Civil Rights Movement
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Civil Rights Movement. 1st Period. Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954. African-American children in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to all-white schools due to rules allowing for separate but equal facilities Significance: Overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in 1896 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Civil Rights Movement
•African-American children in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to all-white schools due to rules allowing for separate but equal facilities
•Significance: Overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in 1896
•Previously the 13th Amendment was interpreted so that equality could be met through segregated facilities
•The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law
•The Court ruled that separate facilities based on race were unequal.
Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954
Local newspaper reports the courts
decision
Before the court’s decision, most public areas were segregated
After the courts ruling the schools became integrated
Schools were closed until integrated
Many white students were against integration
The Murder of Emmit Till
14 year old boy from Chicago visiting his relatives in Mississippi
He went into a store and hit on the casher
The woman, Carolyn Bryant, claims he grabbed her and told her husband the owner of the store
Roy Bryant, the husband and his brother-in –law J.W. Milam took Emmit and Three days later returned his body
• The body was unrecognizable
• One eye was gouged put and in his gashed in head they found a bullet
• His uncle only knew it was Emmit from the ring he was wearing
• His mother wanted an open casket so all could see what they did to her son
Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus
Boycott• Ms. Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus one afternoon for white bus rider.
• She was the first arrested for a “crime” like this.
• This started an uproar among the African American Community.
Rosa Parks
On December 5, 1955 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. held a protest for African Americans to boycott the public transportation.
• This took one year, then was viewed by U.S Supreme Court to end boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal.
• Dr. King on December 21, 1956, shared the front seat public bus with Rev. Glen Smiley a white minister.
Central Rock High School
After Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka the U.S. Supreme Court declared the segregation of schools unconstitutional in 1954.Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first all white school to be integrated.Sept 4, 1957 – nine black students (Little Rock Nine) came to Central High.The National Guard barred the entrance and a month later Eisenhower federal troops to escort The Little Rock Nine into schoolThe Little Rock Nine started their first full day of school Sept. 25
Protesting for civil rights through non violence
Four students from NC A&T sat at the white only section of the lunch counter and were asked to leave.
The next day more than 20 African Americans came to sit at the store and were refused service and then asked to leave.
In the days to come the amount of people in the sit-ins would multiply with each day
Sit-ins would soon appear in other cities and eventually spread to other states
This led to Boycotts of businesses The movement eventually led to success,
on July 25th 1960, with blacks and whites both being served equally at the same lunch counter
Freedom RidesFreedom Rides
Congress of Racial Congress of Racial Equality Equality (CORE)(CORE)
May 4, 1961May 4, 1961
Boynton v. Virginia Boynton v. Virginia (1960)(1960)
Washington to Washington to Mississippi Mississippi
Brutality and attacksBrutality and attacks
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James Meredith
• Born in Mississippi, on June 25th, 1933
•Fought against white supremacy
•Writer and political advisor
•First African American admitted to University of Mississippi
•Received law degree from Colombia University
•1972, Meredith ran unsuccessfully as a Republican against Mississippi Senator James O. Eastland
James Meredith
March against fear Memphis Tennessee, to Jackson
Mississippi Shot on trip
Medgar EversMedgar Evers•From Decatur, Mississippi•WWII Veteran •He was an African American civil rights activist •He was a part of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL)•As a member of the RCNL he organized peaceful boycotts of service stations that were segregated•Became the NAACP’s first Field Secretary of Mississippi
•Evers applied to the University of Mississippi Law School, his application was rejected
•He received many death threats
•On June 12th, 1963 Evers was murdered at his home
•Byron De La Beckwith was arrested for the murder of Evers
•Medgar Evers was buried in Arlington National Cemetery
•In his honor there in now a college named after him in Brooklyn, New York
•A famous quote by Evers: “ We fought during the war for America, Mississippi included. Now after the Germans and Japanese hadn’t killed us it looked as though the white Mississippians would.”
March on WashingtonMarch on Washington
August 28August 28thth,1963,1963 In order to get a civil In order to get a civil
rights bill passed, civil rights bill passed, civil rights groups, labor rights groups, labor unions and religious unions and religious groups took place in a groups took place in a massive demonstration massive demonstration in DC.in DC.
Over 200,000 people Over 200,000 people showed up and millions showed up and millions watched on television. watched on television.
All day celebrities and All day celebrities and entertainers entertainers performed and spoke. performed and spoke.
A Philip Randolph A Philip Randolph opened the speakers opened the speakers and MLK closed with and MLK closed with his famous “I Have a his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Dream” speech.
The event brought together The event brought together the Student Nonviolent the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Coordinating Committee (SNCC) the NAACP and the (SNCC) the NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).Conference (SCLC).
But there was tension But there was tension because the SNCC had because the SNCC had wanted to take a more violent wanted to take a more violent protest.protest.
This was the This was the
largest political largest political
demonstrations indemonstrations in
history (so far)history (so far) Despite the Despite the
numbers it stayednumbers it stayed
Peaceful.Peaceful.
Birmingham Bombing•On September 15th, 1963, at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a bomb detonated.•4 girls died and many others were injured•One of the most horrific race crimes to occur during this time•4 suspects; Robert Chambliss, Herman Cash, Thomas Blanton, and Booby Frank Cherry•No one pursuits case until 1988 and later in 2000
Dynamite damage Cahaba Boys, KKK
• The letter is also known as “The Negro Is Your Brother.” Written by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 16, 1963 after taking part in Birmingham Campaign, a planned violent protest.
• May 1962 Birmingham minister and SCLC member Fred Shuttlesworth had suggested that the SCLC ally with his own organization, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, to protest conditions in Birmingham.
• Birmingham was the wealthiest city in Alabama, and a bastion of segregation, it was a prime spot
• In March, King, along with Ralph Abernathy and a few other SCLC organizers, set up headquarters in a room at a motel in one of Birmingham's black neighborhoods. They began recruiting volunteers for protest rallies and giving workshops in nonviolent techniques.
• King had to persuade some of the volunteers from the Christian movement group because the protest was being held during Easter and they felt they should be preaching instead, luckily he did convince them and on Good Friday, April 12, they led the march. All were immediately arrested.
• Birmingham police placed King in solitary confinement and denied his rightful phone calls
• Coretta Scott King called the White House, disturbed by the unusual silence from her husband. She talked to Robert Kennedy, and he sent FBI Agents to receive better treatment, which more over encouraged the movement with help from the Kennedy administration.
• The letter alludes to numerous secular thinkers, as well as to the Bible. It is passionate and controlled, and was mentioned by many writing textbooks as a model of persuasive writing. At the time however, it gave a singular, eloquent voice to a massive, jumbled movement.
• Unfortunately, Violence followed the concessions. Whites bombed black homes and churches, and blacks retaliated with mob violence.
• King's activities in Birmingham, therefore, included a final stage, during which he patrolled the city, speaking wherever people had gathered; he implored African Americans to answer violence only with peace.
• As local policies changed and constituted the Birmingham campaign's immediate outcome, the effort's long-term effects were felt nation-wide. In the weeks that followed, tensions flared, and protests commenced in scores of Southern cities. King's fame as a civil rights leader was doubled.
• On June 11, President Kennedy voiced his commitment to federal civil rights legislation. Preoccupied by the Cold War, he had held off, but Birmingham had pressed the issue. Kennedy's commitment culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed into law by Lyndon Johnson after Kennedy's assassination. The act mandated federally what had in Birmingham been won locally: a white commitment to desegregation and equal employment opportunities. It also gave the federal government power to enforce desegregation laws in schools by withholding funds from noncompliant districts
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
The time it occured: 1960-1966
It all started on February 1,1960, when a group of black college students who attended NC A&T University refused to leave a lunch counter in Greensboro,NC. While they were sitting at the counter they were not served based upon their color. From then it caught many other colleges in the South about town sit-ins.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or (SNCC) was then formed by some students who went to Shaw University in Raleigh, two months after what had happened in Greensboro.
This committee would coordinate sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities fighting against white oppression and segregation.
FREEDOM SUMMER
The 1964 Mississippi movement to promote equal rights for blacks
• In June of 1964 the freedom summer campaign was launched to register as many black voters as possible in the state of Mississippi. At that time racial prejudice was still strong and the area was known for unfair voting practices meant to discourage African American participation in political functions. The movement also created freedom schools, an alternative to the segregated and underfunded public system
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964• It was focused on providing equality within all
aspects of society and to change the precedent of “separate but equal”
• It outlawed segregation in schools, waiting areas for busses, public facilities, restaurants, and many more places.
FAMOUS PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
• Thurgood Marshall
• Rosa Parks
• Martin Luther King J.R.
• James Meredith
• Lyndon B. Johnson
The Mississippi Burning
Conflict between a civil rights movement called the “freedom summer” and the Klu Klux Klan. The KKK was upset and discouraged that the freedom summer was successful in creating boycotts in white businesses. The leader of the freedom summer was a man by the name of Michael Schwerner . Schwerner was a civil rights activist in support for black rights, but was a target for the KKK.
The KKK came up with “Plan 4”. Plan 4 was primarily a plan to get rid of Schwerner. The plan targeted a church call Mount Zion Church in Longdale, Mississippi. The church was going to be used for Freedom Schools. Schwerner was never at the church but that didn’t stop the KKK. The klan began to abuse the church members instead. The KKK eventually burned the whole church to the ground. Old members of the movement began to investigate the burning.
Pictures of the trial of theMississippi Burning trial And the Mt. Zion church That was burned down by theKKK.
Malcolm X
• Real name was El- Hajj Malik El Shabazz or Malcolm Little
• African American Muslim minister and civil rights activists.
• Father (Earl Little) was killed by whites and mother (Louise Norton Little) was put into a mental hospital.
• By age 20, to prison for 10 years for breaking and entering . He studied Islam while in prison.
• Leader of Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque Inc. and Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Assassination
• February 21, 1965, while giving a speech for Organization of Afro-American Unity, a disturbance broke out in a 400-person audience.
• Assassinated by 3 members of Nation of Islam after less then a year of leaving the group.
• Talmadge Hayer rushed toward the stage and shot him once in the chest. Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson shot him 16 more times.
• Manhattans Audubon Auditorium
• Between 14,000 and 30,00 attended his funeral
Selma, Alabama Marches
• This riot in Alabama was about voting rights. • Bloody Sunday- March 7, 1965: the day 600
rioters marched through Selma. • Organizers of this riot was SCLC and Martin
Luther King Jr. • March 9, 1965: Led symbolic march to
Edmund Pettus Bridge. • Ended in Montgomery the capital. • Johnson- Proposed Voting Rights Bill. • The marches are successful!
Selma, Alabama Photos
Voting Rights Act of 1965
•The Voting Rights Act was an act created in the United States Constitution to enforce the 15th amendment.
•The Act was encouraged to prevent discrimination against race, color, language groups, or religious preference.
• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began a campaign addressing the discrimination against African American voting rights.
•The Voting Rights Act had not created a law prohibiting poll taxes.
•The act prohibits states to require voting qualifications for voters.
Watts Riots
August 11-15, 1965 Watts Neighborhood in Los Angeles,
California Largest & costliest urban rebellion of
Civil Rights EraOver $40 million in property damage 34 deaths, 1032 injuries, 3483 arrestsCause: Police pull Marquette Frye over
for DUIUnderlying cause: racial and social
tension
Stokely Carmichael calls for “Black Power” Stokely Carmichael gave his speech in Berkeley, California
in October of 1966. His speech was delivered at a student conference on a
university campus. In his speech, Carmichael states that if the majority of
America, which is white won’t allow blacks to have freedom, then they better move over, or they[African Americans] will move on over them.
The Black Panther Party was founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale in Oct. of 1966. Founded the party for self-defense One of the first organizations in U.S. history to militantly struggle for ethnic minority and working class emancipation. Dealt with violent protest. On April 25th, 1967, Huey Newton was arrested for killing an Oakland city cop at an heavily armed protest.
Thurgood Marshall Born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 2, 1908 and died in 1993.He was a U.S. lawyer and
Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1967–91) ,in Baltimore. He received his law degree from Howard University in 1933. Also in 1936, he joined the staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; as chief counsel from 1938–61.
His presentation of the argument against the “separate but equal” doctrine achieved its greatest impact with the landmark decision handed down in Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka (1954).
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the Supreme Court. He was the first black to ever sit on the high court, where he continued supporting the stop of discrimination of the blacks.
His support for affirmative action led to his strong dissent in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke in 1978. Also Marshall was appointed by President’s Nixon and Reagan changed the outlook of the Court. Marshall retired when he was outspoken in his criticism of the court.
•In March of 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis, Tennessee to support the strike of
African American sanitation workers•After a successful strike, he was shot in the
neck area on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m.•He was standing on his balcony outside of his
room, at the Lorraine Motel
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• Shortly after the murder 30-06 rifle, ammunition, and a pair of binoculars were seen dropped out of a white
mustang as it sped away.• On April 19, fingerprints on the rifle were matched to
James Earl Ray• He was arrested on June 8, at the Heathrow Airport in
London.• Pleaded guilty to first-degree murder, and was
sentenced to 99 years.
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