Chromosome Front of card Back of card Coiled up DNA.

Chromosome

Front of card Back of card

Coiled up DNA

1

Chromatin


Uncoiled DNA. Present in interphase.

2

Centromere


Centre of chromosome. Joins it to spindle fibre.

3

centromere

Autosome


Chromosomes # 1-22. (Not sex chromosomes)

4

Sex chromosomes


Chromosome #23.

Females = XXMales = XY

5

Homologous Chromosomes


Carry the same genes at the same locus (location).Ex. Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 1

6

Gene


Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

7

Allele


Different form of the same gene.

8

Diploid


2n = number of chromosomes in

body cells. humans = 46

9

Haploid


n = number of chromosomes in gametes (sperm

and eggs) humans = 23

10

Somatic


body

11

Polyploidy


Having greater than 2n

chromosomes. (in plants)

12

Chromatid


Half of a replicated chromosome.

13

chromatids

Replicated chromosome


Chromosome after DNA synthesis.

14

Mitosis


Cell division for growth, repair or maintenance. Occurs in somatic cells.

PMAT

15

Meiosis


Cell division for gamete production (sperm and eggs). Happens in gonads (ovaries and testes).IPMATPMAT

16

Cell Cycle


1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)2. Mitosis (PMAT)3. Cytokinesis(cell division)

17

Interphase

MitosisCytokinesis

Interphase


DNA is chromatinG1- growth/protein synthesisS- DNA replicationG2- growth/protein synthesis

18

Prophase


Chromatin coils up into chromosomes. Centrioles move to poles.Spindle fibres and asters form.

19

Metaphase


Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.

MIDDLE

20

Anaphase


APART! Centromeres divide.

21

Telophase


Cleavage furrow forms.

22

Cytokinesis


Cell divides into two. Cell plate forms in plant cells.

23

Cancer cells


Keep reproducing.Can move and grow in another part of the body – metastasis.Don’t specialize

24

Metastasis


Cancer cells move to other parts of the body and grow.

25

Cloning


Producing identical offspring from a single parent cell. Asexual reproduction.

26

Cloning Steps

Front of card Back of card1. Remove nucleus from egg

(enucleated)2. Obtain DNA from donor and put

into egg3. Apply electric shock4. Embryo develops in vitro5. Blastula stage inserted into

surrogate6. Identical sheep is formed.

27

Sexual Reproduction


Requires male and female gametes. Variation.

28

Asexual Reproduction


One parent only. (cloning) Mitosis. Parthenogenesis in reptiles.

29

Identical Twins


Clones. Same DNA. One sperm and one egg.

30

Fraternal Twins


Not clones. Two sperm and two eggs.

31

Totipotent


Stem cells that can form a new organism.

32

Stem cells


Cells capable of becoming many different cells. Used to repair damaged tissue.

33

Gametes


Sperm or eggs.Created by meiosis.Haploid (n)

34

Synapsis


Homologous chromosomes pair up (snap together) in Prophase I to form a tetrad (4 chromatids).

35

Crossing over


Homologous chromosomes may exchange genetic material. Prophase I.Occurs more often in genes that are further apart.

36

Segregation


2 homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I.

37

Interphase I

Front of card Back of cardG1 – growth, protein synthesisS - DNA replicatesG2 – growth, protein synthesis

38

Prophase I

Front of card Back of cardSynapsis – homologous chromosomes (tetrads) pair up. Crossing over may occur – exchange of genetic material.

39

Metaphase I

Front of card Back of cardHomologous pairs line up in the middle on the metaphase plate.

40

Anaphase I


Segregation - Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles.

41

Telophase I


Cleavage furrow. Replicated chromosomes reach the poles.

42

Prophase II


Chromosomes can be seen. Cells are haploid (n).

43

Metaphase II


Chromosomes line up in the middle

44

Anaphase II


Centromeres split. Single chromosomes move apart.

45

Telophase II


Cleavage furrow.

46

Gametogenesis


Creation of sperm and eggs.

47

Spermatogenesis


Meiosis in testes to create sperm.

48

Oogenesis


Meiosis in ovaries to create an egg(ovum).

49

Fertilization


When a sperm enters an egg. It doubles the chromosome number.

Ex. In humans:

Sperm (23) + egg (23) = zygote (46 chromosomes) OR n + n = 2n

50

Zygote


sperm + egg 2n

51

Sources of variation


1. Gamete success

2. Crossing over3. Independent

Assortment

52

Independent Assortment


The way the homologous pairs line up in Metaphase I is RANDOM!

53

DNA


DeoxyriboNucleic AcidIt is universal – genetic code for ALL living things. Codes for proteins.

54

Location of DNA


1. Nucleus2. Mitochondria (mtDNA)- from your mother. 3. Chloroplast

55

Franklin


Found that DNA is a helix, it is double stranded and the distance between DNA strands is constant.

56

Watson and Crick


Found the 3-D structure of

DNA

57

DNA Structure


2 complementary strands (double helix)Backbone - deoxyribose sugar and phosphates Rungs - nitrogen bases (ATCG)

Hydrogen bonds

58

Nucleotide

Front of card Back of card60

DNA picture

Front of card Back of card59

Semiconservative Replication


New DNA is made up of

1 parent strand and 1 daughter strand.

61

Steps of DNA Replication


1. DNA untwists (helicase)

2. DNA unzips (helicase)3. New nucleotides join

(polymerase)4. Sugar and phosphate

molecules join to make 2 new strands of DNA

62

Human Genome Project


Coded all the genes in human DNA.

Pros – treat disordersCons – possible geneism

63

RNA


Single stranded.Ribose sugarC, G, A and U.3 types: mRNA – copies DNA rRNA – make up ribosomestRNA- carry amino acids to ribosome

64

Protein Synthesis


Transcription (nucleus) – mRNA copies code from DNA and carries it to ribosomeTranslation (ribosome) – tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome for assembly

Happens during G1 and G2

65

Transcription


mRNA copies code from DNA and carries it to the ribosome

66

Translation


tRNA brings amino acids to mRNA on the ribosome to make amino acid chain.

67

Triplet


Set of 3 nitrogen bases on DNA that codes for one amino acid.

68

Codon


Set of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid. (LOOK UP on table)

69

Anticodon


Set of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA

70

Peptide bond


Connects amino acids

71

Polypeptide


Amino acid chain. Made during protein synthesis

72

Genetic Engineering


Building new DNA by combining DNA from 2 organisms. Also called recombinant DNA technology.

73

Recombinant DNA

Front of card Back of card1. Cut open plasmid using

restriction enzyme (R.E.)2. Cut out required gene with

same R.E.3. Combine DNAs4. Add ligase to glue together5. Put new plasmid into E.coli

to replicate6. Obtain desired product

(insulin)

74

Restriction Enzyme


Scissors

75

Ligase


Enzyme that glues

76

Plasmid


Ring of DNA found in E. coli. Used for recombinant DNA technology.

77

Gel Electrophoresis


Separate segments of DNA.1. Ethanol added to cells2. DNA spooled onto glass

rod3. R.E. used to cut DNA4. DNA loaded into wells on

Electrophoresis plate5. Current appliedLonger fragments move less.Shorter fragments move further.

78

DNA Fingerprinting


Uses Gel electrophoresis to compare DNA of different individuals.

79

Mutations


Changes in DNA

2 types:Chromosomal and point

80

Mutagenic Agents


Cause mutations.- Radiation or chemicals

81

Chromosomal Mutations


Changes in structure or number of chromosomes

Ex. Down’s syndrome (3 of chromosome #21)

82

Karyotyping

Front of card Back of cardPair chromosomes. according to size, banding pattern and centromere position. Used to detect chromosomal abnormalities. Use cells from metaphase.

83

Ultrasound


Can view internal organs/ fetus.

84

Amniocentesis


Using a needle to withdraw amniotic fluid from around the fetus to analyze. Used for a karyotype or gel electrophoresis.

85

Chorionic Villus Sampling

(CVS)


Draw cells from outer membrane(chorion) of embryo. Can be used at 8 weeks.

86

Nondisjunction

Front of card Back of cardChromosomes do not divide during Anaphase I – all 4 gametes are affected.or chromatids do not divide in Anaphase II – 2 gametes are fine, 2 gametes are affected.

87

Trisomy


Having 3 homologous chromosomes.

Example: Trisomy 21 is Down’s Syndrome. Klinefelter’s syndrome: XXY

88

Monosomy

Front of card Back of cardA single chromosome in place of a homologous pair.Example: Turner’s syndrome is monosomy #23. (XO) Person is female with one “X”.

89

Point Mutations


A change in 1-3 bases on the DNA strand. Happens during DNA replication.2 Types: Substitution and Frameshift

90

Substitution Mutations


1 or 2 bases have been substituted on the DNA strand. Only affects 1 triplet.

91

Frameshift Mutations

Front of card Back of cardAffects all triplets after point of mutation.

Deletion – 1 base is deletedAddition – 1 base is added

92

Societal issues


are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society.

93

Cultural Perspective


relates to behaviours, beliefs, and other aspects characteristic of a particular group of people defined by the context.

94

Economical issues


matters which involve a financial cost.

96

Ecological issues


Related to the effects of technologies on organisms and their environment.

96

Ethical issues

Front of card Back of cardValues relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.

97

Chromosome Front of card Back of card Coiled up DNA.

Documents

Transcript of Chromosome Front of card Back of card Coiled up DNA.