CITATIONS &

REFERENCINGREFERENCING

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UniKL MICET USES

HARVARD SYSTEM HARVARD SYSTEM

OF REFERENCING

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CITING IN THE TEXT

Two styles of citing sources in the text:

1. Author/Date System1. Author/Date System

2. Number System

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Author/Date System

Authors surname

Year of publication

Page number referred to (a must if citing from journals)

Emphasis on author OR

Emphasis on information

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Emphasis on Author

Esp. useful if author is a person of authority in the field

Chopra (2001: 470), in explaining the Chopra (2001: 470), in explaining the basic principle of the vibration absorber or the tuned mass damper, defined it as a mechanism that helps to reduce or get rid of unwanted vibration.

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Emphasis on Information

Authors surname & year of publication in brackets after information

The vibration absorber, which is also referred to as the tuned mass damper, helps to reduce or remove unwanted vibration (Chopra, 2001: 470)

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CITING IN THE TEXT

Two styles of citing sources in the text:

1. Author/Date System1. Author/Date System

2. Number System

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Number System

Insert a number reference rather than author & year

Number can be put in brackets, square brackets or a superscriptsuperscript

The vibration absorber, which is also referred to as the(1: 470)

Chopra [1], in explaining the basic principle

The vibration absorber, which is also referred to as the tuned mass damper, helps to reduce or remove unwanted vibration.

Several researchers have addressed[1,3,6,10].

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One author for a cited reference

Pinnavaia (2007) reported the preparation of polyurethane-MMT nanocomposites using a direct in nanocomposites using a direct in situ intercalative polymerization technique.

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Two authors for a cited reference

Strawhecker and Manias (2004) used this method in attempts to used this method in attempts to produce PVA/MMT nanocomposites films.

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Three authors (or more) for a cited

reference

Choi, et al. (2000) prepared PEO/MMT nanocomposites by a solvent casting nanocomposites by a solvent casting method using chloroform as a co-solvent.

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More than one author from many references

Jones (2000) and Smith (2003) have both shown that.that.

OR

It has been found that reactions to buildings such as..(Shane, 1999; Lim and Tay, 2000; Borowski, 2001).

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Several works by same author in different years

More than one publication by same author and illustrates same point

Chronological order

Bloggs (2000, 2001, 2002) suggested that

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Several works by same author in the same year

Add a lower case letter

Earlier research by Smith (1999a) found thatbut later research suggested again by Smith (1999b)

Bloggs (2005a, b) has stated

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No date

The abbreviation n.d. is used

Smith (n.d.) has demonstrated that Smith (n.d.) has demonstrated that

However, every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.

Not advisable for your FYP

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Chapter authors in edited works

Cite name of author, not name of editor

Gordon (2008) states that

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Corporate authors

Cited under the body commissioning the work

First citation full name

Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2007)

Second citation allowed to use abbreviation

RCN (2007)

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No author

Use Anonymous or Anon. or just the date

Title written in italics

Marketing Strategy (Anon., 1999) OR Marketing Strategy (1999)

However, every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission

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Secondary sources

Referring to an author that another author has referred to in his/her work

Research carried out by Brown (cited in Bassett, Research carried out by Brown (cited in Bassett, 2006: 142) found that

It was found that(Brown, 1996 cited in Bassett, 2006: 142)

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Direct quotations/quoting portions

Include quotation marks.

Hishamuddin (2009: 24) states that

Emphasize the quotation if it runs to several lines by indenting it and using quotation marks.indenting it and using quotation marks.

On the topic of professional writing and referencing, Cormack (1994: 32) states:

When writing for a professional

readership, writers invariably

make reference to already

published works."

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Harvard usually References

References = include details of EVERYTHING that you cite in your workEVERYTHING that you cite in your work

Bibliography = list of relevant items you use to help you prepare your work but are not necessarily cited

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REFERENCING

List sources alphabetically if using author/date system. Do not number or bullet! Do not indent!

List sources according to number listed in text if using number system.

List all sources together without separating List all sources together without separating into books, journals, newspaper articles, etc.

Reference list should be on a separate page from the rest of the assignment.

Put title as References and use same font, size and format as other headings in assignment.

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Book with one author

Anderson, P. W. (2007). Technical Communication: A Reader-Centered Communication: A Reader-Centered Approach. Boston: Thomson Wadworth.

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Book with two authors

McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996). Speaking Persuasively: Making the most Speaking Persuasively: Making the most of your Presentations. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

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Book with three or more

authors

Sinha, K., Taib, N., Kaur, B. and Sivanantham, R. (2009). A Practical Guide to Meetings and Discussions.Sivanantham, R. (2009). A Practical Guide to Meetings and Discussions.Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill.

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Book second or later edition

Devito, J. A. (2003). Human Communication: The Basic Course, 9thedition. New York: Allyn and Bacon.edition. New York: Allyn and Bacon.

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Book by same author in the same year

Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal Storm. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Allen and Unwin.

Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at Sea. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

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Book with editor(s)

Danahar, P. (Ed.) (1998). Beyond the Ferris Wheel. Rockhampton: CQU Press.

Andreas, H. and Muller, R. T. (Eds.) (1984). Plastic Additives Handbook. New York: Hanser Publishers.

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A chapter in an edited book

Supramaniam, K., Paramasivam, S. and Hussin, S. (2007). ESL Speakers Communication Strategies in Small Group Discussions, in Strategies in Small Group Discussions, in Mukundan, J. and Menon, S. (Eds.) ELT Matters 4: Developments in English Language Learning and Teaching. Serdang: UPM Press.

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Books which have been translated

Canetti, E. (2001). The Voices of Marrakesh: A Record of a Visit. Translated from German by J. A. Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.A. Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.

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Books with anonymous or unknown author

The University Encyclopedia (1985). London: Roydon.

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Journal articles

Muller, V. (1994). Trapped in the Body: Transsexualism, the Law, Sexual Identity. The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, August, pp. 103-107.

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Journal articles from CD-ROM/electronic database

Skargen, E. I. and Oberg, B. (1998). Predictive Factors for 1-year Outcome of Low-Back and Neck Pain in Patients Treated in Primary Care. Neck Pain in Patients Treated in Primary Care. Pain [Electronic], vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 201-208. Available from: Elsevier/Science Direct/0304-3959(98)00101-8, [8 Feb 1999].

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Electronic mails

Johnston, R. (2001). Access Courses for Women, e-mail to NIACE Lifelong Learning Mailing List (lifelong-learning@niace.org.uk), 22 Aug. [24 Aug 2001].

Robinson, T. (2001). Re: Information on Course Structure, e-mail to S. Dhann (s.dhann@exeter.ac.uk), 12 Jul. [13 Jul 2001].

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Internet page

Young, C. (2001). English Heritage Position Statement on the Valetta Convention, [Online]. Available from: http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/ [24 http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/ [24 Aug 2001].

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Conference materials

Mailo, A. F. and De Jong, K. (2006). Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Systems in Noisy Environments using Genetic Algorithms. International Genetic Algorithms. International Symposium on Intelligent Control. 15-18 Sept 2006. Michigan, pp. 360-365.

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Thesis

Yee, J. W. (2001). Effect of Calcium Carbonate Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Impact-Modified Unplasticised PVC. Master Thesis. Unplasticised PVC. Master Thesis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.

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Legislations/Acts

Malaysia (2005). Perintah Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Pembawa yang Ditetapkan) (Buangan Berjadual). P.U. (a) 293.

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Standards

British Standards Institution (1990). B.S. 899. London: British Standards Institution.

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Newspaper articles

Mou, G. M. (2000, April 18). K-economy: Draft out in October. New Straits Times. 23-24.

Mou, G. M. (2000, April 18). K-economy: Draft out in Mou, G. M. (2000, April 18). K-economy: Draft out in October. New Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my .

If author unknown:

Tax-free Savings Push, Sunday Mail (2010, May 15).

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Magazines

Slouty, B. L. (2006). Static and Fatigue Fracture of Polypropylene. Polymer Science. Polypropylene. Polymer Science. no. 62, pp. 7375.

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Written course materialsSaadiah, H. (2012). WEB 20102 Unit 1: Technical Communication, UniKL MICET: Section of General Studies.

Or, if author is unknown:

Section of General Studies (2012). WEB 20102 Unit 1: Technical Communication, UniKL MICET: Author.

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Government publications

Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (2001). Skills for Employment (DfEE) (2001). Skills for Life: The National Strategy for Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy Skills. Nottingham: DfEE Publications.

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PDF version

Department of Health (2008). Health Inequalities: Progress and Next Steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307 [Accessed 9 June 2008].

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E-books

Rawman, R. (2008). The Science of Getting Richer. [e-book] London: Castle Press. Available from: University Library/Digital Library/e-books http://digitallibrary.unikl.edu.my [Accessed 9 Jan http://digitallibrary.unikl.edu.my [Accessed 9 Jan 2010].

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Market Research ReportsName of Issuing Body (Year). Title, date if available. Edition if available. Place of publication: Publisher, Report no. if publication: Publisher, Report no. if relevant.

Mintel (2008). Coffee: Mintel Marketing Report January 2008. London: Mintel International.

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Exhibition CataloguesArtist (Year). Title of Exhibition. [Exhibition Catalogue]. Place of publication: Publisher.

Harris, W. (1983). William Harris as Designer. [Catalogue of an Exhibition held at the Whitworth Art Gallery, 3 May 4 June 1983]. London: Arts Council.

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Dance Composer or Choreographer (Year of Premiere).Title. Company (optional). [Location. Date Seen].[Location. Date Seen].

Ashton, F. (1948). Cinderella. [Royal Opera House, London. 13 January 2004].

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Play Title by Author (Year of Performance). Directed by. Company (optional). [Location. Date seen].Date seen].

An Inspector Calls by J. B. Priestly (2009). Directed by Stephen Daldry. [Arts Theatre, Cambridge. 11 May 2009].

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Blogs Author (Year). Title of the posting (if applicable). Title of the Site. Blog [Online] day/month of posting. Available from: web address. [Date accessed].

Transportation Security Administration (2008). Behaviour Detection Officers Lead to Arrest in Orlando. Evolution of Security. Blog [Online] 2 April. Available from: http://www.tsa.gov/blog/. [Accessed 3 April 2008].

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Wiki Wiki Name (Year). Title of Article. [Online]. Available from: web address. [Date accessed].

Infoteach (2007). Learning_Outcomes. [Online]. Infoteach (2007). Learning_Outcomes. [Online]. Available from: http://infoteach.org/wiki/doku.php/learning_outcomes. [Accessed 18 April 2008].

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Social networking Sites

(Facebook, Twitter, etc.)Author (Year). Title of Page. [Title of Website] Day/Month of posted message. Available from: web address. [Date accessed].

Jones, S. (2009). Referencing Group. [Facebook] 5 May. Available from: www.facebook.com/Jones [Accessed 9 May 2009].

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References Anglia Ruskin University (2011). Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing [pdf]. Available from: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing-2011.pdf [Accessed 31 January 2012].

Department of Library Services, De Montfort University (n.d.) The Harvard System of Referencing [pdf]. Available from: www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf [Accessed 31 January 2012].

Krishnan, L. A., Jong, R., Kathpalia, S. S. and Tam, M. K. (2006). Engineering your Report: From Start to Finish, 2nd edition. Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall.

UniKL MICET (2012). Thesis Manual [pdf] Alor Gajah: UniKL MICET. Available from: http://elearning.micet.edu.my/file.php/1/UniKL_MICET_Thesis_Manual_2012 [Accessed 1 February 2012].

University of Exeter (n.d.) Referencing The Harvard System [pdf]. Available from: http://education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.PDF [Accessed 1 February 2012].

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