CIVIL20LAW20Q.A.201990-2006

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics (Year 1990-2006)

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ANSWERS TO BAREXAMINATION QUESTIONS

IN

CIVIL LAWARRANGED BY TOPIC

(1990 2006)

First Edition - Edited and Arranged by:July 26, 2005

Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao andAtty. Alex Andrew P. Icao

Latest Edition Edited and Arranged by:ROMUALDO L. SEERIS II

From the ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONSby the UP LAW COMPLEX

&Philippine Association of Law Schools


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FORWARD

This work is not intended for sale or commerce. This work is freeware. It may be freely

copied and distributed, nevertheless, PERMISSION TO COPY from the editors is

ADVISABLE to protect the interest of the ORIGINAL SOURCES/REFERENCES of this

material. It is primarily intended for all those who desire to have a deeper understanding

of the issues touched by the Philippine Bar Examinations and its trend. It is specially

intended for law students from the provinces who, very often, are recipients of deliberately

distorted notes from other unscrupulous law schools and students. Share to others this work

and you will be richly rewarded by God in heaven. It is also very good karma.

We would like to seek the indulgence of the reader for some Bar Questions which are

improperly classified under a topic and for some topics which are improperly or ignorantly

phrased, for the authors are just Bar Reviewees who have prepared this work while

reviewing for the Bar Exams under time constraints and within their limited knowledge of the

law. We would like to seek the readers indulgence for a lot of typographical errors in this

work.

The Authors


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Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 10

................................................................................................................................ 10......................................................................................... 10 ............................................................................................................................................ 10 ...................................................................................................................................... 10........................................................................................................... 11 .................................................................................................................................. 11........................................................................................................................................ 11

PERSONS ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ...................................................................................................................... 11.................................................................................................................. 12.................................................................................................................. 12.................................................................................................................. 12 ............................................................................................................... 12 .................................................................................................................. 13 ............................................................................................................................................... 13

CONFLICT OF LAWS ............................................................................................................................................. 13 ..................................................................................................... 13 ..................................................................................................................... 13........................................................................................................................ 14...................................................................................................................... 14 ............................................................................................................ 15.............................................................................................................. 15............................................................................................................... 15 ........................................................................................ 15 ............................................................................................................ 16 .................................................................................................................... 16 ..................................................................................................... 17 ..................................................................................................... 17............................................................................................................. 17................................................................................... 18............................................................................................................... 18 ........................................................................................................... 18 ................................................................................ 18 ......................................................................................... 19............................................................. 19.......................................................................................................... 19................................................................................................. 19............................................................................................................................................. 20 ................................................................................................................................................... 20............................................................................................................ 20 ................................................................................................................................. 21

ADOPTION................................................................................................................................................................. 21 .............................................................................................. 21.................................................................................................................. 21 ...................................................................................................... 21 .................................................................................................................................... 22 .......................................................................................................... 22 .................................................................................................................................. 22 .................................................................................................................................. 23 .............................................................................................................. 23

FAMILY CODE .......................................................................................................................................................... 23.................................................................................................................................................... 23........................................................................................ 24


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.......................................................................................................................... 24 ......................................................................................................... 24 ........................................................................... 24 ......................................................................................................................... 25........................................................................................................ 25 ...................................................................... 25................................................................................................................... 26................................................................................................................... 26 ........................................................................................................ 26 ............................................................................................... 26........................................................................... 27........................................................................... 27 ..................................................... 28 ..................... 28................................................................................. 29............................................................................................. 29 ................................................................................ 29 ........................................................................................................... 29 .................................................................................................................. 30 ................................................................................................... 30................................................................................................................... 30................................................................................................................... 31................................................................................................................... 31 ......................................................................................................................................... 31 ......................................................................................................................................... 32 ............................................................................................................ 32 ............................................................................................................ 33....................................................................................................... 33 ................................................................................................................. 33 .................................................................................................................................. 34 .................................................................................................................................. 34 ......................................................................................... 35 .................................................................................................. 35................................................................. 35 ......................................................................................................... 35 .......................................................................................................................................... 36 ................................................................................... 36......................................................................................................... 36................................................................................... 36....................................................................................... 37 ........................................................................................... 37 ....................................................................................................................................... 38 ......................................................................................................... 38 ..................................................................................................... 39 ........................................................................................... 39 .......................................................... 39 ......................................................................................................... 40 ......................................................................................................... 40 ...................................................................................... 41 .................................................................................................... 41 .................................................................................................... 41 .................................................................................................... 42

SUCCESSION ........................................................................................................................................................... 42 ........................................................................................................................ 42 ............................................................................................. 42 ............................................................................................. 43 ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 ............................................................................................................................ 43 ................................................................................................................................ 43 .............................................................................................................. 44


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............................................................................................................. 44............................................................................................................................ 45......................................................................................................................................... 45......................................................................................................................................... 45......................................................................................................................................... 46......................................................................................................................................... 46......................................................................................................................................... 46......................................................................................................................................... 46 ............................................................................................................. 47............................................................................................................................................................ 47.............................................................................................................................. 47.......................................................................... 48......................................................................................................................................................... 48 ............................................................................................................................ 48 ............................................................................................. 48 ........................................................................................................ 49 .................................................................................... 49 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 ......................................................................................... 50.................................................................................................................. 50 ............................................................................................................................................... 50 ........................................................................................................................ 51 .................................................................................................. 51............................................................................... 51........................................................................................................................ 52 ................................................................................................................................ 52

DONATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 52.............................................................................................................................................. 52 ............................................................................................................. 52................................................................................................................... 53................................................................................................. 53 ............................................................................................................... 54 ............................................................................................................... 54 .................................................................................................................. 54 ....................................................................................................................................... 54................................................................................................................ 55 ....................................................... 55 .............................................................................................. 55............................................................................................................... 56

PROPERTY ................................................................................................................................................................ 56 ........................................................................................................................................... 56 .......................................................................................................................................... 56........................................................................................................................................... 57 ..................................................................................................................... 57 ..................................................................................................................... 57 ................................................................................................... 58................................................................................................ 58 ............................................................................................................................. 58.......................................................................................................................... 59.......................................................................................................................... 59 .......................................................................................................................... 60 ........................................................................................................ 60 ...................................................................................................................................... 60 ........................................................................ 61 ...................................................................................................................... 61................................................................................................................................. 62 .................................................................................................................................. 62 .................................................................................................................................. 62 ........................................................................................................... 62


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............................................................................................................... 63 ............................................................................................................. 63 .......................................................................................................................... 63........................................................................................................................... 63 ............................................................................................................................................... 64 ............................................................................................................................................. 64 .................................................................................................................... 64 .................................................................................................................... 65 ................................................................................ 65 .................................................................................................. 65............................................................................................... 65 ................................................................................................................................ 66 ........................................................................................................... 66 ........................................................................................................... 67 ........................................................................................................... 67 ........................................................................................................... 67 ........................................................................................................... 67 ....................................................................................................................................................... 68 ................................................................................................................ 68 ................................................................................................................ 68 ........................................................................................................................... 69............................................................................................................................................................ 69

LAND TRANSFER & DEEDS............................................................................................................................... 69................................................................................................. 69 ........................................................................................................................ 69.......................................................................................................... 70............................................................................................................................................... 70............................................................................................. 70 .................................................................................................. 71 ................................................................................................................ 71 .......................................................................................................................... 71............................................................................................................................ 72 ................................................................................................................................................. 72 .................................................................................................. 73 ....................................................................................................................................... 73 .............................................................................................. 73 ...................................................................................................... 74 .............................................................................. 74 ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 .................................................................................................................................. 75 ...................................................................................... 76 ................................................................................................... 76......................................................................................................................... 77 .............................................................................................. 77 ........................................................................................................ 77........................................................................................................................ 77........................................................ 78 ................................................................................................................ 78 ................................................................................................. 79 .................................................................................................... 79 ........................................................................................... 80 ............................................................................................................................................ 80

CONTRACTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 80 .................................................................................. 80...................................................................................................................................... 80............................................................................................................................ 81................................................................................................... 81 .................................................................................................................. 81 ............................................................................................................ 82


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...................................................................................................... 82 .............................................................................................................. 82

OBLIGATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 83 ........................................................................................................................... 83 .................................................................................................................................... 83 .................................................................................................................................... 83 ..................................................................................................................... 84 ................................................................................................. 84 ............................................................................................................. 84...................................................................................................................... 85 ........................................................................................................................ 85 .................................................................................................... 85 ................................................................................................ 85 .......................................................................................................................... 85 ......................................................................................... 86 ....................................................................................................................................... 86 ....................................................................................................... 86................................................................................................................................. 87 ................................................................................................................................. 87 .......................................................................................................................... 87................................................................................................................................. 87............................................................................................................................. 88 ................................................................................................. 88 ................................................................................................................ 88................................................................... 89................................................................................................................................ 89

TRUST ......................................................................................................................................................................... 89 .............................................................................................................................. 89..................................................................................................................................................... 90........................................................................................................................... 91

SALES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 91............................................................................................................... 91.................................................................................................................... 91 ................................................................................................................... 91 ............................................................................... 91 ................................................................................................................................................. 92.................................................................................................................. 92.......................................................................................... 92..................................................................................................................................................... 92..................................................................................................................................................... 93 .......................................................................................................................................... 93.............................................................................................................................. 93 .................................................................................................... 94...................................................................................................................................................... 94.................................................................................................................................... 95 ................................................................................................................................................ 95 ....................................................................................................................... 95 .................................................................................................. 95 ........................................................................................................................ 96 ........................................................................................................................ 96 ................................................................................................................ 96 ................................................................................................................ 97 ......................................................................................................................................... 97............................................................................................. 97 ................................................................................................................. 97

LEASE.......................................................................................................................................................................... 97 ......................................................................................... 97............................................................................................................................................ 98 ........................................................................................................................................ 98


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......................................................................................................... 98 ......................................................................................................................... 98...................................................................................................................................... 98 .............................................................................. 99 ............................................................................................................. 99 ........................................................................................................................ 100 ........................................................................................................................ 100 ................................................................................................... 100

COMMON CARRIERS.......................................................................................................................................... 100 .................................................................................................................................. 100

AGENCY ................................................................................................................................................................... 101 ........................................................................................................................................................... 101 .............................................................................................................................................. 101 .................................................................................................................... 101..................................................................................................................... 101 ........................................................................................................................ 101.............................................................................................................................. 102................................................................................................................ 102........................................................................................................................................ 102 ............................................................................................................. 103

PARTNERSHIP ...................................................................................................................................................... 103 .................................................................................... 103.................................................................................................. 103 .............................................................................................................................. 103.......................................................................................................... 104................................................................................................................................ 104 .................................................................................................................................. 104 ..................................................................................................... 104

COMMODATUM & MUTUUM .................................................................................................................................... 104 ................................................................................................................................................. 104 ................................................................................................................................................. 105 ............................................................................................................................. 105 .............................................................................................................................. 106........................................................................................................................................... 106........................................................................................................................................... 106........................................................................................................................................... 106

DEPOSIT................................................................................................................................................................... 107.............................................................................................................................. 107.......................................................................................................................................... 107

SURETY .................................................................................................................................................................... 107 ................................................................................................................................... 107

ANTICHRESIS........................................................................................................................................................ 107 ..................................................................................................................................................... 107

PLEDGE .................................................................................................................................................................... 108 ............................................................................................................................................................ 108 ............................................................................................................................................................ 108 ........................................................................................................................ 108

QUASI-CONTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 108 ............................................................................................................. 109 ............................................................................................................. 109 ............................................................................................................. 109 .................................................................................................................... 110

TORTS & DAMAGES ........................................................................................................................................... 110 ...................................................................................................... 110......................................................................................................................................................... 111 ................................................................................................. 111 ................................................................................................. 111.............................................................................................................................................. 111


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................................................................................................................ 112 ...................................................................................... 112 ............................................................................................................. 112 ........................................................................ 112 ........................................................................ 113 ........................................................................................ 113 ........................................................................................................... 114 ........................................................................................................... 114 ........................................................................................................... 114 ............................................................................................................................ 114 .......................................................................................................... 115 .................................................................................................................................................... 115 .................................................................................................................................................... 115 ............................................................................................................. 115.................................................................................... 116 ........................................................................................................................................... 116 ........................................................................................................................................... 117 ........................................................................................................................................... 117 ........................................................................................................................................... 117 ........................................................................................................................................... 117 ..................................................................................................................... 118

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ........................................................................................................................... 118 ........................................................................................................................................ 118


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GENERAL PRINCIPLESHow would you compare the Civil Law system in itsgovernance and trend with that of the Common Lawsystem?SUGGESTED ANSWER:As regards "governance":Governance in Civil Law is codal, statutory and written law.It is additionally derived from case law. Common law isbasically derived from case law.As regards "trend":Civil law is now tending to rely more and more on decisionsof the courts explaining the laws. Common law is nowcodifying laws more and more. So they are now mergingtowards similar systems.Additional Answers:1. COMMON LAW refers to the traditional part of the

law as distinct from legislation; it refers to the universalpart of law as distinct from particular local customs(Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 7).On the other hand, CIVIL LAW is understood to bethat branch of law governing the relationship ofpersons in respect of their personal and privateinterests as distinguished from both public andinternational laws.In common law countries, the traditional responsibilityhas for the most part been with the judges; in civil lawcountries, the task is primarily reposed on thelawmakers. Contemporary practices, however, soindicate a trend towards centralizing that function toprofessional groups that may indeed, see the gradualassimilation in time of both systems. [Vitug, Civil. Lawand Jurisprudence, p. XX)

2. In Civil Law, the statutes theoretically take precedenceover court decisions interpreting them; while inCommon Law, the court decisions resolving specificcases are regarded as law rather than the statutesthemselves which are, at the start, merely embodimentsof case law. Civil Law is code law or written law, whileCommon Law is case law. Civil Law adopts thedeductive method - from the general to the particular,while the Common Law uses the inductive approach -from the particular to the general. Common Law relieson equity. Civil Law anchors itself on the letter of thelaw. The civilists are for the judge-proof law even asthe Common Law Is judge-made law. Civil Law judgesare merely supposed to apply laws and not interpretthem.

2) What are the binding effects of an obiter dictum and adissenting opinion?3) How can a decision of the Supreme Court be set aside?ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS:2) None. Obiter dictum and opinions are not necessary tothe determination of a case. They are not binding and

cannot have the force of official precedents. It is as if theCourt were turning aside from the main topic of the case tocollateral subjects: a dissenting opinion affirms or overrulesa claim, right or obligation. It neither disposes nor awardsanything it merely expresses the view of the dissenter. (CivilCode, Paras]3) A decision of a division of the Supreme Court maybeset aside by the Supreme Court sitting en banc, a SupremeCourt decision may be set aside by a contrary ruling of theSupreme Court itself or by a corrective legislative act ofCongress, although said laws cannot adversely affect thosefavored prior to the Supreme Court decision. [Civil Code,Paras).After a devastating storm causing widespread destruction infour Central Luzon provinces, the executive and legislativebranches of the government agreed to enact a special lawappropriating P1 billion for purposes of relief andrehabilitation for the provinces. In view of the urgent natureof the legislative enactment, it is provided in its effectivityclause that it shall take effect upon approval and aftercompletion of publication in the Official Gazette and anewspaper of general circulation in the Philippines. The lawwas passed by the Congress on July 1, 1990. signed into lawby the President on July 3, 1990, and published in suchnewspaper of general circulation on July 7, 1990 and in theOfficial Gazette on July 10, 1990.(a) As to the publication of said legislative enactment, is

there sufficient observance or compliance with therequirements for a valid publication? Explain youranswer.

(b) When did the law take effect? Explain your answer.(c) Can the executive branch start releasing and disbursing

funds appropriated by the said law the day following itsapproval? Explain your answer.

SUGGESTED ANSWER:(a) Yes, there is sufficient compliance. The law itselfprescribes the requisites of publication for its effectivity,and all requisites have been complied with. (Article 2, CivilCode)(b) The law takes effect upon compliance with all theconditions for effectivity, and the last condition wascomplied with on July 10, 1990. Hence, the" law becameeffective on that date.(c) No. It was not yet effective when it was approved byCongress on July 1, 1990 and approved by the President onJuly 3, 1990. The other requisites for its effectivity were notyet complete at the time.It is said that equity follows the law What do youunderstand by this phrase, and what are its basicimplications? 5%SUGGESTED ANSWER: Equity Follows the law means that courts exercisingequity jurisdiction are bound by rules of law and have noarbitrary discretion to disregard them.

Equity is applied only in the absence of


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but never against statutory law.

Is there any difference in their legal effect betweenignorance of the law and ignorance or mistake of fact?SUGGESTED ANSWER:Yes, there is a difference. While ignorance of the law is notan excuse for not complying with it, ignorance of facteliminates criminal intent as long as there is no negligence(Art, NCC). In addition, mistake on a doubtful or difficultquestion of law may be the basis of good faith (Art. 526.NCC). Mistake of fact may, furthermore, vitiate consent in acontract and make it voidable (Art. 1390. NCC).ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:Yes. ignorance of the law differs in legal effect fromIgnorance or mistake of fact. The former does not excuse aparty from the legal consequences of his conduct while thelatter does constitute an excuse and is a legal defense.Are decisions of the Court of Appeals considered laws?ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS:1) a) No, but decisions of the Court of Appeals mayserve as precedents for inferior courts on points of law notcovered by any Supreme Court decision, and a ruling of theCourt of Appeals may become a doctrine.

b) No. Decisions of the Court of Appeals merely havepersuasive, and therefore no mandatory effect. However, aconclusion or pronouncement which covers a point of lawstill undecided may still serve as judicial guide and it ispossible that the same maybe raised to the status ofdoctrine. If after it has been subjected to test in the crucibleof analysis, the Supreme Court should find that it has meritsand qualities sufficient for its consideration as a rule ofjurisprudence (Civil Code, Paras).In the context that the term is used in Civil Law, state the(a) concept, (b) requisites and (c) consequences of aprejudicial question.SUGGESTED ANSWER:(a) ConceptA prejudicial question is one which must be decided firstbefore a criminal action may be instituted or may proceedbecause a decision therein is vital to the judgment in thecriminal case. In the case of

, the Supreme Court defined it as onewhich arises in a case, the resolution of which question is alogical antecedent of the issues involved in said case and thecognizance of which pertains to another tribunal (Paras,Vol. 1, Civil. Code Annotation, 1989 ed. p, 194).(b) Requisites1. The prejudicial question must be determinative of the

case before the court.2. Jurisdiction to try said question must be lodged in

another tribunal.ADDITIONAL ANSWER:

1. The civil action involves an issue similar or intimatelyrelated to the issue raised in the criminal action, and2. the resolution of such issue determines whether or notthe criminal action may proceed.(c) ConsequencesThe criminal case must be suspended. Thus, in a criminalcase for damages to one's property, a civil action thatinvolves the ownership of said property should first beresolved (De Leon vs. Mabanag. 38 Phil. 202)

PERSONSZirxthoussous delos Santos filed a petition for change ofname with the Office of the Civil Registrar of MandaluyongCity under the administrative proceeding provided inRepublic Act No. 9048. He alleged that his first namesounds ridiculous and is extremely difficult to spell andpronounce. After complying with the requirements of thelaw, the Civil Registrar granted his petition and changed hisfirst name Zirxthoussous to "Jesus." His full name nowreads "Jesus delos Santos."Jesus delos Santos moved to General Santos City to work ina multi-national company. There, he fell in love and marriedMary Grace delos Santos. She requested him to have hisfirst name changed because his new name "Jesus delosSantos" is the same name as that of her father whoabandoned her family and became a notorious drug lord.She wanted to forget him. Hence, Jesus filed anotherpetition with the Office of the Local Civil Registrar tochange his first name to "Roberto." He claimed that thechange is warranted because it will eradicate all vestiges ofthe infamy of Mary Grace's father.

SUGGESTED ANSWER: No, under the law, Jesus may onlychange his name once. In addition, the petition for changeof name may be denied on the following grounds:(1) Jesus is neither ridiculous, nor tainted with dishonor

nor extremely difficult to write or pronounce.(2) There is no confusion to be avoided or created with

the use of the registered first name or nickname of thepetitioner.

(3) The petition involves the same entry in the same docu-ment, which was previously corrected or changedunder this Order [Rules and Regulations ImplementingRA 9048].

SUGGESTED ANSWER: Only clerical or typographicalerrors and first or nick names may be changed or correctedwithout a judicial order under RA 9048.Clerical or typographical errors refer to mistakes committedin the performance of clerical work in writing, copying,transcribing or typing an entry in the civil register. Themistake is harmless and innocuous, such as errors in


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spelling, visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding,and can be corrected or changed only by reference to otherexisting records. Provided, however, that no correctionmust involve the change of nationality, age, status or sex ofthe petitioner.

Jaime, who is 65, and his son, Willy, who is 25, died in aplane crash. There is no proof as to who died first. Jaime'sonly surviving heir is his wife, Julia, who is also Willy'smother. Willy's surviving heirs are his mother, Julia and hiswife, Wilma.1. In the settlement of Jaime's estate, can Wilmasuccessfully claim that her late husband, Willy had ahereditary share since he was much younger than his fatherand, therefore, should be presumed to have survivedlonger? [3%]2. Suppose Jaime had a life insurance policy with his wife,Julia, and his son, Willy, as the beneficiaries. Can Wilmasuccessfully claim that one-half of the proceeds shouldbelong to Willy's estate? |2%JSUGGESTED ANSWER:1. No, Wilma cannot successfully claim that Willy had ahereditary share in his father's estate. Under Art. 43, CivilCode, two persons "who are called to succeed each other"are presumed to have died at the same time, in the absenceof proof as to which of them died first. This presumption ofsimultaneous death applies in cases involving the questionof succession as between the two who died, who in this caseare mutual heirs, being father and son.SUGGESTED ANSWER:2. Yet, Wilma can invoke the presumption of survivorshipand claim that one-half of the proceeds should belong toWilly's estate, under Sec. 3 (jj) par. 5 Rule 131, Rules ofCourt, as the dispute does not involve succession. Underthis presumption, the person between the ages of 15 and 60years is deemed to have survived one whose age was over60 at the time of their deaths. The estate of Willy endowedwith juridical personality stands in place and stead of Willy,as beneficiary.Mr. and Mrs. Cruz, who are childless, met with a seriousmotor vehicle accident with Mr. Cruz at the wheel and Mrs.Cruz seated beside him, resulting in the instant death of Mr.Cruz. Mrs. Cruz was still alive when help came but she alsodied on the way to the hospital. The couple acquiredproperties worth One Million (P1 ,000,000.00) Pesos duringtheir marriage, which are being claimed by the parents ofboth spouses in equal shares. Is the claim of both sets ofparents valid and why? (3%) (b) Suppose in the preceding question, both Mr. and Mrs.Cruz were already dead when help came, so that no-bodycould say who died ahead of the other, would your answerbe the same to the question as to who are entitled to theproperties of the deceased couple? (2%)SUGGESTED ANSWER: (a) No, the claim of both parents is not valid. When Mr.Cruz died, he was succeeded by his wife and his parents ashis intestate heirs who will share his estate equally. Hisestate was 0.5 Million pesos which is his half share in the

absolute community amounting to 1 Million Pesos. Hiswife, will, therefore, inherit O.25 Million Pesos and hisparents will inherit 0.25 Million Pesos.When Mrs. Cruz died, she was succeeded by her parents asher intestate heirs. They will inherit all of her estateconsisting of her 0.5 Million half share in the absolutecommunity and her 0.25 Million inheritance from herhusband, or a total of 0.750 Million Pesos.In sum, the parents of Mr. Cruz will inherit 250,000 Pesoswhile the parents of Mrs. Cruz will inherit 750,000 Pesos.(b) This being a case of succession, in the absence ofproof as to the time of death of each of the spouses, it ispresumed they died at the same time and no transmission ofrights from one to the other is deemed to have taken place.Therefore, each of them is deemed to have an estate valuedat P500,000,00, or one-half of their conjugal property ofP1 million. Their respective parents will thus inherit theentire P1 Million in equal shares, of P500,000.00 per set ofparents.b) Cristy and her late husband Luis had two children, Roseand Patrick, One summer, her mother-in-law, aged 70, tookthe two children, then aged 10 and 12, with her on a boattrip to Cebu. Unfortunately, the vessel sank en route, andthe bodies of the three were never found. None of thesurvivors ever saw them on the water. On the settlement ofher mother-in-law's estate, Cristy files a claim for a share ofher estate on the ground that the same was inherited by herchildren from their grandmother in representation of theirfather, and she inherited the same from them. Will heraction prosper? (2%)SUGGESTED ANSWER:No, her action will not prosper. Since there was no proof asto who died first, all the three are deemed to have died atthe same time and there was no transmission of rights fromone to another, applying Article 43 of the New Civil Code.ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:No, her action will not prosper. Under Article 43 of theNew Civil Code, inasmuch as there is no proof as to whodied first, all the three are presumed to have died at thesame time and there could be no transmission of rightsamong them. Her children not having inherited from theirgrandmother. Cristy has no right to share in her mother-in-law's estate. She cannot share in her own right as she is nota legal heir of her mother-in-law. The survivorshipprovision of Rule 131 of the Rules of Court does not applyto the problem. It applies only to those cases where theissue involved is not succession.Distinguish juridical capacity from capacity to act,SUGGESTED ANSWER:JURIDICAL CAPACITY is the fitness to be the subject oflegal relations while CAPACITY TO ACT is the power orto do acts with legal effect. The former is inherent in everynatural person and is lost only through death while the latteris merely acquired and may be lost even before death (Art.37, NCC).ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;


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Juridical capacity, as distinguished from capacity to act: (a)the former is passive while the latter is active, (b) the formeris inherent in a person while the latter is merely acquired, (c)the former is lost only through death while the latter may belost through death or restricted by causes other than death,and Id) the former can exist without capacity to act whilethe latter cannot exist without juridical capacity.Elated that her sister who had been married for five yearswas pregnant for the first time, Alma donated P100,000.00to the unborn child. Unfortunately, the baby died one hourafter delivery. May Alma recover the P100.000.00 that shehad donated to said baby before it was born consideringthat the baby died? Stated otherwise, is the donation validand binding? Explain. (5%)SUGGESTED ANSWER:The donation is valid and binding, being an act favorable tothe unborn child, but only if the baby had an intra-uterinelife of not less than seven months and pro-vided there wasdue acceptance of the donation by the proper personrepresenting said child. If the child had less than sevenmonths of intra-uterine life, it is not deemed born since itdied less than 24 hours following its delivery, in which easethe donation never became effective since the donee neverbecame a person, birth being determinative of personality.ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:Even if the baby had an intra-uterine life of more thanseven months and the donation was properly accepted, itwould be void for not having conformed with the properform. In order to be valid, the donation and acceptance ofpersonal property exceeding five thousand pesos should bein writing. (Article 748, par. 3)B. DON, an American businessman, secured parentalconsent for the employment of five minors to play certainroles in two movies he was producing at home in Makati.They worked at odd hours of the day and night, but alwaysaccompanied by parents or other adults. The producer paidthe children talent fees at rates better than adult wages.But a social worker, DEB, reported to OSWD that thesechildren often missed going to school. They sometimesdrank wine, aside from being exposed to drugs. In somescenes, they were filmed naked or in revealing costumes. Inhis defense, DON contended all these were part of artisticfreedom and cultural creativity. None of the parentscomplained, said DON. He also said they signed a contractcontaining a waiver of their right to file any complaint inany office or tribunal concerning the working conditions oftheir children acting in the movies.Is the waiver valid and binding? Why or why not? Explain.(5%)SUGGESTED ANSWER:The waiver is not valid. Although the contracting partiesmay establish such stipulations, clauses, terms andconditions as they may deem convenient, they may not doso if such are contrary to law, morals, good customs, publicorder, or public policy (Article 1306, Civil Code). Theparents' waiver to file a complaint concerning the working

conditions detrimental to the moral well-being of theirchildren acting in the movies is in violation of the FamilyCode and Labor laws. Thus, the waiver is invalid and notbinding.The Child Labor Law is a mandatory and prohibitory lawand the rights of the child cannot be waived as it is contraryto law and public policy.

CONFLICT OF LAWS

X and Y entered into a contract in Australia, whereby it wasagreed that X would build a commercial building for Y inthe Philippines, and in payment for the construction, Y willtransfer and convey his cattle ranch located in the UnitedStates in favor of X.What law would govern:a) The validity of the contract?b) The performance of the contract?c) The consideration of the contract?SUGGESTED ANSWER:(a) The validity of the contract will be governed byAustralian law, because the validity refers to the element ofthe making of the contract in this case.

(Optional Addendum:"... unless the parties agreed to bebound by another law".}

(b) The performance will be governed by the law of thePhilippines where the contract is to be performed.(c) The consideration will be governed by the law of theUnited States where the ranch is located.

(Optional Addendum: In the foregoing cases, when theforeign law would apply, the absence of proof of thatforeign law would render Philippine law applicableunder the "eclectic theory".)

Juan is a Filipino citizen residing in Tokyo, Japan. Statewhat laws govern:1. His capacity to contract marriage in Japan, [ 1%]2. His successional rights as regards his deceased Filipino

father's property in Texas, U.S.A. [1%]3. The extrinsic validity of the last will and testament

which Juan executed while sojourning in Switzerland.[2%]

4. The intrinsic validity of said will. (1%)SUGGESTED ANSWER:1. Juan's capacity to contract marriage is governedby Philippine law - i.e., the Family Code -pursuant to Art.15, Civil Code, which provides that our laws relating to,among others, legal capacity of persons are binding uponcitizens of the Philippines even though living abroad.SUGGESTED ANSWER:2. By way of exception to the general rule of lex rei sitaeprescribed by the first paragraph of Art. 16. Civil Code, aperson's successional rights are governed by the national lawof the decedent (2nd par.. Art. 16). Since Juan's deceased


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father was a Filipino citizen, Philippine law governs Juan'ssuccessional rights.ANOTHER ANSWER:2. Juan's successional rights are governed by Philippine law,pursuant to Article 1039 and the second paragraph ofArticle 16, both of the Civil Code. Article 1039, Civil Code,provides that capacity to succeed shall be governed by the"law of the nation" of the decedent, i.e.. his national law.Article 16 provides in paragraph two that the amount ofsuccessional rights, order of succession, and intrinsic validityof testamentary succession shall be governed by the"national law" of the decedent who is identified as a Filipinoin the present problem.SUGGESTED ANSWER:3. The extrinsic validity of Juan's will is governed by (a)Swiss law, it being the law where the will was made (Art. 17.1st par. Civil Code), or (b) Philippine law, by implicationfrom the provisions of Art. 816, Civil Code, which allowseven an alien who is abroad to make a will in conformitywith our Civil Code.SUGGESTED ANSWER:4. The intrinsic validity of his will is governed byPhilippine law, it being his national law. (Art. 16, CivilCode)Felipe and Felisa, both Filipino citizens, were married inMalolos, Bulacan on June 1, 1950. In 1960 Felipe went tothe United States, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1975. In 1980they obtained a divorce from Felisa, who was duly notifiedof the proceedings. The divorce decree became final underCalifornia Law. Coming back to the Philippines in 1982,Felipe married Sagundina, a Filipino Citizen. In 2001, Filipe,then domiciled in Los Angeles, California, died, leaving onechild by Felisa, and another one by Sagundina. He left a willwhich he left his estate to Sagundina and his two childrenand nothing to Felisa.Sagundina files a petition for the probate of Felipes will.Felisa questions the intrinsic validity of the will, arguing thather marriage to Felipe subsisted despite the divorceobtained by Felipe because said divorce is not recognized inthe Philippines. For this reason, she claims that theproperties and that Sagundina has no successional rights.A. Is the divorce secured by Felipe in California

recognizable and valid in the Philippines? How does itaffect Felipes marriage to Felisa? Explain. (2%).

B. What law governs the formalities of the will? Explain.(1%)

C. Will Philippine law govern the intrinsic validity of thewill? Explain. (2%)

SUGGESTED ANSWER:A. (1.) The divorce secured by Felipe in California isrecognizable and valid in the Philippines because he was nolonger a Filipino at that time he secured it, Aliens mayobtain divorces abroad which may be recognized in thePhilippines provided that they are valid according to theirnational law (Van Dorn V. Romillo, Jr., 139 SCRA 139[1985]; Quita v. Court of Appeals, 300 SCRA 406 [1998];Llorente v. Court of Appeals, 345 SCRA 595 [2000] ).

(2). With respect to Felipe the divorce is valid, but withrespect to Felisa it is not. The divorce will not capacitateFelisa to remarry because she and Felipe were both Filipinosat the time of their marriage. However, in DOJ OpinionNo. 134 series of 1993, Felisa is allowed to remarry becausethe injustice sought to be corrected by Article 26 alsoobtains in her case.SUGGESTED ANSWER:B. The foreigner who executes his will in thePhilippines may observed the formalities described in:1. The Law of the country of which he is a citizenunder Article 817 of the New Civil Code, or2. the law of the Philippines being the law of theplace of execution under Article 17 of the New Civil Code.SUGGESTED ANSWER:C. Philippine law will not govern the intrinsic validityof the will. Article 16 of the New Civil Code provides thatintrinsic validity of testamentary provisions shall begoverned by the National Law of the person whosesuccession is under consideration. California law will governthe intrinsic validity of the will.Francis Albert, a citizen and resident of New Jersey, U.S.A.,under whose law he was still a minor, being only 20 years ofage, was hired by ABC Corporation of Manila to serve fortwo years as its chief computer programmer. But afterserving for only four months, he resigned to join XYZCorporation, which enticed him by offering moreadvantageous terms. His first employer sues him in Manilafor damages arising from the breach of his contract ofemployment. He sets up his minority as a defense and asksfor annulment of the contract on that ground. The plaintiffdisputes this by alleging that since the contract was executedin the Philippines under whose law the age of majority is 18years, he was no longer a minor at the time of perfection ofthe contract.1. Will the suit prosper? [3%]2. Suppose XYZ Corporation is impleaded as a co-defendant, what would be the basis of its liability, if any?[2%]SUGGESTED ANSWER:1. The suit will not prosper under Article 15, Civil Code,New Jersey law governs Francis Albert's capacity to act,being his personal law from the standpoint of both hisnationality and his domicile. He was, therefore, a minor atthe time he entered into the contract.ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:1. The suit will not prosper. Being a U.S. national, Albert'scapacity to enter into a contract is determined by the law ofthe State of which he is a national, under which he to still aminor. This is in connection with Article 15 of the CivilCode which embodies the said nationality principle of lexpatriae. While this principle intended to apply to Filipinocitizens under that provision, the Supreme Court in Recto v.Harden is of the view that the status or capacity offoreigners is to be determined on the basis of the sameprovision or principle, i.e., by U.S. law in the presentproblem.


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Plaintiffs argument does not hold true, because status orcapacity is not determined by lex loci contractus but by lexpatriae.ANOTHER ANSWER:1. Article 17 of the Civil Code provides that the formsand solemnities of contracts, wills and other publicinstruments shall be governed by the laws of the country inwhich they are executed.Since the contract of employment was executed in Manila,Philippine law should govern. Being over 18 years old andno longer a minor according to Philippine Law, FrancisAlbert can be sued. Thus, the suit of ABC Corporationagainst him for damages will prosper.SUGGESTED ANSWER:2. XYZ Corporation, having enticed Francis Albert tobreak his contract with the plaintiff, may be held liable fordamages under Art. 1314, Civil Code.ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:2. The basis of liability of XYZ Corporation would beArticle 28 of the Civil Code which states that:

"Unfair competition in agricultural, commercial, orindustrial enterprises or in labor through the use offorce, intimidation, deceit, machination or any otherunjust, oppressive or highhanded method shall give riseto a right of action by the person who thereby suffersdamage."

ANOTHER ANSWER:2. No liability arises. The statement of the problem does notin any way suggest intent, malice, or even knowledge, on thepart of XYZ Corporation as to the contractual relationsbetween Albert and ABC Corporation.3. What law governs the capacity of the Filipino to buy theland? Explain your answer and give its legal basis.SUGGESTED ANSWER:Philippine law governs the capacity of the Filipino to buythe land. In addition to the principle of lex rei sitae givenabove. Article 15 of the NCC specifically provides thatPhilippine laws relating to legal capacity of persons arebinding upon citizens of the Philippines no matter wherethey are.2. What law governs the capacity of the Japanese to sell theland? Explain your answer and give its legal basis.SUGGESTED ANSWER:Japanese law governs the capacity of the Japanese to sell theland being his personal law on the basis of an interpretationof Art. 15, NCC.ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS;a) Since capacity to contract is governed by the personallaw of an individual, the Japanese seller's capacity should begoverned either by his national law (Japanese law) or by thelaw of his domicile, depending upon whether Japan followsthe nationality or domiciliary theory of personal law for itscitizens.b) Philippine law governs the capacity of the Japaneseowner in selling the land. While as a general rule capacity of

persons is governed by the law of his nationality, capacityconcerning transactions involving property is an exception.Under Article 16 of the NCC the capacity of persons intransactions involving title to property is governed by thelaw of the country where the property is situated. Sincethe property is in the Philippines, Philippine law governs thecapacity of the seller.Jacob, a Swiss national, married Lourdes, a Filipina, inBerne, Switzerland. Three years later, the couple decided toreside in the Philippines. Jacob subsequently acquiredseveral properties in the Philippines with the money heinherited from his parents. Forty years later. Jacob diedintestate, and is survived by several legitimate children andduly recognized illegitimate daughter Jane, all residing in thePhilippines.(a) Suppose that Swiss law does not allow illegitimatechildren to inherit, can Jane, who is a recognized illegitimatechild, inherit part of the properties of Jacob underPhilippine law?(b) Assuming that Jacob executed a will leaving certainproperties to Jane as her legitime in accordance with the lawof succession in the Philippines, will such testamentarydisposition be valid?SUGGESTED ANSWER:A. Yes. As stated in the problem. Swiss law does not allowillegitimate children to inherit Hence, Jane cannot inheritthe property of Jacob under Philippine law.SUGGESTED ANSWER:B. The testamentary disposition will not be valid if it wouldcontravene Swill law; otherwise, the disposition would bevalid. Unless the Swiss law is proved, it would be presumedto be the same as that of Philippine law under the Doctrine ofProcessual Presumption.Alma was hired as a domestic helper in Hongkong by theDragon Services, Ltd., through its local agent. She executeda standard employment contract designed by the PhilippineOverseas Workers Administration (POEA) for overseasFilipino workers. It provided for her employment for oneyear at a salary of US$1,000.00 a month. It was submitted toand approved by the POEA. However, when she arrived inHongkong, she was asked to sign another contract byDragon Services, Ltd. which reduced her salary to onlyUS$600.00 a month. Having no other choice, Alma signedthe contract but when she returned to the Philippines, shedemanded payment of the salary differential of US$400.00 amonth. Both Dragon Services, Ltd. and its local agentclaimed that the second contract is valid under the laws ofHongkong, and therefore binding on Alma.Is their claim correct? Explain.SUGGESTED ANSWER:Their claim is not correct. A contract is the law between theparties but the law can disregard the contract if it is contraryto public policy. The provisions of the 1987 Constitution onthe protection of labor and on social justice (Sec. 10. Art II)embody a public policy of the Philippines. Since theapplication of Hongkong law in this case is in violation of


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that public policy, the application shall be disregarded byour Courts. (Cadalin v. POEA. 238 SCRA 762)ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS;a) Their claim is not correct. Assuming that the secondcontract is binding under Hongkong law, such secondcontract is invalid under Philippine law which recognizes asvalid only the first contract. Since the case is being litigatedin the Philippines, the Philippine Court as the forum willnot enforce any foreign claim obnoxious to the forum'spublic policy. There is a strong public policy enshrined inour Constitution on the protection of labor. Therefore,the second contract shall be disregarded and the firstcontract will be enforced. .b) No, their claim is not correct. The second contractexecuted in Hongkong, partakes of the nature of a waiverthat is contrary to Philippine law and the public policygoverning Filipino overseas workers. Art. 17, providesthat our prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts, ortheir property or which have for their object public order,public policy and good customs shall not be renderedineffective by laws or conventions agreed upon in a foreigncountry. Besides, Alma's consent to the second contract wasvitiated by undue influence, being virtually helpless andunder financial distress in a foreign country, as indicated bythe given fact that she signed because she had no choice.Therefore, the defendants claim that the contract is validunder Hongkong law should be rejected since under theDOCTRINE OF PROCESSUAL PRESUMPTION aforeign law is deemed similar or identical to Philippine lawin the absence of proof to the contrary, and such is notmentioned in the problem as having been adduced.On 8 December 1991 Vanessa purchased from the Manilaoffice of Euro-Aire an airline ticket for its Flight No. 710from Dallas to Chicago on 16 January 1992. Her flightreservation was confirmed. On her scheduled departureVanessa checked in on time at the Dallas airport. However,at the check-in counter she discovered that she waswaitlisted with some other passengers because of intentionaloverbooking, a Euro-Aire policy and practice. Euro-Alreadmitted that Vanessa was not advised of such policy whenshe purchased her plane ticket. Vanessa was only able to flytwo days later by taking another airline.Vanessa sued Euro-Aire in Manila for breach of contractand damages. Euro-Aire claimed that it cannot be held liablefor damages because its practice of overbooking passengerswas allowed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.Vanessa on the other hand contended that assuming thatthe U.S. Code of Federal Regulations allowed Intentionaloverbooking, the airline company cannot invoke the U.S.Code on the ground that the ticket was purchased in Manila,hence, Philippine law should apply, under which Vanessacan recover damages for breach of contract of carriage.Decide. Discuss fully.SUGGESTED ANSWER:Vanessa can recover damages under Philippine law forbreach of contract of carriage, Philippine law should governas the law of the place where the plane tickets were boughtand the contract of carriage was executed. In

theSupreme Court applied Philippine law in recovery ofdamages for breach of contract of carriage for the reasonthat it is the law of the place where the contract wasexecuted.ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:If the violation of the contract was attended with bad faith,there is a ground to recover moral damages. But since therewas a federal regulation which was the basis of the actcomplained of, the airline cannot be in bad faith. Hence,only actual damages can be recovered. The same is true withregards to exemplary damages.A. The Japan Air Lines (JAL), a foreigner corporationlicensed to do business in the Philippines, executed inManila a contract of employment with Maritess Guapaunder which the latter was hired as a stewardess on theaircraft flying the Manila-Japan-Manila route. The contrastspecifically provides that (1) the duration of the contractshall be two (2) years, (2) notwithstanding the aboveduration, JAL may terminate the agreement at any time bygiving her notice in writing ten (10) days in advance, and (3)the contract shall be construed as governed under and bythe laws of Japan and only the court in Tokyo, Japan shallhave the jurisdiction to consider any matter arising from orrelating to the contract.JAL dismissed Maritess on the fourth month of heremployment without giving her due notice. Maritess thenfiled a complaint with the Labor Arbiter for reinstatement,backwages and damages. The lawyer of JAL contends thatneither the Labor Arbiter nor any other agency or court inthe Philippines has jurisdiction over the case in view of theabove provision (3) of the contract which Maritessvoluntarily signed. The contract is the law between her andJAL.Decide the issue.B. Where under a State's own conflicts rule that domesticlaw of another State should apply, may the courts of theformer nevertheless refuse to apply the latter? If so, underwhat circumstance?SUGGESTED ANSWER:

A, Labor Legislations are generally intended as expressionsof public policy on employer-employee relations. Thecontract therefore, between Japan Air Lines (JAL) andMaritess may apply only to the extent that its provisions arenot inconsistent with Philippine labor laws intendedparticularly to protect employees.Under the circumstances, the dismissal of Maritess withoutcomplying with Philippine Labor law would be invalid andany stipulation in the contract to the contrary is consideredvoid. Since the law of the forum in this case is thePhilippine law the issues should-be resolved in accordancewith Philippine law.B. The third paragraph of Art. 17 of the Civil Code providesthat:


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"Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts orproperty, and those which have for their object publicorder, public policy and good customs shall not berendered ineffective by laws or judgments promulgated,or by determinations or conventions agreed upon in aforeign country."

Accordingly, a state's own conflict of laws rule may,exceptionally be inapplicable, given public policyconsiderations by the law of the forum.Going into the specific provisions of the contract inquestion, I would rule as follows:1. The duration of the contract is not opposed to

Philippine law and it can therefore be valid asstipulated;

2. The second provision to the effect thatnotwithstanding duration, Japan Air Lines (JAL) mayterminate her employment is invalid, being inconsistentwith our Labor laws;

3. That the contract shall be construed as governed underand by the laws of Japan and only the courts of Tokyo,Japan shall have jurisdiction, is invalid as clearlyopposed to the aforecited third paragraph of Arts. 17and 1700 of the Civil Code, which provides:

"Art. 1700. The relations between capital and laborare not merely contractual. They are so impressedwith public interest that labor contracts must yieldto the common good. Therefore, such contractsare subject to the special laws on labor unions,collective bargaining, strikes and lockouts, closedshop, wages, working conditions, hours of laborand similar subjects."

ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;A. When a contract has a foreign element such as in thefactual setting stated in the problem where one of theparties is a foreign corporation, the contract can besustained as valid particularly the stipulation expressing thatthe contract is governed by the laws of the foreign country.Given this generally accepted principle of international law,the contract between Maritess and JAL is valid and it shouldtherefore be enforced.In 1989, Maris, a Filipino citizen, married her boss Johnson,an American citizen, in Tokyo in a wedding ceremonycelebrated according to Japanese laws. One year later,Johnson returned to his native Nevada, and he validlyobtained in that state an absolute divorce from his wifeMaris.After Maris received the final judgment of divorce, shemarried her childhood sweetheart Pedro, also a Filipinocitizen, in a religious ceremony in Cebu City, celebratedaccording to the formalities of Philippine law. Pedro laterleft for the United States and became naturalized as anAmerican citizen. Maris followed Pedro to the UnitedStates, and after a serious quarrel, Maris filed a suit andobtained a divorce decree issued by the court in the state ofMaryland.

Maris then returned to the Philippines and in a civilceremony celebrated in Cebu City according to theformalities of Philippine law, she married her formerclassmate Vincent likewise a Filipino citizen.a) Was the marriage of Maris and Johnson valid whencelebrated? Is their marriage still validly existing now?Reasons.SUGGESTED ANSWER:(a) The marriage of Mans and Johnson was valid whencelebrated because all marriages solemnized outside thePhilippines (Tokyo) in accordance with the laws in force inthe country where they are solemnized (Japan), and validthere as such, are also valid in the Philippines.Their marriage no longer validly subsists, because it hasbeen dissolved by the absolute divorce validly obtained byJohnson which capacitated Maris to remarry (Art. 26.Family Code).Gene and Jane, Filipino, met and got married in Englandwh

CIVIL20LAW20Q.A.201990-2006

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