CIS 314 Introduction (1) Fall 2007 CIS 314: Computer Organization Lectures: Ginnie Lo Discussions:...
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Transcript of CIS 314 Introduction (1) Fall 2007 CIS 314: Computer Organization Lectures: Ginnie Lo Discussions:...
CIS 314 Introduction (1) Fall 2007
CIS 314: Computer Organization
Lectures: Ginnie LoDiscussions: Han Qin
www.cs.uoregon.edu/classes/cis314
CIS 314 Introduction (2) Fall 2007
What is this course all about?
°Fundamental concepts about how a computer works•The five basic components of a computer
•How everything boils down to 1’s and 0’s
•How a computer program is executed by the hardware (vonNeumann architecture)
•Machine language: the basic language that a computer ‘understands’
•How the basic instructions in a machine language are carried out by the computer hardware (fetch-execute cycle)
CIS 314 Introduction (3) Fall 2007
What is this course all about? (cont.)°Intermediate topics about how a computer works•A little about how a program in a high level language like C gets translated into machine language (More what than how. The how is really the topic of our compilers course)
•How to measure computer performance•How the computer architecture is designed to maximize performance:- CPU design: Pipelining- Memory design: Caching
CIS 314 Introduction (4) Fall 2007
Skills acquired in 314
°Assembly Language Programming in MIPS (RISC machine)•A side effect of understanding the key ideas (not the goal of this course)
°Logic Design(Math 231 is useful!)
•A little about how to design computer components from logic gates
°Unix Basics•Basic commands and tools
CIS 314 Introduction (5) Fall 2007
Textbook°Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Third Edition REVISED, Patterson and Hennessy (P&H). The third edition has many errors that are corrected in the revised third edition.
°We’ll use both the textbook and the CD included with it
°I will give out additional handouts in class.
CIS 314 Introduction (6) Fall 2007
Weekly Schedule
°Lectures - Principles and conceptsMWF 10-10:50
°Discussion Sessions - Assignments, quizzes
F 12:00 – 12:50F 3:00 – 3:50
°Please come to class on time
°Class Schedule is available online
•It will change every week to adjust to class pace. Watch for changes is due dates!!!
CIS 314 Introduction (7) Fall 2007
Course Assignments
°homework assignments; due in lecture class, returned in discussion section
- NO LATE ASSIGNMENT IS ACCEPTED
- We will DROP your lowest assignment grade.
°Programming assignments
•You will use the SPIM simulator. Grading is based on how your program runs on the department machines.
•Get CS UNIX accounts before Wednesday
°in-class Quizzes
CIS 314 Introduction (8) Fall 2007
Quiz Question #1° Who is this person?
° List two of his key accomplishments (at least one relevant to computer science)
° Where can you find an image of this person in the CIS department (Deschutes Hall)?
CIS 314 Introduction (9) Fall 2007
Quiz Question #2What is the name of this processor, who
manufactured it, and what game engine uses it?
List some of the unique HW features of this processor?
CIS 314 Introduction (10) Fall 2007
Quiz Question #3
What machine is this a diagram of, where is it located, and what is it
used for?
CIS 314 Introduction (11) Fall 2007
Quiz Question #4° Name one other person in this photo besides me.
° Name the most famous person in this photo.
° What is he famous for that relates to this course?
CIS 314 Introduction (12) Fall 2007
Quiz Question #5°What is the chunk of metal that Ginnie passed around in class?
°Approximately what is its capacity?
°How does it store the value 0 versus the value 1?
CIS 314 Introduction (13) Fall 2007
Two Exams
•Midterm: Monday Oct. 29- One sheet of notes allowed
- Review session TBD
•Final: Friday Dec 7 @ 10:15 AM- One sheet of notes allowed
- Review session TBD
CIS 314 Introduction (14) Fall 2007
GRADING
15% Homework Assignments10% Quizzes15% Programming assignments30% Midterm30% Final x% Extra credit !!
CIS 314 Introduction (15) Fall 2007
Course Problems…Cheating
°What is cheating?•Studying together in groups is encouraged.
•Turned-in work must be completely your own except on group problems.
•Common examples of cheating: saving somebody else’s work to a floppy/remote site, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, …
•Both “giver” and “receiver” are equally culpable
°Offenses will be referred to the Office of Student Judicial Affairs and to the dept. (http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Econduct/)
CIS 314 Introduction (16) Fall 2007
Powerpoint Lecture Slides
°Credit to •Visiting professor Juan Flores, and former GTF Dayi Zhou•Dan Garcia, UC Berkeley Computer Science department, for many of the slides for this course•Reza Rejaie, UO Computer Science department
°Slides will be available online in .ppt and .pdf formats
CIS 314 Introduction (17) Fall 2007
What is Computer Organization?Where is the HW/SW Interface?
*Coordination of many
levels (layers) of abstraction
I/O systemProcessor
CompilerOperatingSystem(Unix)
Application (C program)
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control
Transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
CIS 314 Introduction (18) Fall 2007
Levels of Representation
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)
Machine Language Program (MIPS)
Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., Verilog Language)
Compiler
Assembler
Machine Interpretation
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Logic Circuit Description (Verilog Language)
Architecture Implementation
wire [31:0] dataBus;
regFile registers (databus);
ALU ALUBlock (inA, inB, databus);
wire w0;
XOR (w0, a, b);
AND (s, w0, a);
CIS 314 Introduction (19) Fall 2007
Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer
Personal Computer
Processor
Computer
Control(“brain”)
Datapath(“brawn”)
Memory
(where programs, data live whenrunning)
Devices
Input
Output
Keyboard, Mouse
Display, Printer
Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)
Stored program concept(John vonNeumann)Program = Data
CIS 314 Introduction (20) Fall 2007
Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity
2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years
Called “Moore’s Law”
Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Moore’s Law
Athlon (K7): 22 Million
Itanium 2: 410 Million
CIS 314 Introduction (21) Fall 2007
Moore’s Law: 2X transistors / “year”
• “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”– Gordon Moore, Electronics, 1965
• # on transistors / cost-effective integrated circuit doubles every N months (12 ≤ N ≤ 24)
CIS 314 Introduction (22) Fall 2007
Moore’s Law
°Gordon Moore - co-founder of Intel observed and predicted a trend:
°Density of data on a chip would double every year
°(Specifically density of transistors on an integrated circuit)
°True for 4 decades. Has slowed a little to double every 18 months. Expected to continue for at least two more decades.
°Implications: increased performance, decreased cost
CIS 314 Introduction (23) Fall 2007
Technology Trends: Processor Performance
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 0
8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7
DEC Alpha 21264/600
DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266
IBM POWER 100
1.54X/yr
Intel P4 2000 MHz(Fall 2001)
We’ll talk about processor performance later on…
year
Performance measure
CIS 314 Introduction (24) Fall 2007
1
10
100
1000
10000
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Performance (vs. VAX-11/780)
25%/year
52%/year
??%/year
Crossroads: Uniprocessor Performance
• VAX : 25%/year 1978 to 1986• RISC + x86: 52%/year 1986 to 2002• RISC + x86: ??%/year 2002 to present
From Hennessy and Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th edition, October, 2006
CIS 314 Introduction (25) Fall 2007
Technology Trends: Memory Capacity(Single-Chip DRAM)
year size (Mbit)
1980 0.0625
1983 0.25
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
1998 128
2000 256
2002 512• Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years.• 8000X since 1980!
CIS 314 Introduction (26) Fall 2007
Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!°Memory
•DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade.
°Processor•Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance in last decade.
°Disk•Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ‘97)250X size in last decade.
CIS 314 Introduction (27) Fall 2007
Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!
°State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…)•Processor clock speed: 3-4 GHz
•Number of cores: 2-4
•Memory capacity: 4.0 GB
•Disk capacity: 2000 GB (2.0 TB = TeraBytes)
•New units needed for the future! (Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)
CIS 314 Introduction (28) Fall 2007
Summary
°Continued rapid improvement in computing•2Xevery 2.0 years in memory size;
every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;
•Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs)
°5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output
Processor
} }I/O
CIS 314 Introduction (29) Fall 2007
To Do:°Fill out personal survey form and return to me today or Wed.
°Quiz 0 due on Friday (group assignment for extra credit). One solution with all names..
°Mug shot (by Friday)
°Sign up for department computer account (you need to turn in signed form to front office.