Class 1: Plate Tectonics Review Today’s topics: Earth’s compositional layers Plate tectonics:...
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Transcript of Class 1: Plate Tectonics Review Today’s topics: Earth’s compositional layers Plate tectonics:...
![Page 1: Class 1: Plate Tectonics Review Today’s topics: Earth’s compositional layers Plate tectonics: theory & actions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649ef45503460f94c0726f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Class 1: Plate Tectonics Review
Today’s topics: Earth’s compositional layers Plate tectonics: theory & actions
![Page 2: Class 1: Plate Tectonics Review Today’s topics: Earth’s compositional layers Plate tectonics: theory & actions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649ef45503460f94c0726f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth’s Compositional LayersAtmosphere & Hydrosphere
Crust
Mantle
Core
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Earth’s Atmosphere & Hydrosphere
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Earth’s Crust
more dense
relatively light
CRUST
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Earth’s Mantle
MANTLEmore densethan crust
CRUST
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Earth’s Core
highestdensity
CRUST
MANTLE
CORE
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Earth’s Magnetic Field
rocky core
Earth
Requirements for magnetic field: 1. rotation
2. heat flow, convecting fluid3. a mobile conductor (iron or metallic hydrogen)
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Global Earthquake Locations
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Global Volcano Locations
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Linking Observations
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Continental Drift
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Continental Drift (movie)
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Ages of the Ocean Floor
Ma = Million years ago
1 billion years = 1 Gyr1 million years = 1 Myr
1 thousand years = 1 kyr
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Heat Flow
Warm colors = higher heat flow
Cool colors = lower heat flow
high atocean ridges
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Global Topography and Bathymetry
oceanridges
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The Puzzle Solved…..
earthquake locations volcano locations
sea floor age sea floor bathymetry
+ heat flow too!
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Earth’s Tectonic Plates
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Earth’s Tectonic Plates (movie)
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Lithosphere & Asthenosphere
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Plate Boundaries
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
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Seafloor Spreading (movie)
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
1 2
3
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Seafloor Subduction (movie)
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Transform Plate Boundary
strike-slipfaulting
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Transform Faulting (movie)
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Plate Boundaries
Hotspots
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Hot Spots
hot spot trail
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Hot (not molten) rising plume
lithosphere
Direction of plate Direction of plate motionmotion
Formation of Island Chains
V1
V1
melting at base of crust
V1
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Example: The Hawaiian Chain
Fixedhot spot
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• Earth’s crust is divided into plates• Plates move relative to one another at 1-15 cm/yr• Plate interiors are largely undisturbed• Deformation is concentrated at plate boundaries
Consequences:• Plate tectonics constantly change Earth’s surface• Earthquakes occur mostly at plate boundaries• Volcanoes occur mostly at plate boundaries
Basic Premise of Plate Tectonics
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1. Examine volcanic rocks Q: what was the source for magma?
How do we explore Earth’s interior?
2. Observe seismic waves from earthquakes Q: where are the layers, what are their densities?
3. Examine meteorites Q: what are they made of? like the core?
4. Existence and behavior of geomagnetic field Q: what is the core doing?
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• Satellites 1 (Moon)• Size (radius) 6378 km• Bulk density 5.5 g/cm3 (4.1 g/cm3uncompressed)
• Surface gravity 9.8 m/s2
• Tectonism, volcanism yes (today)• Rotation 1 day• Orbit 365.25 days• Atmosphere 78% N2, 21% O2
• Surface pressure 1 atm• Surface temperature 20°C (diurnal, seasonal changes)
• Plate tectonics yes• Water yes
Earth