Civil WarCivil War BattlesBattles//Key TermsKey Terms

Fort SumterFort Sumter► Union fort in South CarolinaUnion fort in South Carolina► Confederacy says -> surrender Confederacy says -> surrender

or face an attack!!or face an attack!!

► Lincoln’s Dilemma: Lincoln’s Dilemma: (Supplies/ammo will only last the men 6 weeks)(Supplies/ammo will only last the men 6 weeks)

► He could….He could…. A. order a navy and shoot his way into Charleston Harbor…but responsible for A. order a navy and shoot his way into Charleston Harbor…but responsible for

hostilities and more secessionhostilities and more secession B. order fort evacuation…treating Confederacy as a legit nation, which is bad for B. order fort evacuation…treating Confederacy as a legit nation, which is bad for

the Unionthe Union

Lincoln decides to send in “food for hungry men!”Lincoln decides to send in “food for hungry men!”

► Now, Jefferson Davis faces a dilemmaNow, Jefferson Davis faces a dilemma:: A. do nothing, but this damages Confederacy’s rep. as an independent A. do nothing, but this damages Confederacy’s rep. as an independent

nationnation B. order an attack! – but now responsible for turning peaceful B. order an attack! – but now responsible for turning peaceful

secession into WARsecession into WARDavis chooses WARDavis chooses WAR

► Significance: April 12 1861, Civil War begins!Significance: April 12 1861, Civil War begins!

StrategiesStrategies

► UnionUnion ► ConfederacyConfederacy

Bull RunBull Run“great day for a picnic!”“great day for a picnic!”

► First major bloodshedFirst major bloodshed► 30,000 inexperienced Union soldiers march toward 30,000 inexperienced Union soldiers march toward

Richmond, VA. On the way (just 25 mi south of Richmond, VA. On the way (just 25 mi south of Washington D.C.) run into inexperienced Confed Washington D.C.) run into inexperienced Confed soldierssoldiers

► Seesaw battleSeesaw battle► ““Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson” ” (Confed)(Confed) holding his ground like a stone holding his ground like a stone

wallwall

Significance:Significance:► Confed’s win- 1Confed’s win- 1stst victory for the south! victory for the south!► Southern morale soars, secures independenceSouthern morale soars, secures independence► Some even think the war is over…Some even think the war is over…

ShilohShiloh

► Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant- - (Union)(Union) failed at everything in life EXCEPT failed at everything in life EXCEPT being a brave, tough, military commanderbeing a brave, tough, military commander

March 1862March 1862► Confederate surprise attack @ Tennessee Church on Union Confederate surprise attack @ Tennessee Church on Union

soldiers who were enjoying breakfast, sleeping insoldiers who were enjoying breakfast, sleeping in► GrantGrant counterattacks the next day counterattacks the next day► C retreats C retreats draw draw

Significance:Significance:► Both sides realize they need to strategizeBoth sides realize they need to strategize dig trenches, send dig trenches, send

scouts/spies, build fortsscouts/spies, build forts► Bloody war ahead Bloody war ahead 25,000 casualties 25,000 casualties ► Plus, Confed’s failed to hold on to KY-OH frontier…SO Union Plus, Confed’s failed to hold on to KY-OH frontier…SO Union

plan to take MS river may succeed….plan to take MS river may succeed….

New Weapons!New Weapons!

► Ironclad shipsIronclad ships devastating and devastating and destructivedestructive

►Rifle and minie ballRifle and minie ball R- Accurate and can be reloaded quicklyR- Accurate and can be reloaded quickly M- devastating, kills!!!M- devastating, kills!!!

► + hand grenades and land mines+ hand grenades and land mines

AntietamAntietam► Union forces have taken several Southern cities and ports…Union forces have taken several Southern cities and ports…

However, Union GeneralHowever, Union General George McClellanGeorge McClellan (intelligent, but too slow and cautious)(intelligent, but too slow and cautious) finally attempts taking Richmond, but failsfinally attempts taking Richmond, but fails

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee – – opposed secession, but sides with home state of VA, determined opposed secession, but sides with home state of VA, determined leaderleader

► Lee marches Confed troops into Maryland..Lee marches Confed troops into Maryland..► McClellanMcClellan luck! luck!

Union corporal exploring and finds a copy of Lee’s army orders wrapped Union corporal exploring and finds a copy of Lee’s army orders wrapped around a bunch of cigars…around a bunch of cigars…

► McClellan responds aggressively and goes after Lee @ Antietam CreekMcClellan responds aggressively and goes after Lee @ Antietam Creek► Union winUnion win

► Significance:Significance: Bloodiest single-day battle in American HistoryBloodiest single-day battle in American History McClellan does nothing, and is fired for having “the slows”McClellan does nothing, and is fired for having “the slows” South retreatsSouth retreats

►Britain = NeutralBritain = Neutral ““Old King Cotton’s dead and buried” B Old King Cotton’s dead and buried” B

now gets cotton from Egyptnow gets cotton from Egypt Wheat and corn best Import from USWheat and corn best Import from US

Lincoln and SlaveryLincoln and SlaveryEmancipationEmancipation

► Disliked slavery, believed it was immoralDisliked slavery, believed it was immoral► However, felt gov’t did not have the power to abolish it where However, felt gov’t did not have the power to abolish it where

it already existedit already existed► Personal wish that all men were free, but official duty Personal wish that all men were free, but official duty

different…different… ““My paramount object in this struggle is to save the My paramount object in this struggle is to save the

Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.”Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.”► As the war progresses, Lincoln realizes that since he can order As the war progresses, Lincoln realizes that since he can order

the Union army to seize Confederate supplies, he can also the Union army to seize Confederate supplies, he can also order army to emancipate slaves!order army to emancipate slaves!

► Significance-Significance- Strategic benefit: abolitionist movement strong in Britain, this will Strategic benefit: abolitionist movement strong in Britain, this will

prevent them from siding with the Confedprevent them from siding with the Confed Emancipation = weapon of war/military actionEmancipation = weapon of war/military action Emancipation Proclamation- Emancipation Proclamation- did not immediately did not immediately

free any slaves because it only applied to areas free any slaves because it only applied to areas behind Confederate lines, outside of the Union’s behind Confederate lines, outside of the Union’s control.control.

habeas corpushabeas corpus► Lincoln dealt harshly with disloyalty / dissentLincoln dealt harshly with disloyalty / dissent

Suspended the writ of Suspended the writ of habeas corpushabeas corpus – a court – a court order that requires authorities to bring a person order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determined why held in jail before the court to determined why he/she is being jailedhe/she is being jailed

13,000 Confed sympathizers arrested & held without trial13,000 Confed sympathizers arrested & held without trial Chief Justice Taney declared Lincoln going beyond his Chief Justice Taney declared Lincoln going beyond his

constitutional powers…many people upsetconstitutional powers…many people upset Jefferson Davis later did the same thingJefferson Davis later did the same thing

►This action set a new precedent in This action set a new precedent in expanding presidential powers during a expanding presidential powers during a wartime criseswartime crises

conscriptionconscription

► Both armies had been relying on volunteers, but lots of Both armies had been relying on volunteers, but lots of causalities and deserterscausalities and deserters

► ConscriptionConscription- draft that would force certain members of - draft that would force certain members of population to serve in the armypopulation to serve in the army Confed in 1862, Union in 1863Confed in 1862, Union in 1863

► Confed law drafted ‘all able-bodied white men 18-35, Confed law drafted ‘all able-bodied white men 18-35, exempted plantation owners with 20+ slaves, and the rich exempted plantation owners with 20+ slaves, and the rich could hire substitutes- poor southerners said “could hire substitutes- poor southerners said “rich man’s war rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”but a poor man’s fight.”

► Union law drafted white men 20-45 for 3 years, could pay Union law drafted white men 20-45 for 3 years, could pay $300 fee to avoid,$300 fee to avoid,

► Led to Led to Draft Riots, Draft Riots, esp in NYC. esp in NYC. Poor city workers and immigrants, thought it was unfair to fight a Poor city workers and immigrants, thought it was unfair to fight a

war to free slaves….war to free slaves…. Southern blacks would come north and compete for jobsSouthern blacks would come north and compete for jobs

African-Americans & Slave African-Americans & Slave ResistanceResistance

► 18621862 Union allows blacks in the army Union allows blacks in the army► Discriminated, separate from white armyDiscriminated, separate from white army► Given hard labor jobs = high casualty ratesGiven hard labor jobs = high casualty rates► Paid way lessPaid way less

► Slaves would ‘rebel’ by destroying Slaves would ‘rebel’ by destroying plantations and crops, and neglecting plantations and crops, and neglecting livestocklivestock

► *hope* b/c they knew that the Union had the *hope* b/c they knew that the Union had the power to liberate thempower to liberate them

Economic Economic GrowthGrowth and and TroublesTroubles► Union – NorthUnion – North► Army needs supplies, Army needs supplies,

industry BOOMSindustry BOOMS► BUT there was a dark BUT there was a dark

side, wages didn’t keep side, wages didn’t keep up with prices and up with prices and standardsstandards

► Draft took in many Draft took in many workers workers which helped which helped factoriesfactories

► Ppl go on strikePpl go on strike► Women work on farms, Women work on farms,

factories etcfactories etc► Men took city jobsMen took city jobs► Congress helped pay war Congress helped pay war

by passing an by passing an income income taxtax, on ppl’s income, on ppl’s income

► Confederacy – SouthConfederacy – South► serious troubleserious trouble► Food shortage, Food shortage,

meat=luxurymeat=luxury► ’’6363 food riots food riots► Smugglers who sold Smugglers who sold

cotton to the N for food, cotton to the N for food, goldgold

► *a Union went S, they *a Union went S, they blocked S ports, and blocked S ports, and food-growing areasfood-growing areas

► *loss of slaves, *loss of slaves, manpower geared manpower geared towards war efforttowards war effort

Life of SoldiersLife of Soldiers

►White soldier $13 + $3.50 for clothingWhite soldier $13 + $3.50 for clothing►Black soldier $10 – no clothing $Black soldier $10 – no clothing $►Confed = food shortage, drain of man Confed = food shortage, drain of man

powerpower►Union = soldiers had easier time, more Union = soldiers had easier time, more

supplies and mensupplies and men►African-American soldiersAfrican-American soldiers grew from grew from

1%-10% by end of the war1%-10% by end of the war

MedicineMedicine► Sanitary Commission Sanitary Commission task to improve hygiene task to improve hygiene

of army camps, recruit & train nursesof army camps, recruit & train nurses► Transported seriously woundedTransported seriously wounded► Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix 1 1stst superintendent for women superintendent for women

nursesnurses► CLARA BARTONCLARA BARTON 1 1stst Union Nurse, offered Union Nurse, offered

care for sick and wounded…on the front lines!care for sick and wounded…on the front lines!► Death rates had dropped, woo!Death rates had dropped, woo!► Southern women, nurses too!Southern women, nurses too!

► TOOLS:TOOLS: cloth bandages, opium for pain, forceps cloth bandages, opium for pain, forceps and knives for wounds, saws for amputation and knives for wounds, saws for amputation

PrisonsPrisons

►War prison conditions WORSE then War prison conditions WORSE then army campsarmy camps

►Andersonville (GA)Andersonville (GA)-- too crowded! No too crowded! No shelter from weathershelter from weather 1/3 of prisoners died1/3 of prisoners died Drank from same stream that served as Drank from same stream that served as

their sewer=yum!their sewer=yum!► Northern prisons only slightly betterNorthern prisons only slightly better►Confederate prisoners died from Confederate prisoners died from

diseasesdiseases

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

►18631863 South defeats North @ South defeats North @ Chancellorsville, VAChancellorsville, VA Gen. Lee outmaneuvers Union forces, Gen. Lee outmaneuvers Union forces,

they retreatthey retreat Gen. Stonewall Jackson, accidently shot Gen. Stonewall Jackson, accidently shot

by his own guard- loses arm, gets by his own guard- loses arm, gets pneumonia and dies a week later pneumonia and dies a week later (may)(may)

Gettysburg Gettysburg (PA)(PA)► 11stst day:Confed soldiers needed shoes & were meeting with Lee’s day:Confed soldiers needed shoes & were meeting with Lee’s

forces…ran into Union armyforces…ran into Union army Both sides send in reinforcementsBoth sides send in reinforcements

► 22ndnd day:July 2, 1863 day:July 2, 1863 90,000 Union troops vs 75,000 Confederate 90,000 Union troops vs 75,000 Confederate troopstroops fighting all dayfighting all day Troops exhaustedTroops exhausted

► 33rdrd day: North vs South battling for 2 hours… day: North vs South battling for 2 hours… Union forces stop, so Confeds run to attackUnion forces stop, so Confeds run to attack Union armies starts firing as Confeds are getting close to their linesUnion armies starts firing as Confeds are getting close to their lines

weakend Lee’s forces, had to retreat back to VAweakend Lee’s forces, had to retreat back to VA

► Significance:Significance: HUGE losses: Union:23,000 , Confederacy 28,000 HUGE losses: Union:23,000 , Confederacy 28,000

total casualtiestotal casualties Weakens the Southern Army so bad, never be Weakens the Southern Army so bad, never be

able to invade again.able to invade again. Confed = Defense strategies nowConfed = Defense strategies now

Vicksburg Vicksburg (MS)(MS)

► Confederacy in control of Vicksburg (one of the last Confederacy in control of Vicksburg (one of the last Confed cities on MS river)Confed cities on MS river)

► Union General Ulysses S. GrantUnion General Ulysses S. Grant sends troops to sends troops to destroy railroad lines around Vicksburg, and to destroy railroad lines around Vicksburg, and to take the capital, Jacksontake the capital, Jackson

► Confidence boost for North Confidence boost for North on to V on to V► City is surrounded, food/supplies LOW (ppl ate dogs City is surrounded, food/supplies LOW (ppl ate dogs

and mules!)and mules!)

► Significance:Significance: Union victory @ VicksburgUnion victory @ Vicksburg Also, Union splits Confederacy in 2 = Officially take Also, Union splits Confederacy in 2 = Officially take

Mississippi River!Mississippi River! Confederate Moral begins to Confederate Moral begins to

TOTAL WARTOTAL WAR► Grant and Sherman believed in TOTAL WAR: aspects of Grant and Sherman believed in TOTAL WAR: aspects of

a country’s production and labor goes to war efforta country’s production and labor goes to war effort manufacturing, weapons, food, transportation, and manufacturing, weapons, food, transportation, and strength and help from ALL citizens.strength and help from ALL citizens.

► In attacking the Southern army, as well as their land, In attacking the Southern army, as well as their land, government and citizens government and citizens the South will lose their will the South will lose their will to fightto fight

► SO they plan to immobilize the Southern Army and fight SO they plan to immobilize the Southern Army and fight until the deathuntil the death

► ““Whatever happens, there will be no turning back”Whatever happens, there will be no turning back” – – GrantGrant

► 1864, Sherman grabs Atlanta, but surrounded by Confed 1864, Sherman grabs Atlanta, but surrounded by Confed soldiers so he gathers his troops and rages through the soldiers so he gathers his troops and rages through the Georgian countryside destroying and burning Georgian countryside destroying and burning EVERYTHING in his pathEVERYTHING in his path

► Plan: Make the Southerners Plan: Make the Southerners “so sick of war that “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it”appeal to it”

End of the ConfederacyEnd of the Confederacy► 1863-1864 South low on supplies: food, ammo, shoes, 1863-1864 South low on supplies: food, ammo, shoes,

uniforms, gunsuniforms, guns► No longer able to attackNo longer able to attack► Home Front: had to grow fewer cash crops to Home Front: had to grow fewer cash crops to production of production of

food food ► Some soldiers deserted to help at home, other decided to Some soldiers deserted to help at home, other decided to

fight for the union!fight for the union!► Confederate gov’t was a mess, disorganizedConfederate gov’t was a mess, disorganized► PLUS Sherman’s march destroyed everything in GAPLUS Sherman’s march destroyed everything in GA► End of Confederacy is drawing near…..End of Confederacy is drawing near…..

► Lincoln elected for a 2Lincoln elected for a 2ndnd term term► FINALLY on April 9 1865 FINALLY on April 9 1865 South Surrenders @ South Surrenders @

Appomattox Court House in VAAppomattox Court House in VA► The Civil War is over.The Civil War is over.

Effects of the WarEffects of the War► PoliticalPolitical► Increased federal power gov’t = supreme national authority► 13th Amendment : Slavery abolished

► Economic Economic ► War cost Union and Confederate govt’s about $3.3 billion!!!!!► National Bank Act of 1863 set up system of federally chartered banks, set loan

requirements, bank inspection = banks safer / more reliable for investors► Northern Economy BOOMED

$$$ from producing war supplies gave entrepreneurs money to invest in new businesses after the war

Production of large scale commercial agriculture tools► Southern Economy devastated

Took away slavery Wrecked agricultural industry War wiped out livestock, farm machinery, railroads, and destroyed the land

► SocialSocial► Almost every family affected by the war

Disrupted education, careers of the men, and families► 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederates died

almost as many as all other American Wars combined► *Emergence of the Red Cross

► *Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln- April 14, *Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln- April 14, 18651865 John Wilks Booth soon caught and shotJohn Wilks Booth soon caught and shot

Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment

►No more slavery!!!!No more slavery!!!!►US Constitution now states: US Constitution now states:

““Neither slavery nor involuntary Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States”within the United States”