MetalPhysical properties.....1. They are ductile2. They are malleable3. They are sonorous4. They are good conductor of heat & electricity5. They are generally solid except Hg which is a

liquid6. They have high density except Na , K7. Metals are hard and strong except Na , K8. They are lustrous

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REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALSK

NaCaMgAlZnFeSnPbHCuHgAgAuPt9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

METALSchemical properties –1. Rxn WITH OXYGEN (O₂)a. Metal + oxygen metal oxide (basic)b. This rxn depends upon reactivity seriesc. (i.e. Na,K,Ca,Mg will react with O₂ easily)d. Ex- Na + O₂ Na₂O(basic)e. Ex- K + O₂ K₂O(basic)f. Na and K being at top of REAC.Series react with O₂ at room temp.g. But Mg does not react with O₂ at room temp.h. Mg is burnt in the presence of O₂ which gives MgOi. Rxn = 2Mg + O₂ 2MgO(basic) j. MgO + H₂O Mg(OH)₂ (a base)k. Al + O₂ Al₂O₃ (Amphoteric Oxide)l. Zn + O₂ ZnO (Amphoteric Oxide)

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2. Rxn with water (ONLY THOSE WILL REACT WHO R ABOVE H₂)a. Metal + H₂O Metal Hydroxide + H₂b. Metal + cold or hot H₂O Metal hydroxide + H₂c. Metal + Steam Metal oxide + H₂d. K reacts with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)e. K + H₂O (cold) KOH + H₂ + heatf. Na also react with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)g. Na + H₂O(cold) NaOH + H₂ + heath. Calcium with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)i. Ca + H₂O(cold) Ca(OH)₂ + H₂j. Magnesium with hot water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)k. Mg + H₂O (hot) Mg(OH)₂ + H₂l. Aluminium with steam (OXIDE FROMATION) m. Al + H₂O(steam) Al₂O₃ + H₂n. Also Zn,Fe reacts with steam

9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

Rxn with water

Metal hydroxide

Rxn with cold H₂o

Rxn with hot H₂o

Metal oxide

Rxn with steam

K,Na,Ca Mg

Al,Zn,Fe

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Rxn with Dilute Acids• BELOW H₂ cannot take part.....• Metal + Dil. Acid Metal Salt + H₂• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Chloride( M+ HCl)• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Sulphide(M+ H₂SO₄)• Cu does not react with ACIDS BEING LESS Reactive• Metal below H do not react with dil. Acids ,• Ag,Au,Pt being less reactive do not react with acids• ALL METAL ABOVE H RECTS WITH ACID TO GIVE METAL SALT+

Hydrogen GAS• The reaction between nitric acid + metal don't give hydrogen because

nitric acid being strong oxidizing agent oxidise hydrogen gas to water .• However very dilute HNO₃ give hydrogen when reacting with

Magnesium and Manganese• Mg + HNO₃ Mg(NO₃)₂ +H₂• Mn + HNO₃ Mn(NO₃)₂ + H₂9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

• AQUA-REGIA• A freshly prepared mixture of HCl and HNO₃ in the

ratio of 3:1.• Is highly corrosive in nature• Dissolves Au and Pt also .........(MEANS VERY

CORROSIVE IN NATURE!!!!!!!! )☺☻

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• Reaction of METAL with SALT SOLUTION• A more reactive metal displaces low reactive metal

from its salt solution • Salt sol. Of Metal A + Metal B Salt sol. of metal B + Metal A• It means that metal B is more reactive than Metal A• CuSO₄ +Zn ZnSO₄(colourless) + Cu• CuSO₄(blue) + Fe(reddish Brown) FeSO₄(green) +

Cu

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Rxn of Metal with chlorine• Metal react with chlorine to form ionic

chloride.• Metal chloride are non volatile• Have high M.p and B.p• Cu ALSO REACT WITH Cl₂ TO GIVE CuCl₂• Na + Cl₂ NaCl (NaCl= Na+ Cl- by sharing

therefore called ionic chloride)• Ca + Cl₂ CaCl₂• Mg + Cl₂ MgCl₂9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

Rxn of Metal With Hydrogen

• Metal above hydrogen reacts with hydrogen to give metal hydride or ionic hydride

• Not all but only Na,K,Ca and Mg reacts with H₂• Na + H₂ NaH• K + H₂ KH• Ca + H₂ CaH₂• Mg + H₂ MgH₂

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NON- METALS• Physical properties.....1. They are not ductile2. They are not malleable3. They are not sonorous4. They are bad conductor of heat & electricity

except GRAPHITE (G con. Of elec.)5. They are solid,liquid,gas6. They low high density 7. They are Brittle and Weak except DIAMOND8. They are not lustrous except IODINE9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

• RXn with OXYGEN• Nonmetal + oxygen nonmetal oxide which can be

acid/neutral• Acid oxides are called acid anhydridesRXN WITH WATER NO RXN AT ALL

RXN WITH ACID NO RXN AT ALL

RXN WITH SALT SOL. MORE REACTIVE NON METAL DISPLACES LOW REACTIVE FRLM ITS SALTNaBr+ Cl₂ NaCl + Br₂

RXN WITH CHLORINE FORMS COVALENT CHLORIDE H₂ + Cl₂ HCl

RXN WITH HYDROGEN FORMS COVALENT HYDRIDESS + H₂ H₂S

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

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Metal Non Metal

Basic oxide Neutral/acidic oxide

React with water Do not react with water

React with acid Do not react with acid

Forms ionic chloride Forms covalent chloride

Forms ionic hydride Forms covalent hydrides

Chemical prop. Difference of metal and non metals

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• USES OF METAL / NON – METALS

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METAL NON- METAL

Cu,Al are used to make wires Hydrogen is used in the hydrogenation of oil to get ghee

Fe,Cu,Al used to make household Liquid HYDROGEN AS ROCKET FUEL

Ag,Au for jewelleries CARBON IN cells

Zinc for galvanization Nitrogen in food preservation

Hg in thermometer Sulphur in hardening of rubber

Al foil in food packing Sulphur in match stick

Lead in car batteries Sulphur in gun powder

How do metal and non metal react• Metal + Non- metal ionic compound• Non metal + Non Metal covalent compound• Every element wants to become stable and to gain

the nearest inert gas electron configuration• Element can become stable bya. Losing 1 or more e- with other atomb. Gaining 1 or more e- “ m+nmc. Sharing 1 or more e- ‘” “ “ ‘ “ nm+nm

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OCCURENCE OF METALS• Most metal are reactive therefore found in form of compound..• Compound of CARBONATE,SULPHIDE,CHLORIDE• Cu , Ag and Au being less reactive can be formed in native state ( free

state) ..• All metal above Cu are found in form of compounds

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MINERALS AND ORES The natural material in which metal exist is called MINERALThose mineral from which metal can extracted are called OREs

EXTRATION OF METAL• The process of obtaining metal from ore is called

extraction of metal • The various process involved in the extraction of

metal is called METTALURGY • The three major steps involved in the purification of

metal area. Concentration of Ore b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal c. Refining of impure metal

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a. Concentration of ore• The unwanted impurities present on the ore is called

gangue.• By removing gangue one gets a greater concentration of

metal in ore • This is called Con. Of Ore .

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• b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal 1. FOR HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL• Metal such as K,Na,Ca,Mg and Al are at topmost of reactivity

series• They cannot be reduced by carbon to get pure metal .because

metal have more attraction for Oxygen than carbon• They are extracted by electrolytic reduction of their molten

chloride or oxide.• During electrolysis CATHODE acts as POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT

by supplying electrons to reduce metal ion into metal• Till magnesium are extracted by the electrolysis of their chloride

whereas aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its oxide• Extraction of sodium metal• NaCl (electrolysis) Na + Cl₂• Extraction of aluminium• Al2O3 (ele) Al +O2 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

by shubham Ranjan

• Extraction of moderately reactive metal• The extraction of metal is harder with carbonates and

sulphides Therefore all ores are converted into oxide by Calcination or by roasting

• A carbonate ore oxide Calcination• CALCINATION :- process in which carbonate ore is heated

in the ABSENCE of oxygen to get metal oxide• Ex- ZnCO₃ (Calcination) ZnO + CO₂• A sulphide ore oxide roasting• Roasting :- process of heating sulphide ore in PRESENCE of

oxygen to get metal oxide• ZnS + O₂ (ROASTING) ZnO+ SO₂• The metal oxide obtained are converted to free metal by

reduction with C,Al,Na,Ca9/4/2015

by shubham ranjan

• Thermite Rxn:- the reduction of metal oxide to form metal by using Al as reducing agent

• Fe₂O₃ + Al Fe (molten) + Al₂O₃ + heat• This process is called Thermite welding OR

aluminothermy ....

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by shubham ranjan

EXTRACTION OF LESS REACTINE METAL

• Are extracted just by reduction of their oxide by heating

• OR JUST BY HEATING IN AIR

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by shubham ranjan

Refining of Metal

• The process of refining of impure metal is called refining of metal .

• Most common one is Electrolytic refining • Electrolytic refining :- refining by electrolysis• A thick block of impure metal is made anode• a thin strip of pure metal is mate cathode • A water soluble salt of metal is taken as

electrolyte .

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