukarya Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia Protista

Phylum Chordata Ciliophora

Class Mammalia Ciliatea

Order Primates Peniculida

Family Hominidae Paramecidae

Genus Pan Paramecium

species troglodytes caudatum

(scientific name) ? ?

What would you call this creature?

Why are scientific names Why are scientific names better than common better than common names?names?

Ex: pill bug, rolly polly, potato bugEx: pill bug, rolly polly, potato bug CommonCommon names for the same species names for the same species

are different and confusingare different and confusing Binomial Nomenclature uses Binomial Nomenclature uses LatinLatin (a (a

“dead” unchanging language) that is “dead” unchanging language) that is understood by scientists understood by scientists worldwideworldwide

Scientific Name: Scientific Name: Armadillidium vulgareArmadillidium vulgare

8 taxa of classification:8 taxa of classification:

1.1. DomainDomain

2.2. KingdomKingdom

3.3. PhylumPhylum

4.4. ClassClass

5.5. OrderOrder

6.6. FamilyFamily

7.7. Genus Genus

8.8. SpeciesSpecies

Binomial name or

Scientific Name

8 taxa of classification8 taxa of classificationDOMAIN

““Trick” to remember the 8 Trick” to remember the 8 taxa of classification:taxa of classification:

DDumb

KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCameame

OOverver FForor GGraperape SSodaoda

SpeciesSpecies Species is the Species is the

smallest, most smallest, most specific group in specific group in classificationclassification

Organisms in the Organisms in the same species can same species can reproduce together reproduce together AND their offspring AND their offspring are fertile.are fertile.

Tool: PhylogenyTool: Phylogenya “family tree” that classifies a “family tree” that classifies organisms by their evolutionary organisms by their evolutionary historyhistory

Tool: CladogramTool: Cladogram Shows older traits (bottom)Shows older traits (bottom) Shows newer or “derived” traits (top)Shows newer or “derived” traits (top)

Tool: Tool: DiDichotomous Keychotomous Key Helps identify organismsHelps identify organisms Questions with Questions with 2 2 answer choices lead answer choices lead

you through the you through the keykey until you find the until you find the correct organismcorrect organism

ENDEND

VocabularyVocabulary

These are words you must know when These are words you must know when classifying organisms.classifying organisms.

prokaryoteprokaryote

• Organism that doesn’t have a Organism that doesn’t have a nucleusnucleus

• Its DNA is “loose” inside the cellIts DNA is “loose” inside the cell

• All bacteria are prokaryotes.All bacteria are prokaryotes.

EukaryoteEukaryote

• An organism that has a nuceus An organism that has a nuceus with DNA inside.with DNA inside.

• All protists, fungi, plants & All protists, fungi, plants & animals are eukaryotes.animals are eukaryotes.

HHeterotropheterotroph

An organism that An organism that hhas to eat or consume as to eat or consume nutrition.nutrition.

AutoAutotrophtroph

An organism that An organism that autoautomatically feeds matically feeds itself. itself.

It makes its own food by photosynthesis It makes its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.or chemosynthesis.

unicellularunicellular

An organism with only 1 cellAn organism with only 1 cell

What does What does multicellular multicellular mean?mean?• Having more than one cellHaving more than one cell

Cell wallCell wall

A hard covering outside the cell A hard covering outside the cell membrane.membrane.

Cells of bacteria, fungi and plants have Cells of bacteria, fungi and plants have cell walls.cell walls.

Cell membraneCell membrane

A flexible covering outside of all cells!A flexible covering outside of all cells! All organisms All organisms have cell membranes.have cell membranes. It lets good stuff pass in and keeps bad It lets good stuff pass in and keeps bad

things out.things out.

motilemotile

Able to moveAble to move All animals, some bacteria & protists are All animals, some bacteria & protists are

motile.motile.

sessilesessile

Not able to moveNot able to move All plants are sessile. All plants are sessile.

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

Involves 2 parentsInvolves 2 parents Some sexual reproduction takes place Some sexual reproduction takes place

outside the parents’ bodies. They don’t outside the parents’ bodies. They don’t touch!touch!

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

Involves only 1 parent.Involves only 1 parent. Examples: 1 bacterium divides to make 2 Examples: 1 bacterium divides to make 2

bacteriabacteria