CIPLA RANBAXY DRL WHAT IS COMMON ? UNCERTAINTY CAN IT BE ELIMINATED ? CAN IT BE REDUCED ? RESEARCH...
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Transcript of CIPLA RANBAXY DRL WHAT IS COMMON ? UNCERTAINTY CAN IT BE ELIMINATED ? CAN IT BE REDUCED ? RESEARCH...
CIPLA
RANBAXY
DRL
WHAT IS COMMON ?
UNCERTAINTY CAN IT BE ELIMINATED ?
CAN IT BE REDUCED ?
RESEARCH REDUCES UNCERTAINTY.
RESEARCHRESEARCH
All of us have done research All of us have done research knowingly or unknowingly !!knowingly or unknowingly !!
RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR INFORMATION.
RESEARCH IS A PURPOSEFUL INVESTIGATION.
RESEARCH :
FOUNTAIN OF KNOWLEDGE
TO FIND HIDDEN TRUTH
TO DISCOVER ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Research leads to invention.
Helps in solving operational problems.
Provides the basis for govt. policies.
Helps in solving social problems.
Helps in taking decisions.
RESEARCH & COMMON SENSE
Systematic
Objective
Reproducible
Relevant
Research is not a fishing expedition.
OBJECTIVES :
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it .
(Exploratory or formulative research studies)
To find out / portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group.
(Descriptive research studies)
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else.
(Diagnostic research studies)
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
(Hypothesis testing research studies)
TYPES OF RESEARCH :
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH :
1)The literature survey
2)The experience survey
3)The analysis of case studies
CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH :
1) Descriptive research
2) Experimental research
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH :
Applied Vs. Fundamental research
Descriptive Vs. Analytical research
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative research
Conceptual Vs. Empirical research
ROLE OF RESEARCH IN
IMPORTANT AREAS
MARKETING : Consumer buying behavior
Demand forecasting
Measuring advertising effectiveness
Media selection
Product positioning
New product potential
PRODUCTION :
What to produce?
How much to produce?
Plant location
Production process
Quality process
Optimum inventory level
FINANCE :
o Amount of working capital
o Amount of cash
o Investment decisions
o Financing decisions
H.R.D.▼Incentives
▼Employees turnover
▼Performance appraisal
▼Recruitment & training
RESEARCH METHODRESEARCH METHOD
Methods of data collectionMethods of data collection
Statistical methods for study of Statistical methods for study of relationshiprelationship
Methods used to evaluate accuracy Methods used to evaluate accuracy of the results obtainedof the results obtained
RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A way/process to systematically A way/process to systematically solve the solve the research problemresearch problem
Cover various steps adopted by the Cover various steps adopted by the researcher researcher
Methodology will be different from Methodology will be different from problem to problemproblem to problem
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCHCRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
The purpose of the research should be clearly The purpose of the research should be clearly defined.defined.
The research procedure used should be The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail.described in sufficient detail.
The design of research should be properly The design of research should be properly planned.planned.
Validity and reliability of data should be Validity and reliability of data should be checked carefully.checked carefully.
Cont..Cont..
Method of analysis should be Method of analysis should be appropriate and analysis of data should appropriate and analysis of data should be adequate.be adequate.
Conclusion should be confined to Conclusion should be confined to those justified to data.those justified to data.
Researcher should have knowledge, Researcher should have knowledge, experience and integrity.experience and integrity.
PROCESS OF RESEARCHPROCESS OF RESEARCH Problem definitionProblem definition
Research designResearch design
Data collectionData collection
Data analysisData analysis
Interpretation of resultsInterpretation of results
R.L.ACKOFF: Five Component of R.L.ACKOFF: Five Component of a Problema Problem
Research - ConsumerResearch - Consumer
Research - Consumer’s objectivesResearch - Consumer’s objectives
Alternative means to meet the objectivesAlternative means to meet the objectives
Doubt in regard to select of objectivesDoubt in regard to select of objectives
One or more environment to which the problem One or more environment to which the problem pertains pertains
MERTON: Three components in MERTON: Three components in the promulgation of a problemthe promulgation of a problem
The originating question: WhatThe originating question: What
Rationale of question: WhyRationale of question: Why
The specifying question: Possible answerThe specifying question: Possible answer
DEFINING A PROBLEM: StepsDEFINING A PROBLEM: Steps Statement of the problem in a general wayStatement of the problem in a general way Understanding the nature of the problemUnderstanding the nature of the problem Surveying the available literatureSurveying the available literature Developing the ideas through discussionDeveloping the ideas through discussion Rephrasing the research problem into Rephrasing the research problem into
working proposition working proposition
A COMPLETE PROBLEM DEFINITION A COMPLETE PROBLEM DEFINITION Specify the following:Specify the following:
Unit of analysis: Source of information “on Unit of analysis: Source of information “on what”, “on whom”.what”, “on whom”.
Time and space co-ordinates.Time and space co-ordinates. Characteristics of interest: 2 x 2 matrix by Characteristics of interest: 2 x 2 matrix by
Frank, Massy & Wind.Frank, Massy & Wind. Environmental condition:Environmental condition:
Beyond controlBeyond control
Within control Within control
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERESTINTEREST
DemographicDemographic
Socio-Socio-economiceconomic
Purchase Purchase behaviourbehaviour
Brand useBrand use
Personality Personality TraitTrait
IntelligenceIntelligence
AttitudesAttitudes
PerceptionsPerceptions
General Situation specific
Characteristics
Measures
Objective
Inferred
RESEARCH PROBLEM AS RESEARCH PROBLEM AS HYPOTHESIS TESTINGHYPOTHESIS TESTING
It is often convenient to structure a research problem It is often convenient to structure a research problem in term hypothesis to be tested.in term hypothesis to be tested.
Hypothesis is simply a statement about the Universe :Hypothesis is simply a statement about the Universe :
It may or may not be true.It may or may not be true.
The research is designed to find out the truth.The research is designed to find out the truth.
Hypothesis guides the researcher to select the Hypothesis guides the researcher to select the relevant informationrelevant information
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESISSOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
Personal experience and observations.Personal experience and observations.
Hypothesis may rest on the finding of Hypothesis may rest on the finding of other studies.other studies.
Hypothesis may stem from a body of Hypothesis may stem from a body of theory.theory.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHARACTERISTICS OF A USEABLE HYPOTHESISUSEABLE HYPOTHESIS
It should be empirically tested.It should be empirically tested.
It should be closest to thing observable.It should be closest to thing observable.
It must be conceptually clear.It must be conceptually clear.
It must be specific.It must be specific.
RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN
A blue print for the research study .A blue print for the research study .
Covers various phases of research.Covers various phases of research.
A comprehensive master planA comprehensive master plan
Guiding framework for the research study.Guiding framework for the research study.
RESEARCH DESIGN DECISIONS RESEARCH DESIGN DECISIONS ARE:ARE:
What is the study about ?What is the study about ? Why is the study being made?Why is the study being made? Where will the study be carried out?Where will the study be carried out? What type of data required ?What type of data required ? Where the required data is found?Where the required data is found? What periods of time will the study What periods of time will the study
include?include?
Cont..Cont..
What will be the sample design?What will be the sample design? What techniques of data collection will be What techniques of data collection will be
used?used? How will be the data analyzed?How will be the data analyzed? In what style will the report are prepared?In what style will the report are prepared?
FOUR PHASES OF FOUR PHASES OF RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN
Sampling design: Methods of selecting itemsSampling design: Methods of selecting items Observational design: Conditions on which the Observational design: Conditions on which the
observations are to be observations are to be made.made.
Statistical design: How the data to be Statistical design: How the data to be analyzed?analyzed?
Operational design: procedures to be carried Operational design: procedures to be carried out.out.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTSIMPORTANT CONCEPTS Dependent & Independent variable.Dependent & Independent variable. Extraneous Variable : independent variable not Extraneous Variable : independent variable not
related to the purpose of the study.related to the purpose of the study. Control : effect of extraneous variable is Control : effect of extraneous variable is
minimum .minimum . Research hypothesis.Research hypothesis.
CAUSALITYCAUSALITY Action – outcomeAction – outcome Causal Variable - Effect VariableCausal Variable - Effect Variable There is strong evidence to say that there There is strong evidence to say that there
exists a strong association.exists a strong association. The action must precede outcome.The action must precede outcome. There is strong evidence to say that there were There is strong evidence to say that there were
no other possible factors, which could have no other possible factors, which could have resulted in the observed outcome.resulted in the observed outcome.
RESEARCH DESIGN FOR RESEARCH DESIGN FOR EXPLORATORY RESEARCH STUDIESEXPLORATORY RESEARCH STUDIES
The survey of literatureThe survey of literature The experience surveyThe experience survey The analysis of selected cases.The analysis of selected cases.
Design is flexible.Design is flexible. No structured questionsNo structured questions Convenience sampling.Convenience sampling.
RESEARCH DESIGN FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH STUDIESRESEARCH STUDIES
Panel Research Design : Periodic Panel Research Design : Periodic information collection from a sample of information collection from a sample of respondents.respondents.
Cross Sectional Design : Picture of a Cross Sectional Design : Picture of a situation at a give point of time.situation at a give point of time.
Focus Groups for free flowing discussions.Focus Groups for free flowing discussions.
RESEARCH DESIGN FOR RESEARCH DESIGN FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDIESEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDIES
After-only with one Control GroupAfter-only with one Control Group Experimental Group: RX OExperimental Group: RX O11
Control Group : R OControl Group : R O2 2
Before- After with one Control GroupBefore- After with one Control Group Experimental Group: R OExperimental Group: R O11 O O22
Control Group: R OControl Group: R O33 O O44
Treatment Effect = A - B=(OTreatment Effect = A - B=(O22–O–O11)-(O)-(O44 – O – O33 ) )
THE SOLOMON FOUR GROUPS THE SOLOMON FOUR GROUPS DESIGNDESIGN
Experimental Group1:Experimental Group1: RR QQ11 QQ22
Control Group1:Control Group1: RR QQ33 QQ44
Experimental Group2: RExperimental Group2: R QQ55
Control Group2:Control Group2: RR QQ66
Treatment effect = QTreatment effect = Q55-Q-Q66
Sensitizing Effect = (QSensitizing Effect = (Q22-Q-Q11) - (Q) - (Q55- Q- Q11+Q+Q33))
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STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRESTRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE
Questions & answers are specified.Questions & answers are specified. Comments in the respondent’s own words Comments in the respondent’s own words
are held to a minimum.are held to a minimum. Usually has fixed alternative answers to Usually has fixed alternative answers to
each question.each question. Simple to administer & to analyse.Simple to administer & to analyse. Considered inappropriate for study on Considered inappropriate for study on
attitude & feelings.attitude & feelings.
UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONAIREUNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONAIRE
Useful for in-depth interviewerUseful for in-depth interviewer More open-ended questionsMore open-ended questions Employed in pre-testing and for Employed in pre-testing and for
constructing structured questionnaire.constructing structured questionnaire.
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIREDESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE Covering letter: for mailing Covering letter: for mailing
- should be short and simple- should be short and simple The question sequence:The question sequence:
ToTo be arranged logicallybe arranged logically Personal questions: Ask towards the endPersonal questions: Ask towards the end Difficult questions: Strain on memory and Difficult questions: Strain on memory and
intellect: ask towards the intellect: ask towards the end.end.
QUESTIONNAIREQUESTIONNAIREThe question wording: an artThe question wording: an art
Should be simple and easy to understood Should be simple and easy to understood Ambiguous questions should be avoidedAmbiguous questions should be avoided
Type of questions:Type of questions: multiple choice / Y/N / open -endedmultiple choice / Y/N / open -ended
MODEL BUILDING MODEL BUILDING AND AND
DECISION MAKINGDECISION MAKING
MODELMODEL The body of information about a system The body of information about a system
gathered for the purpose of studying the systemgathered for the purpose of studying the system
A set of variables and their interrelationshipA set of variables and their interrelationship
OBJECTIVES OF MODELLINGOBJECTIVES OF MODELLING
Description of the system functioningDescription of the system functioning
Prediction of the futurePrediction of the future
Helping the decision maker decide what Helping the decision maker decide what
to doto do
PRESENTATION OF MODELSPRESENTATION OF MODELS
Verbal or prose modelsVerbal or prose models
Graphical modelGraphical model
Mathematical modelMathematical model
Logical flow modelLogical flow model
TYPES OF MODELTYPES OF MODEL
Physical Vs. MathematicalPhysical Vs. Mathematical
Macro Vs. MicroMacro Vs. Micro
Deterministic Vs. StochasticDeterministic Vs. Stochastic
MODEL BUILDINGMODEL BUILDING
Identifying and formulating the decision Identifying and formulating the decision problemproblem
Identifying the objective(s) of the decision Identifying the objective(s) of the decision maker(s)maker(s)
Identifying the elements of the systemIdentifying the elements of the system Determining the relevance of different Determining the relevance of different
aspects of the systemaspects of the system Model calibrationModel calibration ImplementationImplementation
PROPOSAL FOR A RESEARCH PROJECTPROPOSAL FOR A RESEARCH PROJECT Descriptive title of the studyDescriptive title of the study
Names of authors and their backgroundNames of authors and their background
Nature of the study:Nature of the study: Problem to be examined / objectivesProblem to be examined / objectives Significance and need for the studySignificance and need for the study Background information available Background information available Scope of the studyScope of the study To whom it will be usefulTo whom it will be useful
Cont..Cont..
PROPOSAL: CPROPOSAL: Contont.... Hypothesis, if any, to be testedHypothesis, if any, to be tested Data: sources, collection procedure, Data: sources, collection procedure,
methodologymethodology Equipment and facilities requiredEquipment and facilities required Schedule: target dates for completing Library Schedule: target dates for completing Library
research, data collection, tabulation and research, data collection, tabulation and analysis, first draft and final draftanalysis, first draft and final draft
Cost estimatesCost estimates BibliographyBibliography
PARTS OF A REPORTPARTS OF A REPORT Cover and the title pageCover and the title page Introductory pages:Introductory pages:
Forward Forward PrefacePreface AcknowledgementAcknowledgement ContentsContents List of tables and chartsList of tables and charts AbstractAbstract
Cont..Cont..
REPORT CREPORT Contont.... Text:Text: Introduction- Concept- Analysis-conclusion- Introduction- Concept- Analysis-conclusion-
Quotations-footnotes/references- TablesQuotations-footnotes/references- Tables
Reference sectionReference section AppendicesAppendices BibliographyBibliography Glossary (if required)Glossary (if required)
PRESENTATION OF REPORTSPRESENTATION OF REPORTS
Presentation skill is the ability to mix in the right Presentation skill is the ability to mix in the right proportion various elements of:proportion various elements of:
Communication dimensionCommunication dimension Presentation packagePresentation package Use of Audio-Visual aidsUse of Audio-Visual aids
COMMUNICATION DIMENSIONCOMMUNICATION DIMENSION
PurposePurpose
AudienceAudience
MediaMedia
MessageMessage
TimeTime
placeplace
Presentation package:Presentation package:Pre-presentation handoutPre-presentation handoutPost-presentation handoutPost-presentation handout
Use of audio-visual aidsUse of audio-visual aids