91Du¿PX{¥w

]{Xw hmbn® kqc-Pn-s\mcp kwi-bw.

agbpw temUvsj-Unßpw XΩn¬ F¥mWv

_‘w?

kqcPns‚ Cu kwi-b-Øn\v DØcw

\¬Imtam?

sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-am-

Wt√m P\-td-‰¿.

P\-td-‰-dn¬ \S-°p∂ Du¿P-am‰w F¥v?

P\-td-‰¿ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb bm{¥n-

tIm¿Pw GsX√mw coXn-bn¬ e`y-am°mw?

N¿®sNbvXv tcJ-s∏Sp-Øq.

$ sh≈-®m´w

$

DbcØn¬ sI´n-\n¿Ønb Pew Ipg-ep-I-fn-

eqsStbm Xp-c-¶-ß-fn-eq-sStbm Hgp-°n-s°m≠p

h∂v P\-td-‰-dns‚ S¿ss_≥ Id°n sshZypXn

Dev∏m -Zn -∏n -°p∂ ]h¿tÃj-\p -I -fmWv

sslt{Um Ce-Iv{SnIv ]h¿tÃj-\p-Iƒ. tIc-

f-Øn¬ CØcw ]h¿ tÃj-\p-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-

cn-°p-∂Xv Fhn-sS-sb-√m-amWv? Is≠Øn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øq.

Nne sshZypX\ne-b-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ a¿Z-Øn-

ep≈ \ocmhn D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv S¿ss_≥ Id-

°p-∂-Xv. CXn -te-°m-h-iy-amb \ocmhn,

I¬°cn, \m v̂X, enss·‰v F∂o C‘-\-߃

IØn-®pw AWp-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®pw D≠m-

°mw. C‘\w Pzen-∏n®v In´p∂ Xmt]m¿Pw

D]-tbm-Kn®v sshZypXn Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]h¿

tÃj-\p-I-fmWv sX¿a¬ ]h¿tÃj-\p-Iƒ.

hnhn-[-Xcw ]h¿tÃj-\p-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ Fhn-

sS-sb-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠Øn ]´nI 7.1 ]q¿Øn-

bm-°q.

sslt{Um sX¿a¬ \yq¢n-b¿

Ce-Iv{SnIv ]h-¿ ]h-¿

]h-¿tÃj≥ tÃj≥ tÃj≥

]≈nhm-k¬ s\bvthen Xmcm-∏q¿

\n¿ØmsX s]bvX ag-bn¬ Umap-Iƒ \nd-bp-∂p.

Cu h¿jw temUvsj-UnMv th≠n-h-cn√

ag I\Øp Umap-I-fnse Pe-\n-c∏v Db¿∂p.

Cu h¿jw temUvsj-UnMv th≠n-h-cn√

kz.te.

CSp°n Umw \nd-™p. Bh-iy-amb

sshZyp-tXm¸m-Z\w km[y-amWv

kz.te.

sshZyp-tXmev∏mZ\w Ipd-bn-√.

sshZyp-tXmev∏mZ\w Ipd-bn-√.

sshZyp-tXmev∏mZ\w Ipd-bn-√.

sshZyp-tXmev∏mZ\w Ipd-bn-√.

sshZyp-tXmev∏mZ\w Ipd-bn-√.

I\Ø ag XpS-cp∂p

I\Ø ag XpS-cp∂p

I\Ø ag XpS-cp∂p

I\Ø ag XpS-cp∂p

I\Ø ag XpS-cp∂p

]´nI 7.1

7

92 imkv{Xw I

{Xot^kv P\-td-‰-dp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-tPmUn

Im¥nI {[ph-߃°panS-bn¬ ]c-kv]cw

1200 tImWn¬ _‘n-∏n-®n-́ p≈ aq∂v kam\-

B¿ta-®¿ Npcp-fp-Iƒ D≠v. CØcw P\-td-‰-

dp-I-fn¬ \n∂v aq∂p hyXykvX t^kn-ep≈

sshZypX {]hm-l-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.

{Xot^kv P\-td-‰-dn¬ \n∂pw ]pdØp

hcp∂ t^kvsse\p-Iƒ F{X-sb-Æ-am-bn-

cn°pw?

B¿ta-®¿ tImbn-ep-I-fpsS a‰v A{K-ßsf

Fßs\ _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p?

tImbn-ep-I-fpsS A{K-߃ tbmPn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂ _nμp-hn¬ sXm´m¬ tjm°v G¬°p-

∂n-√. F¥m-bn-cn°pw Imc-Ww?

h≥ P\-td-‰-dp-I-fn¬ Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ sshZypXn

Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°v hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xv GXp

coXn-bn-emWv? \ap°v t\m°mw.

Nn{Xw 7.1(a)Hcp {Xot^kv P\-td-‰-dns‚ LS\

emf

kabw

A B C

P1, P2, P3t^kvsse\p-Iƒ

Nn{Xw 7.1 (b)Hcp {Xo˛-t^kv P\-td-‰-dns‚ A, B, C F∂o B¿ta-®¿

Npcp-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ emf s‚ {Km^nIv Nn{XoI-

cWw

B

A

C

3 t^kv sse\p-Iƒ

\yq{S¬ sse≥

+

0

_

sshZypX]h¿ Dev∏m-Z-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw P\-td-

‰-dns‚ LS\ Hcpt]mse-bm-Wv.

sshZypXP\-td-‰dns‚ `mK-߃ GsX-√m-

amWv?

P\-td-‰-dn¬ ^o¬UvIm¥w ÿnc-Im-¥-am-

bm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ Fs¥√mw?

$ i‡-amb Im¥w D≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-

anXn-.

$

Cu {]iv\-߃ Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn°mw?

N¿®sNbvXv tcJ-s∏-SpØq.

P\-td-‰dpIfnse ̂ o¬UvIm-¥-amb sshZypX

Im¥-߃°v DC bmWv \¬tI-≠Xv. CXn-

\mbp≈ klm-bI P\-td-‰-dp-Isf FIvssk-

‰dp-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

]h¿ P\-td-‰-dp-I-fnse B¿ta-®¿, ^o¬Uv

Im¥w Ch-bn¬ Id-ßp∂ ̀ mKsØ tdm´¿

F∂pw \n›-e-ambncn°p∂ ̀ mKsØ tÉ¿

F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

]h¿ P\-td-‰-dp-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ B¿ta-

®dns‚ `mcw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v

B¿ta-®¿ tÉ-dmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. X∑qew

{Kmss^‰v {_jv Hgn-hm-°m\pw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-

Ip∂ kv]m¿°v C√m-Xm-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

]h¿ P\-td-‰dpI-fn¬ tdm´-dmbn D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂ `mKw GXmWv?

knwKnƒt^kv P\-td-‰¿, {Xot^kv P\-td-‰¿(Single phase generator, three phasegenerator)IS-I-fn-epw Km¿lnI Bh-iy-߃°pw D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂ sNdnb P\-td-‰-dp-Iƒ I≠n-́ nt√? Ch-

bn¬ \n∂pw F{X sse\p-I-fmWv ]pd-tØ°v

FSp-°p-∂Xv?

CØcw P\-td-‰-dp-Iƒ knwKnƒ t^kv P\-td-

‰¿ BWv.

93Du¿PX{¥w

]h¿ t{]jWhpw hnX-c-Whpw(Power transmission anddistribution)Nn{Xw 7.2 {i≤n-°q. \ΩpsS cmPyØv sshZypXn

Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F{X Intem-thmƒ´n (kV)em-Wv.

11 kVP\-td-‰¿

220 kVk_v

tÃj≥

220 kV66 kV/33 kV

66kV/110kV11 kV

11kV 230 V

Km¿lnI

D]-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ

sNdp-InS

hyh-km-b -

im-e-Iƒ

h≥hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ

Nn{Xw 7.2sshZypX]h¿ hnX-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -́߃

hnX-c-W

-{Sm≥kv

t^m-a¿

]h¿ tÃj≥

sÃ]v-A∏v {Sm≥kvt^ma¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-bmWv?

sÃ]v -Uu¨ {Sm≥kvt^m-a¿ Fhn-sS -

sb√mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p?

{]k-c-W-\jvSw (Transmission loss)sshZypXn Hcp Nme-I-Øn-eqsS IS-°p-tºmƒ

Xm]w Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠-t√m.

CXv GsX√mw LS-I-ßsf B{i-bn-®n-cn-

°p∂p?

sshZyp-X-sse-\p-I-fn¬ Xm]-cq-]-Øn¬

Du¿Pw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ipdbv-°m≥ kzoI-

cn-°m-hp∂ am¿K߃ Fs¥√mw?

Nme-I-Ønse sshZypX {]hm-l-Xo-{h-

Xbpw AXn¬ Dev∏m -Zn -∏n°-s∏-Sp∂

Xm]hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F¥v?

]h¿ P = V × I F∂-dn-bm-a-t√m.

]h¿ hyXym-k-s∏-SmsX I Ipdbv-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ F¥p sNøWw?

sshZypXn hnX-cWirwJ-e-bn¬ Bcw-`-L-´-

Øn¬ sÃ]v-A∏v {Sm≥kvt^ma¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv F¥n -\m -sW∂v t_m[y -am -bn -t√?

Cßs\ Db¿∂ thmƒ´Xbn¬ sshZypXn

t{]jWw sNbvXv Du¿P\jvSw Ipd-bv°mw.

Ãm¿ I-W-£≥ (Star connection)

C≥]p v́ Huv́]p v́

Nn{Xw 7.3

hnX-cW {Sm≥kvt^m-a¿

]h¿

{Sm≥kv

t^ma¿

110 kVk_v

tÃj≥

94 imkv{Xw I

Nn{Xw 7.3 {i≤n-°q. Km¿lnI Bh-iy-Øn\pw

a‰p-ap≈ hnX-cW {Sm≥kvt^ma-dn¬ \n∂pw

F{X sse\p-I-fmWv ]pd-tØ°p hcp-∂Xv?

{Sm≥kvt^ma-dn-te°v F{X sse\p-I-fmWv

hcp-∂Xv?

{Sm≥kvt^ma-dns‚ sk°≥U-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw

\mep sse\p-Iƒ hcp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v

t\m°mw.

hnX-cW {Sm≥kvt^ma-dns‚ sk°≥U-dn-bn¬

Ãm¿I-W-£≥ coXn-bn-emWv Iºn-Iƒ _‘n-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu sse\p-I-fn-eqsS hcp∂ sshZypXn \ΩpsS

hoSp-I-fn-se D]-I-c-W-ß-fnte°v Fß-s\-

bmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.

Krl-ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cWw(Household wiring)\ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂ sshZyptXm]-I-c-W-߃ GsXm-s°-

bmWv? Ipdn-®phbv°q.

$ _ƒ_v

$ anIvkn

$

Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ F√mw F{X thmƒ´n-

emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv?

Ch-bvs°√mw Bh-iy-amb Id‚ v Hcp-

t]mse-bmtWm?

hoSp-I-fn¬ sshZyptXm]-I-c-W-߃ GXp

coXn -bn -emWv LSn -∏n -t°-≠Xv? \ap°v

t\m°mw:

Htc ]h¿ D≈ _ƒ_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-

Øn-te-Xp-t]mse c≠v sk¿°o´p-Iƒ {Iao-I-

cn-°q.

Ãm¿ IW£-\n¬ \yq{S¬ sse≥ FhnsS

\n∂mWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv?

c≠p t^kv sse\p -Iƒ XΩn -ep≈

s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw F{X-bm-Wv?

\ΩpsS cmPyØv hoSp-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ AC sshZypX D]-I-c-W-߃ F{X-

thmƒ´n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p -∂-h -bmWv?

Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

hnX-cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ \n∂p hoSp-I-fn-

te°v GsXms° sse\p-I-fmWv th≠n

hcpI?

$ CXn¬ BZy Nn{X-Øn¬ _ƒ_p-Iƒ {Iao-

I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv GXp coXn-bn-emWv?

P 3

P 2

P 1

N

N

400V

230V

Nn{Xw 7.4Ãm¿ IW-£≥

{Sm≥kvt^ma¿

tImbn¬

S1 S2 S3

B1B2 B3

4.5VD C

Nn{Xw 7.5

t{iWncoXn-bnep≈ sk¿°o v́

S1S2 S3

B1 B2 B3

4.5VD C

Nn{Xw 7.6

kam-¥ccoXn-bnep≈ sk¿°o v́

95Du¿PX{¥w

c≠m-a-tØ-Xntem?

_ƒ_p-Iƒ t{iWn-bmbn LSn-∏n-°p-tºmgpw

kam-¥-c-ambn LSn-∏n-°p-tºmgpw Hmtcm-∂n-eq-

sS-bpap≈ sshZyp-X-{]-hmlXo{hX Fßs\

hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-°n-bn-

´p-≠t√m?

kzn®p-Iƒ Hm¨ sNbvXv sk¿°o-´p -Iƒ

{]h¿Øn-∏n-°q.

GXv sk¿°o-´nse _ƒ_p-I-fmWv IqSp-

X¬ Xo{h-X-tbmsS {]Im-in-®Xv?

c≠v sk¿°o-´n-sebpw GsX-¶nepw Hmtcm

kzn®p-Iƒ Hm^m°n t\m°q. \nco-£W-^ew

Ipdn-°q.

\n߃ sNbvX ]co-£-W-ß-fpsSbpw \nK-a-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Krl-ssh-Zyp-

Xo-I-cWw \S-Øp-tºmƒ GXp coXn-bn-emWv

sk¿°o-´n¬ D]-I-c-W-߃ LSn-∏n-t°-≠Xv

F∂v N¿®sNbvXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. kam-¥c

coXn-bn¬ D]-I-c-W-߃ LSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚

t\´-߃ Fs¥√mw F∂v kb≥kv Ub-dn-

bn¬ Ipdn-°q.

Nn{Xw 7.7¬- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Krl-ssh-Zyp-

Xo-I-cW sk¿°o´v Ub{Kw \nco-£n-°q.

Nn{Xw 7.7Krl-ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cW sk¿°o v́

sabn≥

kzn®v

sabn≥

^yqkv

t_m¿Uv _ƒ_vv

F¿Øv Iºn\yq{S¬ Iºn

t^kv Iºn

kWhao‰¿

sabn≥

^yqkv

sdKp-

te-‰¿ ^m≥lo‰¿

]h¿

tkm°‰v

GXv sse\n-emWv ^yqkv LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv?

hm´v Huh¿ ao‰-dns‚ ÿm\w Fhn-sS-

bmWv?

sabn≥ kzn®ns‚ [¿aw F¥v? CXns‚

ÿm\w sk¿°o-´n¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv?

kzn®p-Iƒ sk¿°o-́ n¬ GXp sse\n-emWv

LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

Ct∏mƒ Krl sshZypXoI-cW sk¿°o-´p-

Ifn¬ sabn≥ kzn®p-Iƒ°ptijw ^yqkp-

Iƒ°v -]-I-c-ambn MCB (Miniature CircuitBreaker) bpw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-

Xn -\mbn ELCB (Earth Leakage CircuitBreaker)bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

sk¿°o-´n¬ F¿Øv hb¿ {Xo]n≥ tkm°-‰p-

ambn _‘n-∏n-®Xv ImWm-at√m?

{Xo]n≥ πKv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ ta∑-

Iƒ Fs¥∂v t\m°mw.

{Xo]n≥ πKpw Sq]n≥ πKpw

Nn{Xw 7.8 {i≤n°q

CkvXn-cn-s∏´n sshZypX sk¿°o-´nse Sq]n-

∂p-ambn _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

LENL

EN

96 imkv{Xw I

{Xo]n≥ πKv

Cu sse≥ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ GXv `mKhp-

am-bn-´mWv _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

t^kv sse\pw \yq{S¬ sse\pw D]-I-c-

W-Øns‚ GXp `mK-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®n-

cn-°p∂p?

t^kv sse≥ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ teml-N-´-

°q-Sp -ambn kº¿°-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ

sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Hgp°v Ftßm-́ m-bn-cn°pw?

Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ sk¿°o-´nse {]Xn-tcm[w

Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Id‚ v IqSp-at√m.

sk¿°o-́ n¬ IqSn-bp≈ sshZypX{]hmlw

IqSp-tºmƒ ^yqkn\v F¥p kw`-hn°pw?

CXp-aqew sk¿°o-´nse sshZypXnt°m?

\nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-en¬ \n∂p {Xo]n≥ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

\ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn-se-Øp∂ sshZypXsse≥

GXv D]-I-c-W-tØm-SmWv BZyw _‘n-∏n-®n-

cn-°p-∂Xv? F¥mWv Cu D]-I-c-W-Øns‚

Bh-iy-IX?

sshZyp-tXm¿P-Øns‚ Afhv

\mw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sshZypX Du¿Pw, ho´n-

ep≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]hdpw AXv {]h¿Øn-

∏n-°p∂ ka-b-ssZ¿Ly-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-

W-t√m.

]h-dns‚ bqWn‰v F¥mWv?

Hcp hm v́ ]h-dp≈ D]-I-cWw Hcp sk°‚ v

kabw {]h¿Øn∏n®m¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

Du¿Pw F{X-bm-Wv.

Nn{Xw 7.8

CkvXn-cn-s∏-´n-bpsS tImbn¬ FsXms°

sse\p-am-bn-´mWv _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

C≥kp-te-j≥ XI-cm-dp-aqew t^kv sse≥

D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ teml N´-°q-Sp-ambn

kº¿°-Øn¬ h∂m¬ teml-N-´-°q-Sn¬

kv]¿in-°p-∂-bmƒ°v F¥p kw`-hn°pw?

Nn{Xw 7.9 ¬ ]n≥ tkm°-‰n-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ

E F∂- ]n≥ GXv sse\p-am -bn -´mWv

kº¿°-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv? Cu ]n≥ a‰p

]n∂p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-

´n-cn-°p∂p?

Nn{Xw 7.9

-t^kv

\yq{S¬

F¿Øv

^yqkv

{Xo]n≥ πKns‚ Dƒ`mKw

97Du¿PX{¥w

1000 W ]h¿ D≈ Hcp D]-I-cWw Hcp

aWn-°q¿ {]h¿Øn-∏n-®m¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ Du¿P-sa-{X-bm-bn-cn-°pw.

1000 W (1kW) ]h¿ D≈ Hcp D]-I-cWw Hcp

aWn-°q¿ sIm≠v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Du¿P-

amWv Hcp Intem -hm´ v Huh¿. CXmWv

sshZypX Du¿P-Øns‚ hymh-km-bnI bqWn‰v.

hn\n-tbm-Kn® Du¿Pw

(Intem-hm´v Huhdn¬)=

]´n-I 7.2 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-߃

hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Du¿Pw IW-°m°n ]´nI

]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

$ \nß-fpsS ho´n¬ 18 W ep≈ 4 CFL Iƒ

Znh-kw 5 aWn-°q¿ hoX-hpw 60 W ep≈ 2^m\pIƒ Znh-kw 3 aWn-°q¿ hoXhpw

{]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂p. F¶n¬ 30 Znh-k-

tØ°v F{X bqWn‰v sshZypXn hn\n-tbm-

Kn-°pw? bqWn-‰n\v 3 cq] \nc-°n¬ Hcp

amksØ sshZyp-Xn-bpsS sNe-sh{X?

100 W s‚ ^ne-sa‚ v emºv \¬Ip∂ {]Im-

ihpw 20 W s‚ CFL \¬Ip∂ {]Im-ihpw GI-

tZiw Xpey-am-Wv.

$ Hcp ho´n¬ 100 W s‚ A©v ^ne-sa‚ v

emºp-Iƒ Znh-tk\ aq∂p aWn-°q¿ hoXw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. bqWn-s‰m-∂n\v 3 cq]-\n-

c-°n¬ Nm¿Pv CuSm°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp

amk-Øn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn® sshZypX Du¿P-

Øns‚ hne-sb¥v. ^ne-sa‚ v emºp-Iƒ

am‰n 20 W s‚ CFL IfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv F¶n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Du¿Pem`w

Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I.

\nßfpsS ho´n¬ sshZyptXm]-I-c-W-߃

Hmtcm∂pw Hcp Znhkw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kabw

tcJ-s∏-SpØn Ah D]-tbm-Kn® Du¿Pw IW-

°m°n ao‰¿ doUn-ßp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.

{Ia D]-I-cWw ]h¿ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ kabw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Du¿Pw

\º¿ W aWn-°q¿ kWh ¬

1 CkvXn-cn-s∏´n 750 0.5

2 ^m≥ 60 2

3 _ƒ_v 40 5

4 F¬ C Un 2 24

5 kn F^v F¬ 20 4 ]´nI 7.2

98 imkv{Xw I

1.

(a) \yq¢n-b¿ ]h¿tÃj-\p-Ifpw sX¿a¬ ]h¿tÃj-\p-Ifpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv

Ah-bnse ]h¿ D¬∏m-Z-\-Ønse hyXym-k-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

(b) \yq¢n-b¿ ]h¿tÃj-\p-Ifn¬ \n∂mWv G‰hpw sNehp Ipd™ coXn-

bn¬ sshZypXn Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbm-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS

{]Xn-I-c-W-sa¥v? \nß-fpsS DØcw km[q-I-cn-°p-I.

2. h≥ P\-td-‰-dp-I-fpsS {][m\ `mK-߃ GsX-√m-amWv? Ah-bpsS Hmtcm-∂n-

s‚bpw [¿aw F¥mWv? h≥ P\-td-‰-dp-Iƒ sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬

AXn-te°v sshZypXn \¬I-W-sa-∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv?

3. sshZypX ]h¿ t{]j-W-Øn¬ sÃ∏v-A∏v {Sm≥kvt^m-a-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-sX-hn-sS-bmWv? ]h¿ t{]j-W-Øn¬ hnhn-[-Xcw {Sm≥kvt^m-a-dp-I-fpsS Bh-

iy-IX F¥v? {Sm≥kvt^m-a-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n√ F¶n¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂

_p≤n-ap´v Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn°pw?

4. ASp-Ø-SpØ c≠p hoSp-I-fn-te°v sshZypXn IWIvj≥ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

{i≤n-°q.

(a) \yq{S¬ hb¿ GXmWv?

(b) R Dw S Dw XΩn-ep≈ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw F{X?

(c) P bpw R Dw XΩn-ep≈ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw F{X?

(d) S Dw `qanbpw XΩn-ep≈ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw F{X?

5. \ΩpsS ho´n¬ FØp∂ sshZypXn Krl-ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cW irwJ-e-bnse

GsX√mw ̀ mK-ß-fn-eqsS IS-Øn-hn-́ -ti-j-amWv _ƒ_ns‚ ̂ ne-sa‚n¬ FØp-

∂Xv? Ah-bpsS {Ia-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

6. CkvXn-cn-s∏´n Sp ]n≥ π§v D]-tbm-Kn®v {]h¿Øn-∏n-®m¬ D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂

{]iv\-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv? {Xo ]n≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ CXv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-

sX-ßs\?

7. 250 V bn¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp _ƒ_n-eqsS 0.1 A sshZypXn {]h-ln-

°p∂p F¶n¬ AXv Hcp bqWn‰v sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ F{X aWn-°q¿

{]Im-in-°Ww?

PQ R S