Civil Rights MovementCHAPTER 23 NOTES

Section 1- Early Demands for Equality

1) What is the difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation? (pp. 784-785) De jure segregation segregation by law

(such as through the Jim Crow laws) De facto segregation segregation by norms

and customs 2) What tactics did CORE (Congress on

Racial Equality) use? (p. 785) Nonviolent methods– protests.

3) Who was the first African-American to play baseball in the major leagues? (p. 785) Jackie Robinson

4) What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)? (p.787)‘separate but equal’ is inherently

unequal; segregation of public places was unconstitutional.

a. What prominent African-American brought the case to the Supreme Court? (p.787)Thurgood Marshall

b. What Supreme Court case did it overturn? Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

5) What happened in Little Rock, Arkansas? How did Eisenhower respond? (pp. 788-789)9 high-schoolers enrolled in all-white

Central High following the Brown decision.

The governor used the National Guard to block the students’ entrance.

Eisenhower did not approve of a state defying a Supreme Court decision, so he sent in federal troops, who escorted the students into the school each day.

6) What was the Civil Rights Act of 1957 established to investigate? (p. 789) Violations of civil rights.

7) What protest did Rosa Parks start? (p. 789-790) Montgomery bus boycott

8) How did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. want protest to be carried out? (p. 791) Non-violent

9) Who formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)? From what profession were its members? (p. 791) MLK, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy Ministry

Section 2- The Movement Gains Ground

10) Where did the first sit-in take place? (p. 793) Greensboro, N.C.

11) Ella Baker started a new activist group for students at _____________________________________________. What was it called? (p. 794) Shaw University in Durham, NC Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) 12) What was the goal of the freedom rides? (p.

795) Did they accomplish this goal? (p. 796) End segregation of bus terminals in the South Not immediately; however, the federal

government did become involved in the civil rights movement (President Kennedy)

13) What did James Meredith contribute to the civil rights movement? (p. 796)Wanted to enroll in all-white University of

MississippiWon a federal court case ordering the

school to desegregateBecame the first African-American to

graduate from Ole Miss. 14) Why did the major civil rights groups organize

the March on Washington? (p. 798) What was the ‘highlight’ of the rally? To pressure Congress to pass a new civil

rights bill; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a

Dream” speech

13) What did James Meredith contribute to the civil rights movement? (p. 796)Wanted to enroll in all-white University of

MississippiWon a federal court case ordering the

school to desegregateBecame the first African-American to

graduate from Ole Miss. 14) Why did the major civil rights groups organize

the March on Washington? (p. 798) What was the ‘highlight’ of the rally? To pressure Congress to pass a new civil

rights bill; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a

Dream” speech

15) What happened in Birmingham, Alabama following the March on Washington? A bomb went off in a former SCLC

headquarters, killing 4 young girls. 16) Lyndon Johnson was able to pass the Civil

Rights Act of 1964 in memory of ___________________________________________. What did it establish? (p. 800)John F. Kennedy;Banned segregation in public

accommodations; gave federal government power to desegregate schools; outlawed discrimination in employment.

Section 3- New Successes and Challenges

17) What was the goal of Freedom Summer, organized by SNCC? (p. 804)Registering African-Americans to vote in

Mississippi 18) What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965

eliminate? The 24th amendment? (p. 806)Literacy tests (VRA 1965)Poll tax (24th)

19) What did the Kerner Commission determine about the riots that broke out around the country? (p. 808)Long-term racial discrimination stood as

the single most important cause of violence.

20) What movement did each of the following individuals represent? What were their goals? (pp. 808-811)

a. Malcolm X: Nation of Islam separation of he races; non-violence

b. Stokely Carmichael: “black power”; move away from nonviolence– turn to radical tactics.

c. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale: Black Panthers; young, African-American militancy