Civics and Economics Form 235 -...

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Public Schools of North CarolinaState Board of EducationDepartment of Public InstructionRaleigh, North Carolina 27699-6314

Copyright 2013 by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. All rights reserved.!

Spring 2013North Carolina

Measures of Student Learning:NC’s Common Exams

Civics and Economics

Released Form

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CIVICS AND ECONOMICS — RELEASED FORM

1 Go to the next page.

1 The Council of the Mohawk shall be divided into three parties . . . The third party is

to listen only to the discussion of the first and second parties, and if an error is made or the proceeding is irregular they are to call attention to it, and when the case is right and properly decided by the two parties they shall confirm the decision of the two parties and refer the case to the Seneca Lords for their decision.

The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations

Which principle of government found in the Iroquois Constitution influenced the framing of the U.S. Constitution?

A popular sovereignty

B unicameralism

C separation of powers

D federalism

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2 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of

serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by Geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavour to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection.

George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796

How did the countryĻs leaders respond to George WashingtonĻs warnings against political parties?

A His views that political parties were not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution slowed their growth for a century.

B His views were largely ignored and political parties rose in prominence to dominate the political system.

C His views on political parties created stalemates in the election process.

D His views gained enough support to prevent the formation of viable third parties.

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3 According to media reports, in 2002 President Bush signed a secret order

authorizing the National Security Agency (NSA) to monitor overseas e-mails, telephone calls, and other communications originating within the United States of hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals without first obtaining warrants. The administration subsequently admitted that such warrantless surveillance was occurring and it dubbed it the Terrorist Surveillance Program.

Gregory Nojeim, 2007

According to the excerpt, how did the U.S. government change its citizens’ rights to privacy in response to the terrorist acts of 2001?

A The federal government has full authority to monitor the previously private communications of all citizens.

B State governments are now required to report electronic communications between citizens and foreign nationals.

C Local governments must monitor all citizens’ private cell phones.

D Citizens’ encrypted communications are reclassified as criminal violations of national security policy.

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Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1992

Which expenditure would be paid solely by the federal government as opposed to state or local governments?

A a firing range on an army base

B a new public school

C a sidewalk repair in a major city

D a community recreation center

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5 Sheriffs’ primary responsibility is to enforce laws at the local level. Who is

responsible for enforcing laws at the state level?

A members of the legislature

B district court judges

C the governor

D a magistrate

6 An individual has been accused of taking the property of another person. Why would a judge require substantial evidence before issuing a search warrant?

A to prevent law enforcement officials from having to testify in court

B to guarantee an arrest by law enforcement officials

C to avoid self-incrimination by the suspect who took the property

D to ensure there was probable cause for conducting the investigation

7 How does the media in the United States generally influence legislation?

A The media offers the most reliable sources of information available to lawmakers.

B The media reporting of news allows for more independent decision making by legislators.

C The media provides news coverage on topics that influence the public and lawmakers.

D The media sets the agenda for political party platforms, which influences voting.

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8 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime,

unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment V of the U.S. Constitution

Based on this amendment, under which circumstance can the government detain a citizen without making formal charges?

A when the accused is unable to post bail or secure a bond

B if the accused is a member of the armed services during a war or national crisis

C after the accused has given a sworn statement

D if the accused is a known felon with a criminal record or history of similar crimes

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9 We consider the underlying fallacy . . . If one race be inferior to the other socially,

the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane.

Justice Henry Brown, 1896

On consideration whereof it is ordered . . . decrees consistent with the opinions of this Court as are necessary and proper to admit to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed the parties to this case.

Chief Justice Earl Warren, 1955

How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) change perceptions of citizenship from the previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

A The double standard of segregation was replaced by a single standard for all citizens.

B The residency requirements to become naturalized citizens decreased from fourteen to five years.

C American Indian citizenship no longer required application and government approval.

D Full citizenship for war deserters and felons was restored through amnesty.

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Which step in the presidential election process follows the national nominating convention and completes the flowchart?

A presentation

B general election

C plank statement

D inaugural address

11 A man claims that he paid $450 for a lawn mower he never received. In which court should he sue to collect his money, and who should he bring suit against?

A small claims court, against the seller

B appeals court, against the manufacturer

C superior court, against the Federal Trade Commission

D tax court, against the Internal Revenue Service

12 Why do responsible consumers use credit or credit cards?

A to make minor purchases without using cash

B to obtain the highest amount of points on a mortgage

C to avoid mortgage insurance when buying a home

D to establish a good credit score for getting a loan

The Presidential Election Process

electoralcollegevote

?

nationalnominatingconvention

primaryelections

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13 Consumer Purchase Options:

x! buy the purchase item by trading an item of equal value

x! buy the purchase item using cash from a savings account

x! buy the purchase item using cash from a checking account

x! buy the purchase item through a credit card transaction

Given the different costs associated with each option above, which should a consumer consider before making a credit card purchase?

A the length of product availability

B the final cost of the product

C the value of the producer’s stock

D the history of the producer’s company

14 The National Do Not Call Registry, dietary supplement guidelines, and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act are examples of which type of protection?

A business

B consumer

C foreclosure

D whistle-blower

15 How would a retailer in a market economy most likely react to high demand from consumers for a scarce product?

A by increasing the price of the product

B by decreasing the supply of the product

C by stopping sale of the product

D by asking for government regulation of the product

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16 Markets, Actors, and Behaviors:

Monopoly Oligopoly

producers sellers

unfair business practices ?

Just as producers in a monopolistic market situation may resort to unfair business practices to limit competition, what behavior are sellers in an oligopolistic market situation likely to use?

A price fixing to increase profits

B investing to improve entrepreneurship

C selling private lands to public entities

D increasing income taxes for individuals

17 Which is most likely the result in a market economy if an industry increases investment in the training of workers?

A decline in revenue

B decline in federal regulation

C increased competition with other industries

D increased productivity for that industry

18 How could a national economy achieve a favorable balance of trade?

A by increasing its money supply to surpass a trade deficit

B by meeting its trade quotas with its industrial output

C by importing goods equal in value to its exports

D by exporting more than it imports

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19 How does an American tariff on foreign imports immediately affect businesses that

produce goods in the United States?

A The capital start-up costs of American manufacturing businesses decrease with the cost of imported equipment.

B Businesses are encouraged to employ more Americans as the cost of subcontracting to other countries increases.

C U.S. goods are more competitive in domestic markets when the cost of foreign goods increases.

D U.S. goods are more competitive in foreign markets as shipping prices decrease.

20 How can the Federal Reserve Board discourage inflation?

A by limiting the amount of money one person can borrow at a time

B by setting the maximum number of loans a bank can issue in a year

C by raising the interest rate member banks pay on borrowed money

D by reducing the amount of money the federal government is allowed to borrow

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21 But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same

Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

The Declaration of Independence

According to this excerpt, what condition is sufficient cause for people to form a new government?

A Citizens become disappointed with election results.

B Government becomes the major employer.

C Citizens become apathetic to the laws.

D Government becomes oppressive to its citizens.

22 How does the U.S. Constitution conform to John Locke’s social contract theory?

A The government operates on a system of law that is based on contracts and statutes.

B Citizens transfer some rights to government in exchange for social order.

C States retain sovereign powers and are joined by confederation.

D People agree to a social system guided by conscience.

23 Citizens are concerned about a zoning law that allows a factory owner to build next to a residential area. Which level of government would likely be asked to resolve this conflict?

A federal government

B state government

C local government

D regional government

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24 Why has the U.S. government responded slowly to climate change issues, such as

global warming?

A The Supreme Court has ruled such actions to be outside the jurisdiction of the government.

B There are no federal agencies with the authority to enforce climate-related regulations.

C The problem of climate change is too complicated to be impacted by legislation.

D There is substantial political opposition to climate change initiatives.

This is the end of the multiple-choice portion of the test.

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The questions you read next will require you to answer in writing.

1.!Write your answers on separate paper.

2.!Be sure to write your name on each page. 1 The Research Triangle Park (RTP) is one of the largest research parks in the

United States. It was created in 1959 by state and local governments and is located near several universities in the Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill area. The park is home to over 170 businesses, ranging from biotechnology to finance. It serves as a model for research innovations, education, and economic development.

How has North CarolinaĻs Research Triangle Park contributed to the economic growth of the United States and the global economy? Provide one specific example of each.

2 How do education and life choices affect financial planning and goals for individuals? Explain the influence of education and life choices on an individual’s financial plans and goals.

3 Tensions over power and authority at the time of the American Revolution affected the development of the U.S. Constitution. Name an American revolutionary who influenced the Constitution and explain how that revolutionary affected the Constitution.

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Checking Account Statement

Date Description Amount Balance

04/01 Checking Account $254.00

04/01 MONTHLY SERVICE FEE $1.00- $253.00

04/01 MONTHLY INTEREST $0.01 $253.01

04/01 DIRECT DEPOSIT $64.00 $317.01

04/02 ATM WITHDRAWAL $20.00- $297.01

04/02 ATM WITHDRAWAL FEE $1.00- $296.01

04/15 GAS STATION $38.00- $258.01

04/17 Current Balance $258.01

Savings Account Statement

Date Description Amount Balance

04/01 Savings Account $100.00

04/01 MONTHLY INTEREST $0.15 $100.15

04/01 DIRECT DEPOSIT $20.00 $120.15

04/17 Current Balance $120.15

Managing checking and savings accounts is essential to an individualĻs financial prosperity. Explain how each account should be properly managed, and one consequence of not properly managing them.

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5 [The black man has] no rights which the white man [is] bound to respect.

Chief Justice Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

We [reject] . . . the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it.

Justice Henry Billings Brown, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Chief Justice Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Interpretations of the Constitution by the Supreme Court change over time. Use the quotes above to evaluate the rights of African-American citizens in 1857, 1896, and 1954. Explain the interpretations of the court during the period surrounding each case.

6 A market economy is a system in which supply and demand regulate the economy, rather than the government. Some characteristics are:

x! private ownership of property and resources

x! economic decisions made by buyers and sellers

x! profit motive

x! free enterprise

Why is competition and some government regulation important to the successful growth of a market economy? Give two explanations for the importance of competition in a market economy and two reasons why it is important to have minimal government regulation in a market economy.

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This is the end of the Civics and Economics test.

1.!Look back over your answers. 2.!Put all of your papers inside your test book and close the test book. 3. Stay quietly in your seat until your teacher tells you that testing is

finished.

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CIVICS AND ECONOMICS — RELEASED FORM �

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Civics and Economics RELEASED Form

Spring 2013 Answer Key

Item number Type Key Primary Strand

1 MC C C&G — Civics and Government

2 MC B C&G — Civics and Government

3 MC A C&G — Civics and Government



6 MC D C&G — Civics and Government






12 MC D PFL — Personal Financial Literacy

13 MC B PFL — Personal Financial Literacy

14 MC B PFL — Personal Financial Literacy

15 MC A E — Economics

16 MC A E — Economics

17 MC D E — Economics

18 MC D E — Economics

19 MC C E — Economics

20 MC C E — Economics

21 MC D C&G — Civics and Government

22 MC B C&G — Civics and Government 23 MC C C&G — Civics and Government

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CIVICS AND ECONOMICS — RELEASED FORM �

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Item number Type Key Primary Strand 24 MC D C&G — Civics and Government

25 CR Rubric E — Economics

26 CR Rubric PFL — Personal Financial Literacy

27 CR Rubric C&G — Civics and Government

28 CR Rubric PFL — Personal Financial Literacy

29 CR Rubric C&G — Civics and Government

30 CR Rubric E — Economics �

Item Types: MC = multiple choice CR = constructed response

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Public Schools of North CarolinaState Board of EducationDepartment of Public InstructionRaleigh, North Carolina 27699-6314

Copyright 2014 by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. All rights reserved.!

Fall 2014NC Final Exam

Civics and Economics

Released Items

RELEASED

CIVICS AND ECONOMICS — RELEASED ITEMS


1 In his book, The Spirit of Laws (1748), French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu

wrote of a “tripartite system” of government in which the powers of government are separated and assigned to different bodies. How are Montesquieu’s ideas applied in the U.S. Constitution?

A three levels of government (local, state, and federal)

B three levels of the judiciary (district, appellate, and supreme courts)

C three civil protections (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

D three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial)

2 The Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise of 1787, created a bicameral legislature in which representation in the House of Representatives was based proportionally on the number of people who lived in each state, while representation in the Senate was distributed equally among all states.

How did this plan ease tensions and contribute to the constitutional democracy

that the United States maintains today?

A This plan was a compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists since the House of Representatives would give more power to the individual states and the Senate would give more power to the federal government.

B This plan was a compromise between small states and large states and ensured that the large states would not dictate all of the legislation in the nation, while still limiting the power of the smaller states.

C This plan was a compromise between those who wanted Congress to rule with a prime minister and those who wanted a more powerful president because it gave a significant amount of power to both a Congress and a president.

D This plan was a compromise between those who wanted to retain the structure of government created by the Articles of Confederation and those who wanted a completely new constitution since the Senate mirrored the former unicameral Congress.

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3 Which would be the most effective argument Anti-Federalists might have used to

justify their position during ratification debates?

A Average citizens cannot be trusted to control the complicated aspects of government.

B The state governments and the national government should share power equally.

C The national government needs final say when conflict occurs between federal and state governments.

D To protect individual liberties, limits must be placed on the power of the federal government.

4 The Congress shall have power . . . To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof . . .

Article I, Section 8, U.S. Constitution

No State shall . . . coin Money . . .

Article I, Section 10, U.S. Constitution

According to the above excerpts from the U.S. Constitution, the powers given to Congress but denied to the state governments are fundamental to which structure of government?

A separation of powers

B federalism

C checks and balances

D rule of law

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5 The government in the United Kingdom is divided into three branches—an

executive, a legislature, and a judiciary. The legislature, called Parliament, is divided into two houses—the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected, while members of the House of Lords are appointed. The executive consists of the Prime Minister, the leader of the majority party in Parliament, and other ministers. All ministers are a part of the Parliament; thus, all people in the executive branch are also in the legislative branch. In some cases, these officials may also serve in the judiciary. The highest judicial power in the United Kingdom is the Supreme Court, which can overturn decisions if they violate the constitutional tenets of the nation.

Based on the description provided, what is the difference between the government of the United Kingdom and the government of the United States?

A The government in the United Kingdom lacks separation of powers, which is a central aspect of government in the United States.

B Both the United Kingdom and the United States have a strong executive leader who makes decisions independent of the legislature.

C The government in the United States is a representational democracy, whereas the United Kingdom has a direct democracy.

D Both the United Kingdom and the United States have bicameral legislatures in which both houses are popularly elected.

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6 Each agency, in accordance with published rules, shall make available for public

inspection and copying—

(A) final opinions, including concurring and dissenting opinions, as well as orders, made in the adjudication of cases;

(B) those statements of policy and interpretations which have been adopted by the agency and are not published in the Federal Register;

(C) administrative staff manuals and instructions to staff that affect a member of the public;

excerpt from The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), (5 U.S.C. § 552), 1966 Source: Courtesy of the Legal Information Institute, Cornell University, New York

According to the above excerpt, what is the purpose of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)?

A Congress passed FOIA to give citizens access to information from the federal government.

B A Supreme Court ruling established FOIA to allow states to communicate about internal procedures.

C The president issued FOIA as an executive order to give federal agencies access to government manuals and documents.

D The Central Intelligence Agency mandated FOIA as a means of carrying out its duty to observe, collect, and create information on citizens.

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7 The restriction on Johnson’s political expression is content based, since the Texas

statute is not aimed at protecting the physical integrity of the flag in all circumstances, but is designed to protect it from intentional and knowing abuse that causes serious offense to others. It is therefore subject to the most exacting scrutiny. The Government may not prohibit the verbal or nonverbal expression of an idea merely because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable, even where our flag is involved. Nor may a State foster its own view of the flag by prohibiting expressive conduct relating to it, since the Government may not permit designated symbols to be used to communicate a limited set of messages.

Texas v. Johnson, 1989

In the case of Texas v. Johnson, how did the U.S. Supreme Court protect the right of free speech?

A by ruling that national emergencies and war may not justify the restriction of speech

B by declaring that the government may not decide the intentions expressed by national emblems

C by establishing that students and adults have the same rights to free speech

D by affirming the right to trial by a jury of oneĻs peers, as defined by law

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8

Presidential Candidate

PoliticalParty

Popular Vote

ElectoralVote

Percentage of Votes

Cast

Candidate X Republican 50,456,002 271 47.87%

Candidate Y Democrat 50,999,897 267 48.38% Using the above chart, which candidate would become president of the United

States and why?

A The candidate who receives a majority of the votes from the House of Representatives would become president.

B The candidate who receives 50% of the votes from state legislators would become president.

C Candidate X would become president, because he received enough electoral votes.

D Candidate Y would become president, because he received the most popular votes.

9 Which is a likely effect of increasing tariffs on imported cars?

A The price consumers pay for imported cars will rise.

B Unemployment rates will decrease.

C Car production will decline.

D More cars will be exported.

This is the end of the multiple-choice portion of the test.

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The question you read next will require you to answer in writing.

1. Write your answers on separate paper.

2. Be sure to write your name on each page. 10 Read the excerpts to respond to the item below.

There should be no bitterness or hate where the sole thought is the welfare of the United States of America . . . we will continue to seek to improve working conditions for the workers of America—to reduce hours over-long, to increase wages that spell starvation, to end the labor of children, to wipe out sweatshops. Of course we will continue every effort to end monopoly in business, to support collective bargaining, to stop unfair competition, to abolish dishonorable trade practices.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1936

The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning.

Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964

Evaluate the degree to which the principle to “promote the general welfare,” as mentioned in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, has been used to maintain constitutional democracy in the United States. Use one detail from the excerpts above to support your position.

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This is the end of the Civics and Economics Released Items. Directions:

1. Look back over your answers for the test questions.

2. Make sure all your answers are entered on the answer sheet. Only what is entered on your answer sheet will be scored.

3. Put all of your papers inside your test book and close the test book.

4. Stay quietly in your seat until your teacher tells you that testing is

finished.

5. Remember, teachers are not allowed to discuss items from the test with you, and you are not allowed to discuss with others any of the test questions or information contained within the test.

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Civics and Economics RELEASED Items1

Fall 2014 Answer Key

Item Number Type2 Key Percent Correct3 Standard

1 MC D 81% CE.C&G.1.2

2 MC B 66% CE.C&G.1.1

3 MC D 66% CE.C&G.1.3

4 MC B 29% CE.C&G.2.1

5 MC A 56% CE.C&G.2.5

6 MC A 56% CE.C&G.3.3

7 MC B 73% CE.C&G.3.4

8 MC C 73% CE.C&G.5.1

9 MC A 78% CE.E.2.3

10 CR Rubric4 54%5 CE.C&G.1.5

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1These released items were administered to students during a previous test administration. This sample set of released items may not reflect the breadth of the standards assessed and/or the range of item difficulty found on the NC Final Exam. Additional items may be reviewed at http://www.ncpublicschools.org/accountability/common-exams/released-forms/. Additional information about the NC Final Exam is available in the Assessment Specification for each exam located at http://www.ncpublicschools.org/accountability/common-exams/specifications/.

2This NC Final Exam contains multiple-choice (MC) and short-answer constructed response (CR) items.

3Percent correct is the percentage of students who answered the item correctly during the Spring 2014 administration.

4Constructed response items are scored using a standard rubric. The following rubric was used to score this item.

Score 0 x Response fails to evaluate how the American political principle/concept effectively maintains U.S. democracy

x Response fails to include one example of textual support OR includes one example of textual support that is irrelevant because the response does not evaluate how the American political principle/concept effectively maintains U.S. democracy

Score 1 x Response evaluates how the American political principle/concept effectively maintains U.S. democracy

x Response includes one example from the text that does not support the evaluation OR lacks one example of textual support

Score 2

x Response evaluates how the American political principle/concept effectively maintains U.S. democracy

x Response includes one example of textual support that evaluates how the American political principle/concept effectively maintains U.S. democracy

5Students will receive a score point of 0, 1, or 2 for this constructed response item. Percent correct for this item is the percentage of students who scored a 1 or 2.

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Standard Descriptions

Only clarifying objective descriptions addressed by the released items in this booklet are listed below. A complete list of the North Carolina Essential Standards for Science and Social Studies may be reviewed at http://www.ncpublicschools.org/acre/standards/new-standards/.

CE.C&G.1.1 Explain how the tensions over power and authority led America’s founding fathers to develop a constitutional democracy (e.g., mercantilism, salutary neglect, taxation and representation, boycott and protest, independence, American Revolution, Articles of Confederation, Ben Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Son of Liberty, etc.).

CE.C&G.1.2 Explain how the Enlightenment and other contributing theories impacted the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights to help promote liberty, justice and equality (e.g., natural rights, classical theories of government, Magna Carta, Montesquieu, Locke, English Bill of Rights, etc.).

CE.C&G.1.3 Evaluate how debates on power and authority between Federalists and Anti-Federalists have helped shape government in the United States over time (e.g., Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, Federalist Papers, strong central government, protection of individual rights, Elastic Clause, Bill of Rights, etc.).

CE.C&G.1.5 Evaluate the fundamental principles of American politics in terms of the extent to which they have been used effectively to maintain constitutional democracy in the United States (e.g., rule of law, limited government, democracy, consent of the governed, etc.).

CE.C&G.2.1 Analyze the structures of national, state and local governments in terms of ways they are organized to maintain order, security, welfare of the public and the protection of citizens (e.g., federalism, the three branches, court system, jurisdictions, judicial process, agencies, etc.).

CE.C&G.2.5 Compare the United States system of government within the framework of the federal and state structures as well as in how they relate with governmental systems of other nations (e.g. Republicanism, federalism).

CE.C&G.3.3 Analyze laws and policies in terms of their intended purposes, who has authority to create them and how they are enforced (e.g., laws, policies, public policy, regulatory, symbolic, procedural, etc.).

CE.C&G.3.4 Explain how individual rights are protected by varieties of law (e.g., Bill of Rights, Supreme Court Decisions, constitutional law, criminal law, civil law, Tort, Administrative law, Statutory law and International law, etc.).

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CE.C&G.5.1 Analyze the election process at the national, state and local levels in terms of the checks and balances provided by qualifications and procedures for voting (e.g., civic participation, public hearings, forums, at large voting, petition, local initiatives, local referendums, voting amendments, types of elections, etc.).

CE.E.2.3 Explain the impact of government policies on international trade (e.g., tariffs, quotas, sanctions, subsidies, banking, embargos, etc.).

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Civics and Economics Form 235 -...

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