CI 161Behaviorism

101

Burger

Ivan Pavlov

(1849–1936)

Classical Conditioning

• basic learning process discovered by Pavlov that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus triggers the same response

John B. Watson• Believed that

Psychology should be redefined as “the scientific study of behavior”

• Founded Behaviorism in 1913

• Behaviorism was the dominant school of Psychology for more than 50 years

“Little Albert” Experiment

Factors that affect Classical Conditioning

• Extinction --

• Spontaneous Recovery --

• Stimulus Generalization --

• Stimulus Discrimination --

Practice Problems for CC

• When you were still together, you and your ex used to love the same hit song. Now when you hear that song, you feel sad.

Practice Problems for CC (2)

• A fourth grade teacher who was very strict and scary used to wear a strong, rose-scented perfume. The smell of roses now makes you very nervous.

Practice Problems for CC (3)

• One night you bought a meal deal at McDonald’s, you arrived home to find a burger, fries, colas, and three roaches in the bag. Now, even the sight of the McDonald’s logo makes you sick to your stomach.

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

• learning process in which behavior is shaped learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by manipulating its and maintained by manipulating its consequencesconsequences

• Operant conditioning involves Operant conditioning involves voluntary voluntary behaviors.behaviors.

• Operants are Operants are actions upon the environmentactions upon the environment, , which may lead to reinforcement or which may lead to reinforcement or punishmentpunishment

• Founder of Operant Conditioning

• Invented “Skinner Box”

• Won “Sexiest Man Alive” award in 1939

B. F. Skinner

Reinforcement

• anything that strengthens a response or increases ( ) the chance that it will occur

• almost anything can act as a reinforcer – food, sex, vacation, etc.

• Remember: Reinforcement INCREASES ( ) behavior

Positive Reinforcement

• Positive consequence that increases the chance of desired behavior because something is added (+) or presented.

• Can be thought of as a reward

• Represented by: + positive (+), reinforcement ( )

Negative Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

• Works to increase behavior but does this by removing an unwanted stimulus

• Think of negative sign (-), REMOVING unwanted stimulus

• EX: Beeping noise from car – buckle seatbelt – noise goes away – noise is the negative reinforcement

Shaping - gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing responses that are similar or close to the final desired behavior

Punishment

• anything that weakens a response or decreases the chance that it will occur ( )

Positive Punishment (+ )

• decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus

• Remember, think positive as in plus sign (+), adding something

• EX: spanking, a prison sentence, or criticizing someone

Operant conditioning. Having received a face full of quills, a young coyote has probably learned to avoid porcupines

Negative Punishment• decreases behavior by

removing a pleasant stimulus ( - )

• EX: taking away car keys to punish a teenager (work to decrease future behavior)

Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment

• Many people confuse negative reinforcement and punishment.

• Negative Reinforcement always increases behavior

• Punishment always decreases behavior.

Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment Example

Practice Problems for OC

• Clare studies hard and gets an A on her Biology test. The teacher praises her in front of the class. As a result, Clare stops studying earns a failing grade on the next two exams.

Practice Problems for OC (2)

• Mike was more likely to return his rental DVD’s on time after the video store raised their late charges.

Practice Problems for OC (3)

• Jane came home late and her parents took away her car privileges for a week. In the future, Jane made sure to come home on time.

Practice Problems for OC (4)

• Jose did not like to do his homework. One day his mom told Jose that he could play video games for an hour after his homework was done. Jose completed his homework more often as a result.

Practice Problems for OC (5)

• Dr. Venkman claims he is studying “the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability” by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually “negative reinforcement”? Why or why not?

Practice Problems for OC (5)

• Dr. Venkman claims he is Dr. Venkman claims he is studying “the affect of negative studying “the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability” by reinforcement on ESP ability” by applying electric shocks to applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this correct Zener card. Is this actually “negative actually “negative reinforcement”? Why or why not?reinforcement”? Why or why not?

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Uses the term response Uses the term behavior

Response is biologically based (ex: fear or anxiety); involuntary

Behavior is not biologically based; it is voluntary

Main components: stimulus and its response

Main components: behavior and its consequence

Cannot be used to shape behavior

Can be used to shape behavior

Stimulus causes the response Consequence influences the behavior

To extinguish the response: stop pairing

To decrease learned behavior: stop reinforcing

Extinction: stop pairing Extinction: stop reinforcing

Observational Learning• Includes learning by

imitation and learning by observing behaviors of others

• Albert Bandura is psychologist most associated with this theory.

• Parents, movie stars, political figures all act as models

• A large part of our behaviors are influenced by observational learning

• EX: When walk in a room how do we decide how to behave? How do we know what to wear, where to sit, what to do?

• Fears can be acquired by observational learning

Bobo Doll Experiment

4 Cognitive Processes that determine whether imitation will occur:

• Paying attention to the other person’s behavior• Forming and storing mental representations of the

behavior to be imitated• Transforming this mental representation into

actions you are capable of reproducing• And, being motivated to imitate the behavior by

some expectation of reinforcement or reward