Chinese Standard GB

The People's Republic of China National Standard

Boiler performance test procedures

GB10184- 88 Performance test code for utility boiler

The People's Republic of China Machinery and Electronic Industry 1988-11-08approved

1989-07-01 implementation of the

A thematic content and scope of application

This standard specifies the power plant boiler performance test methods, as the boiler performance qualification test and acceptance test (hereinafter collectively referred to as inspection

Income test) basis.

This standard applies to evaporation of 35t / h or 35t / h above the steam outlet pressure or the steam outlet temperature is higher than 2.45MPa

Degree of over 400 � steam boilers. Generating boilers other parameters can also be reference to the use of the performance test.This standard also applies for other purposes (such as the adjustment of operating conditions, fuel changes, equipment improvements, etc.) carried out in the boiler thermal efficiency

Rate test.

This standard does not apply to nuclear power plant steam generator performance tests.

2 Reference Standard

GB211 Determination of total moisture in coal

GB212 Coal Industry Analysis Method

GB214 Determination of total sulfur in coal method

GB218 coal Determination of carbonate carbon dioxide levels

GB219 Determination of fusibility of coal

GB260 Determination of Water in Petroleum Products

GB261 petroleum products Determination of flash point (closed cup method)

GB265 Determination of kinematic viscosity of petroleum products

GB266 petroleum products Engler Determination

GB267 with the burning of petroleum products Determination of flash point (open cup method)

Page 1 of 76The People's Republic of China national standard boiler performance test procedures GB10184 - ...

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GB267 with the burning of petroleum products Determination of flash point (open cup method)

GB268 petroleum products Determination of residual carbon

GB380 Determination of sulfur content of petroleum products (lamp method)

GB384 Determination of calorific value of petroleum products

GB388 Determination of sulfur content in petroleum products (oxygen bomb method)

GB474 method involves reduction of coal sample

GB476 elemental analysis of coal

GB483 general provisions of Coal Analysis

GB508 petroleum products Determination of ash

GB510 Determination of pour point of petroleum products

GB1033 corrugated tube manometer

GB1226 General Pressure Gauge

GB1227-precision pressure gauge

GB1598 industrial platinum rhodium thermocouple13- Even platinum wire

GB1608 Electric Contact Pressure Gauge

GB1884 oil and liquid petroleum products Determination of density (density meter method)

GB2538 Oil test method

Determination of density of petroleum products GB2540

GB2565 coal grindability test method

GB2586 thermal units Symbols and Conversion

GB2587 General heat balance

GB2588 Equipment General thermal efficiency calculation method

GB2614-Ni-Cr - Ni-Si thermocouple wire and sub-degree table

GB2624 throttle flow measurement device

GB2902 platinum and rhodium30- Platinum and rhodium

6Thermocouple wire and sub-degree table

GB2903 Copper - copper-nickel (constantan) thermocouple wire and sub-degree table

GB3101 related to the amount of units and symbols of the general principles of

GB3486 evaluation of hot technology company reasonable guidelines for

GB3772 platinum and rhodium10- Platinum thermocouple wire and sub-degree table

GB3927 DC potentiometer



GB3927 DC potentiometer

GB3930 measured thermal resistance with DC bridge

GB4270 thermal graphic symbols and text code

GB4272 equipment and pipe insulation technology General

GB4882 data processing and interpretation of statistical test of normality

JB470 diaphragm pressure gauge

JB913 industrial thermocouples and technical conditions

JB1064 laboratory glass thermometer type, the basic parameters and dimensions

JB1066 laboratory glass thermometer technical conditions

RS-1-1 coal-fired sample

RS-3-1 fuel, fly ash and slag sample preparation

RS-4-2 particle size is below 3mm coal Rapid Determination of the external water

RS-26-1 fly ash and slag in the determination of combustible material

RS-28-1 fuel sample

SS-2-1 water, gas sample collection

3 terminology, symbols, code-named

3.1 The terms, definitions

3.1.1 Boiler

The use of heat released by fuel combustion, heat water in order to obtain the required parameters (temperature, pressure) and quality of steam, and the main

To be used for power generation boiler unit. Usually by the boiler, fuel and smoke ventilation system, measurement control systems and other auxiliary equipmentComposition.

3.1.2 Heat Input

With the per kilogram or per standard cubic meter of fuel input energy balance of the boiler system, total calories, including the application of fuel- Heat, physical sensible heat, with external heat source when the heating fuel or air into the heat and steam used for atomization of fuel into the

Heat.

3.1.3 Output heat

Relative per kilogram or per standard cubic meters of fuel and energy balance of refrigerant in the boiler system, the total heat absorbed, and the row

Sewage and other external steam consumed by the heat and so on.

3.1.4 Rated evaporation

Rated steam boiler (including the import of steam reheater) parameters, rated water temperature, fuel and to ensure the efficiency of the use of design

Laid down when evaporation.

3.1.5 Maximum Continuous Evaporation

Boiler at rated steam parameters, rated water temperature, and using the design fuel, security, continuous operation can be achieved when the maximum



Evaporation.

3.1.6 Minimum steady combustion load and critical load of liquid slag

The boiler at low load operation, can burn long-term stability can be sustained by the minimum evaporation.

For the coal-fired boiler, as not Must be supplemented with oil (or gas fuel) combustion minimum combustion stability of the evaporation.

Steady flow of liquid slag furnace slag, said the minimum load The critical load for the liquid slag.

3.1.7 Air Leakage coefficient and air leakage rate

a. Leakage factor: flue gas channel out, entrance flue gas excess air coefficient is poor, or air passage into, the exit air

The difference with the theoretical amount of air gas ratio.

b. air leakage rate: a certain period of leaking into the flue gas side of the air quality in accounting for the quality of this section of the percentage of the flue gas.

3.1.8 Boiler Thermal Efficiency

Boiler thermal efficiency of the heat output of the percentage of total heat input.

3.2 symbols, code-named

Chinese phonetic alphabet used in this order as the primary angle standard.

Uppercase letters boiler unit equipment, use lower-case alphabet Shows fuel, refrigerant and so on.

Table 1 for non-Chinese phonetic alphabet (not including figures) angle subscript, superscript, and prefix; Table 2 based protocols using a list of symbols.

Used in this standard cubic meters (m3), In addition there are special instructions refer to both the standard state of cubic meters.

3.3 The boiler thermal efficiency of the strike law

3.3.1 Input - output of thermal efficiency of the heat method, namely, direct measurement

of the input and output heat boiler thermal efficiency obtained. This method is also known

as Zheng-ping

Balance method.

%100×=Heat Input

Output heatBoiler thermal efficiency

3.3.2 thermal efficiency of heat loss method, that is obtained by determining the thermal

efficiency of the heat loss. This method is also known as the anti-balance method. Table 1

C. Code Description Location

o Theory Upper corner of the Standard

b Guarantee Upper corner of the Standard

' Import Upper corner of the Standard

" Export Upper corner of the Standard

e Rated Upper corner of the Standard

max Largest Top corner or bottom corner subscript subscript

min Smallest Top corner or bottom corner subscript subscript

-- Average Superscript

v Vacuum Subscripts

p Constant pressure Subscripts

c CFV Subscripts

o Baseline state; relative Subscripts

of 76The People's Republic of China national standard boiler performance test procedures GB10184 - ...


o

Ⅰ, Ⅱ Heating surface series Subscripts

n Standard state Subscripts

∆ Difference Prefix

Σ Total Prefix

Table 2

Symbol Said Ming Units

1, thermal equilibrium

Q1Corresponding per kilogram (or per standard cubic meters) of the boiler fuel inputkJ / kg, kJ / m3

Page 4

A heat

Qr

Corresponding per kilogram (or per standard cubic meters) of the boiler fuel input

Into the heatkJ / kg, kJ / m3

η Boiler thermal efficiency (gross efficiency) %η

jThe net efficiency of the boiler %

b Standard coal power plant kg / (kW · h)

Σ P Auxiliary boiler equipment, motor power of the sum of KW

QzyOwn heat boiler kJ / kg, kJ / m

QyDW

Application of low calorific value of fuel-based kJ / kg, kJ / m

QrxPhysical sensible heat of fuel kJ / kg, kJ / m

Qw1External heat source heating the air into the heat of kJ / kg, kJ / m

QwhAtomized steam into the heat of kJ / kg, kJ / m

Q2Per kilogram (or per standard cubic meters) of fuel exhaust heat losskJ / kg, kJ / m

Q3

Per kilogram (or per standard cubic meter) fuel combustible gases is not fully

Combustion heat losskJ / kg, kJ / m

Q4

Per kilogram (or per standard cubic meter) incomplete combustion of solid fuels

Heat loss kJ / kg, kJ / m

Q5Per kilogram (or per standard cubic meter) fuel boiler heat loss heat

Volume kJ / kg, kJ / m

Q6

Per kilogram (or per standard cubic meter) fuel ash physical sensible heat loss

Heat losskJ / kg, kJ / m

q2Exhaust heat loss percentage

q3Combustible Gas heat loss percentage of incomplete combustion

Solid heat loss percentage of incomplete combustion of



3q4

Solid heat loss percentage of incomplete combustion of

q5The percentage of the boiler heat loss

Qe5

Rated evaporation heat loss when the percentage of

q6Ash percentage of the physical heat loss

t0Base temperature �, K

2, water and steam

D Boiler evaporation t / h

De Boiler rated evaporation t / h

DgqSuperheated steam flow (main steam flow) t / h

DpcSewage water flow t / h

D ' zqReheater steam flow entrance t / h

DbqThe amount of saturated steam out t / h

DzjReheat Steam Water Flow t / h

hgsWater Enthalpy kJ / kg

hbsEnthalpy of saturated water kJ / kg

hbqSaturated steam enthalpy kJ / kg

hzjReheat steam enthalpy by warm water kJ / kg

hgqSuperheated steam enthalpy (main steam enthalpy) kJ / kg

h ' zqReheat steam inlet enthalpy kJ / kg

h " zqReheater exit steam enthalpy kJ / kg

hwhAtomizing steam enthalpy kJ / kg

(Hbq)oThe base temperature of saturated steam enthalpy kJ / kg

TgqSuperheated steam temperature (main steam temperature) �, K

TbqSaturated steam temperature �, K

TbsSaturated water temperature �, K

Tbgs

Water temperature (design value or the guaranteed value) �, K

Page 5

TgsMeasured water temperature �, K

pgqSuperheated steam pressure (main steam pressure) Mpa

pgsWater Pressure Mpa

pbqSaturated vapor pressure Mpa

p ' zq, P

"zq

Reheat steam pressure of imports and exports Mpa

3, fuel and ash



3, fuel and ash

Cf, C yRespectively, the fuel analysis and application of carbon-based quality of content in percentage of

Rate

Hf, H yWere analyzed for fuel hydrogen-based and application-based quality of content in percentage of

Rate

Sf, S yAnalysis of the base respectively, and application of the fuel sulfur content of the base percentage of

Rate

Of, O yRespectively, the fuel-based and application-based analysis of the quality of content in percentage of oxygen

Rate

Nf, N yRespectively, the fuel-based and application-based analysis of the quality of content in percentage of nitrogen

Rate

Af, A yAnalysis of the base respectively, the fuel quality, ash content and application of the base 100

Fraction

Wf, W yRespectively, the base fuel analysis and application of water quality

Fraction

Vr Volatile combustible fuel-based

Ag Fuel Dry Ash

Cyr

Application of the actual burning of the fuel out of carbon-based quality of content in the percentage of

AzsConversion of fuel ash

QfDW

,

QyDW

Respectively, the fuel-based and application-based analysis of low-kJ / kg, kJ / m

QszDW

Low calorific value of coal stones kJ / kg

QfGW

,

QvDW

Respectively, the fuel-based and application-based analysis of high

HeatkJ / kg, kJ / m

QjdFuel thaw heat kJ / kg

CO Gas volume fraction in the percentage of CO

H2Gas fuel H

2The percentage of volume content

O2Gas fuel O


N2Gas in N


CH4Gas fuel CH


CO2Gas fuel CO


H2SGas fuel H

2Volume content of the percentage of S

H2OGas fuel H

2O volume fraction percentage of the

CmHnGas in C

mHnThe percentage of volume content

B Boiler fuel consumption per hour kg / h, m3/ h

BszPebbles of coal kg / h

β Fuel characteristic factor --

trSolid fuel temperature �, K

tr.yoFuel temperature �, K

trqGas Temperature �, K

ρqn

Standard state density of the gas fuel kg / m3

µh

The concentration of fuel gas containing ash g / m3

dqGas humidity g / m3



crSpecific heat of solid fuels kJ / (kg · K)

cgr

Specific heat of solid fuels dry base kJ / (kg · K)

cr · yoFuel specific heat kJ / (kg · K)

cr · qGas Heat kJ / (m3· K)

R4545µ m aperture standard sieve on the sample accounted for the remaining coal

The percentage of quality





R10001000µ m aperture standard sieve accounted for the remaining coal on the test

The quality of the percentage of samples

n Coefficient of uniformity characteristics of pulverized coal particle--

T1, T

1Ash began to deformation temperature K, �

T2, T

2Ash began softening temperature K, �

T3, T

3Ash fusion temperature of the beginning K, �

alzAsh gray slag amount of total mass percentage of

afhFly ash gray ash quality of total percentage of

acjhDeposition of total ash gray ash quality and quantity of the percentage of

almLeakage in coal ash quality and quantity of total ash percentage of

Cclz

Slag in the percentage of combustible material quality

Ccfh

The percentage of combustibles in fly ash quality

Cccjh

Quality of ash deposition in the percentage of combustible material

Cclm

Leakage in coal quality and the percentage of combustible material

C The average carbon content of ash and the ratio of the amount of coal ash%

tlzSlag Temperature �, K

tfhAsh temperature �, K

tcjhAsh deposition temperature �, K

tlmLeakage of coal temperature �, K

chAsh Heat kJ / (kg · K)

cr Combustible material specific heat kJ / (kg · K)4, flue gas and air

Qgy2

Dry flue gas heat away kJ / kg, kJ / m



Qgy2

Dry flue gas heat away kJ / kg, kJ / m

OH2

2Q Sensible heat of water vapor contained in flue gas kJ / kg, kJ / m

VgyPer kilogram (or per standard cubic meter) of dry fuel burning generates smoke

Gas volume m3/ kg, m3/ m

θpy

Boiler flue gas temperature �, K

θ bpy

Guarantee or design boiler flue gas temperature �, K

θ 'sm

,

θ "sm

Economizer imports and exports (along the flue gas flow) smoke temperature

Degree�, K

θ 'ky

Air Preheater Inlet Gas Temperature �, K

µ Carbon concentration of smoke g / m3

α Flue gas excess air coefficient

α spy

Measured exhaust excess air coefficient

cp· Gy Dry flue gas, the average constant pressure specific heatkJ / (m3· K)

cp ·· Co

2Carbon dioxide, the average constant pressure specific heatkJ / (m3· K)

cp ·· O

2Of oxygen, the average constant pressure specific heat kJ / (m3· K)

cp ·· N

2The average nitrogen constant pressure specific heat kJ / (m3· K)

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cp ·· Co The average carbon monoxide gas constant pressure specific heatkJ / (m3· K)

RO2

Smoke three atomic gas (ie CO2+ SO2) The volume content of 100

Fraction

O2Oxygen content in flue gas volume percentage of

N2Flue gas volume content of nitrogen in the percentage of

CO The volume of flue gas carbon monoxide content of the percentage of

CH4Flue gas volume content of methane in the percentage of

H2Flue gas volume content of hydrogen in the percentage of

CmHnIn flue gas volume content of the percentage of hydrocarbons

oH2V Water vapor contained in flue gas volume m3/ m3

φ Air relative humidity

dkAir absolute humidity kg / kg (dry air)

dgGas humidity kg / kg (dry gas)

pactThe atmospheric pressure measured in situ Pa

(Pb)oThe base temperature of water vapor saturation pressure Pa

cp· H

2OWater vapor, the average constant pressure specific heat kJ (m3· K)



cp 2O kJ (m

VSFInto the air preheater of the air volume M3/ h

t ' kThe inlet air temperature of air preheater �, K

c ' p · kAir preheater inlet air temperature of the air constant pressure specific heatkJ / (m3· K)

(Cp · k)oThe base temperature of air constant pressure specific heatkJ / (m3· K)

β 'ky

Air preheater inlet air volume and air volume theory of ratio

(Hk)oEnthalpy of the air base temperature kJ / m3

(Hok) ' Air preheater inlet air temperature, air-enthalpy of the theory ofkJ / m3

H ' QRHeater (Pre-preheater) imports refrigerant enthalpy kJ / m3

H " QRHeater (Pre-preheater) export refrigerant enthalpy kJ / m3

VOgk

Application of fuel the theoretical calculation of the base composition the amount of dry airm3/ kg, m 3/ m

VOgy

Application of the base composition of fuel dry flue gas volume of the theoretical calculation ofm3/ kg, m 3/ m

(Vogk)

c

Application of fuel-based composition, by the actual burning out of carbon calculated

Theory dry

Air volumem3/ kg

(Vogy)

c

Application of fuel-based composition, by the actual burning out of carbon calculated

Theory dry

Flue gas volumem3/ kg

%100)1 ( ×--=Heat Input

The sum of the heat lossBoiler thermal efficiency

3.3.3 use 3.3.1 or section 3.3.2 Determination of the boiler thermal efficiency of the heat balance system boundary shown in Figure 1, the heat balance between the Figure 2.

Page 8

of 76The People's Republic of China national standard boiler performance test procedures GB10184...


Figure 1 boiler unit heat balance system boundary diagram

3.3.4 Acceptance testing for the power plant boiler, this standard specifies use of

determination of thermal efficiency of heat loss. Can also be supplemented by input -

output of heat

Method thermal efficiency as a reference.

3.3.5 in accordance with this standard number 6,7 s income gross thermal efficiency of the

boiler efficiency. When necessary, according to the method described in Chapter 8 in

order to net

Efficiency.

3.3.6 simplify the thermal efficiency is only considered the main heat loss, and only applied the base fuel as a low-heat boiler heat input Thermal efficiency (see Article 6.4 of this standard). When necessary, some parameters of the test method can also be simplified as appropriate.This article applies only in certain situations negotiations agreed upon acceptance tests.



Figure 2 boiler unit heat balance

4 Guidelines

4.1 Energy Balance System

4.1.1 This standard specifies the boundaries of the boiler unit system shown in Figure 1, including: the water system with a circulating pump with the system of coal mill Powder systems, combustion equipment, and flue gas recirculation fan and so on.

Does not include: air heater, oil heater, delivery, induced draft fan is located, etc. Prepared.

4.1.2 In exceptional circumstances, after consultations will also change the boundaries of these systems, but must be amended accordingly on the test calculation. 4.1.3 the provisions of the boiler air blower at the entrance to the temperature of the input and output energy of the starting-point, that is, the base temperature. When the boiler is equipped with air heater and hot air recycling device, acceptance tests should be out of its solution.

4.1.4 Applications using fuel-based low heat.

4.1.5 This standard specifies use of "International System of Units of Water and Steam Properties" (Water Resources and Electric Power Press, 1983 first edition) Thermodynamic properties of steam tables.

4.2 should be agreed projects.

4.2.1 Test purpose and content.

Page 10

4.2.2 test units, testing personnel and responsibilities. When necessary, should be clear

differences occurred when the arbitration unit. 4.2.3 Test fuel properties.

4.2.4 relating to the measurement and testing.

4.2.5 fuel, ash, smoke, steam, water and other sampling methods and related laboratory analysis. 4.2.6 Test instruments and their technical characteristics and calibration units (see Chapter 5). 4.2.7 Device Status and trial period of operation modes, including auxiliary equipment operation mode. 4.2.8 Efficiency in the calculation and error analysis of the principle of the test results permissible error and repeatability between tests the efficiency of operating conditionsTolerance.

4.2.9 not to measure a given heat loss, simplified thermal



4.2.9 not to measure a given heat loss, simplified thermal efficiency of testing and calculation methods. 4.2.10 stable condition of confirmation.

4.2.11 the main parameters of the boiler during the test permitted fluctuations (but shall not exceed the provisions of Table 3). 4.2.12 special working conditions and abnormal situations will be handled, test data, trade-offs. 4.2.13 Conversion to ensure the efficiency under the conditions of calculation.

4.2.14 all ash residue collection points, the ratio between the amount of ash (ash balance percentage). 4.2.15 Test Outline

Test outline prepared by the test person in charge, and after trial and agreed upon.

Include: a. the purpose of testing;

b. Test conditions and requirements;

c. Test condition;

d. the main measuring points, the test means;

e. Test data processing principles;

f. testing personnel and organizations;

g. test schedule;

h. Other.

4.2.16 When the equipment by a different supplier (manufacturing) units together provide, the right to share the responsibility of the equipment performance. 4.2.17 test the preservation of original records unit.

4.2.18 Other issues not entirely within this standard.

4.3 Tolerance Test Results

4.3.1 This standard does not consider the value of the total tolerance performance

guarantees. According to the trial observations and amendments by the results of

calibration calculations

Shall test results.

4.3.2 If the parties to the agreement by the participants was clearly stipulated in the permit measurement and sampling error or measurement error, when the thermal efficiency, according to the present Standard Chapter 10 for error analysis and calculations.

4.4 Test conditions and test preparation

4.4.1 Boiler Unit confirmed that all the main and auxiliary engine can operate normally

and satisfy the test requirements. For the acceptance tests, shall be subject to relevant

parties

Recognized by the commissioning of its operating units have reached satisfactory condition.

4.4.2 to close the entire boiler unit checks

a. elimination of smoke, wind and coal pulverizing system should not be any leakage;

b. elimination of steam, water, fuel leakage;

c. identify pilot unit system has been isolated and other non-pilot system.

4.4.3 For the acceptance tests should be made at the beginning of all the heating surface before the test remain normal operation of the cleanliness. 4.4.4 determine are adequate and in accordance with the provisions of the pilot testing of fuel. 4.4.5 for all involved in the pilot instrument (device) for validation and calibration.

4.4.6 equipment, the actual state of heating surface cleanliness and fuel characteristics, etc., and any deviation from the pre-specified conditions, shall be credited Recorded in the test report.



4.4.7 is not allowed during the test trial conditions that could interfere with any action, such as sewage, blowing, playing coke and so on. 4.5 unit settling time

Acceptance testing prior to the boiler unit to be continuously running for more than 3 days.

12h before the formal trial, the first units shipped 9h OK load test load shall be not less than 75%, after 3h the scheduled test load should be maintained.

Fluctuation range of 4.6 Parameters

Acceptance testing process, the boiler and steam evaporation parameter fluctuations in the maximum allowable deviation in Table 3.

Table 3

Measurements The observed values deviate from the specified value of the allowable deviation

Evaporation D

t / h

"220

65 ~ 220"65

± 3%± 6%

± 10%

Vapor pressure p

MPa

≥ 9.5

"9.5± 2%1)

± 4%1)

540+5

-10

450+5

-15

Steam temperature t

�

400+10-20

Note: 1) does not exceed the maximum allowable working pressure.

4.7 Preliminary Test

Before an official trial, subject to a formal pilot test project and requested a preliminary test.

4.7.1 Preliminary test purposes:

a. Testing devices and equipment;

b. training of personnel test observations.

4.7.2 and tested all parties recognized no objection to the test results of the cases, preliminary tests also can be used as a formal test Points.

4.8 The duration of the acceptance tests

Determination of thermal efficiency of boiler unit when the duration of the experiment in Table 4.

Table 4 h

Combustion Method of determination of thermal efficiencyCondition stable time trial duration Preparation

Solid slag ≥ 0.5 ≥ 4 --

Fire Room

FurnaceLiquid slag

(Including the cyclone furnace)

Heat loss method

Or

Input - output heat method≥ 1 "4

Condition to extend the time for

By

Test the parties agreed to

Heat loss method ≥ 4More than one furnace



Heat loss method ≥ 4 --Fire-bed furnace

Input - output heat method

More than one furnace

Top walking time ≥ 6 --

4.9 Measurement time interval

Measured time interval in Table 5.

Table 5

Measuring Objects Measurement or sampling time intervalPreparationNote

Steam temperature, pressure, flow, smoke

Temperature, supply air temperature and other key parameters5 ~ 15min

Other minor parameters General 30min

Gas analysis 15 ~ 20min

Totalizer TableExperiment, the only timely, accurate readings once; test

Inspection in one hour to take readings for reference

Coal Sampling Each test condition of not less than 2 times

Page 12

Other volume sampling (such as ash, fuel, etc.)Accordance with Article 5.6 and Article 5.8 the provisions of ArticleOr by agreement

4.10 maintenance of test conditions

4.10.1 Test conditions until the beginning of the end of the boiler combustion conditions, fuel volume (including bunker fuel thick powder-bit or grate Degrees), the main steam flow and reheat steam flow, feedwater flow, drum water level (for drum boilers), the middle

Furnace), excess air coefficient, with the wind situation, pulverizing system operation mode and all the tests required to control the temperature, pressure and other parameters

Number, as far as possible be consistent and stable.

4.10.2 fire burning solid fuel bed boiler furnace to clear the work and the adjustment of the fuel level should be an appropriate time before the start of the trial within a node Beam.

4.11 Test Record

4.11.1 should be required of all observations and measurements and all the results recorded in the experiment-specific table. 4.11.2 For some reason (such as the measurement system leakage, etc.) refer to experimental data caused by the failure trial, the responsible person recognition, thisClass data can not record.

4.11.3 test data records for at least should include the following items:

a. test name;

b. do not condition sequence;

c. Test date;

d. Test start and end time;

e. test time and data;



e. test time and data;

f. Instrument type and accuracy;

g. correction factor or amendment of value;

h. and data processing related to other projects;

i. records, calculations and the person responsible.

4.11.4 For the longer duration tests of certain conditions need to be replaced observing staff, should ensure that the beginning and end of trial Officers for the same observation.

4.12 Condition Test discard

4.12.1 In the course of the experiment or sorting results, we found that the data observed serious irregularities, should be considered Test discard this condition; if the affected part of the test at the beginning or end, can be part of the discarded; if necessary,

The test conditions should be redone.

4.12.2 Where one of the following conditions occur, the test conditions shall be null and void: a. Test the fuel characteristics of the fuel characteristics beyond the predetermined range;

b. evaporation or steam parameters of fluctuations beyond the scope of testing requirements;

c. a principal measurements of the experimental data in 1 / 3 or more abnormal or contradictory;

d. The results of the error or tolerance beyond the agreement values.

4.13 thermal efficiency test

Conduct acceptance tests, the load required at least two tests should be done.

If the test result exceeds a pre-agreed Between the parallel test the thermal efficiency of tolerance, it would take to do the third test.

The load test the thermal efficiency for the two of them down Within the tolerance similar to the average thermal efficiency.

4.14 Performance Curve

If you need to strike a boiler performance curves should be at least four different evaporation conditions of the experiment.

Five testing methods and measuring instruments

5.1 General

5.1.1 The boiler thermal efficiency of the main measurements in table 6.

5.1.2 Following consultations, agree, are not included in this standard can be used within the provisions of other instruments measuring devices. 5.1.3 Instrument calibration requirements and provides that:

Page 13

5.1.3.1 Boiler acceptance tests, the test items used by all major instrumentation and measurement methods of measurement error according to the provisions of Table 7.5.1.3.2 Before the test, all the major components and instrumentation time (including the control dial on the meter) shall Set.



instrumentation time (including the control dial on the meter) shall be provided to verify and standard Set. The main parameters of the monitoring instrument should have the legal metrology department validation certificate issued by (or check mark).

The measurement department

Specifications should be compatible with the experimental level.

5.1.3.3 by agreement or by the test person in charge decided that the main parameters of the acceptance tests of the measuring instruments should be conducted after the test re-school, Such as abnormal by the measured data should be discarded.

5.2 Temperature measurement

5.2.1 General description

5.2.1.1 Temperature measurement used in thermometers in Table 8.

Table 6

No. Name Said Fang France

I. Input - output heat method

1 Fuel capacity Under section 5.5

2 Fuel for heat and Industry Analysis Accordance with Article 5.6 of the

3 Fuel and air temperature Accordance with Article 5.2 of the

4Superheated steam, and then heat the steam and other uses steam flow, pressure

And temperature

Accordance with Article 5.2, Article 5.3, the first

5.4

5 Warm water and reduce flow, pressure, temperatureAccordance with Article 5.2, Article 5.3, the first

5.4

6Heater inlet and outlet air temperature, air volume and external heat source refrigerant flow,

Temperature, pressure,


5.4

7 Leakage and sewage flow Consultation according to the specific situation

8 Drum internal pressure Accordance with Article 5.3 of the

Two, Heat loss method

1 Fuel for heat, industrial analysis and elemental analysis Accordance with Article 5.6 of the

2 Flue gas analysis (CO2, O

2, CO, H

2, C

mHnEtc.) Under section 5.7

3 Flue gas temperature Accordance with Article 5.2 of the

4 Fuel and air temperature Accordance with Article 5.2 of the

5 The external environment dry and wet bulb temperature; atmospheric pressureAccordance with Article 5.2, Article 5.3

6 Heater inlet and outlet air temperature, air volumeAccordance with Article 5.2, Article 5.3, the first

5.4

7External atomizing steam pressure, temperature, flow rate and other external sources of heat engineering

Mass flow, temperature, pressure,


5.4

8 The amount of the distribution ratio and ash content of combustible materialsUnder Article 5.6, Article 5.8, Appendix

E (Supplement)

9 Ash temperature Accordance with Article 5.2, Section 6.3.5 of

Three, Auxiliary equipment power consumptionAccordance with Chapter 8, using a power calibration over

Determination table or energy meter

Table 7

Measurement errorPreface

No.Measurement items and equipment

Input - Output MethodHeat loss methodPreparationNote

Weighing tank ± 0.1% -- --

Volume Box ± 0.25%

(Measurement range)-- --

1 Water



Orifice or nozzle ± (0.35% ~ 0.6%)Including the differential pressure meter

GB 2624

1 Water

Water Temperature ± 0.5% -- --

Page 14

Temperature ± 0.5% -- --Manometer ± (0.4% ~ 1.0%) -- GB 1227

Orifice or nozzle

(Main steam flow)

± (0.35% ~ 0.6%)

(Measurement range)--

Including the differential pressure meter

GB 2624

2Steam

Steam

Reheat steam flow ± 0.6% -- Heat balance calculation in accordance

Fuel capacity ± (0.1% ~ 0.5%) -- --

Moisture -- ± (0.2% ~ 0.4%) GB 212Industrial Sub

Analysis Ash -- ± (0.2% ~ 0.5%) GB 212

Coal ± (0.5% ~ 1.0%) ± (0.5% ~ 1.0%) GB 213Calorific valueOil, gas ± (0.35% ~ 1.0%) ± (0.35% ~ 1.0%) GB 384

Coal ± 0.5% ± 0.5% GB 476Carbon

Oil ± 0.6% ± 0.6% RS-32-1

Coal ± 0.15% ± 0.15% GB 476

3Burning

Material

Element sub

AnalysisH

Oil ± 0.30% ± 0.30% RS-32-1

Flue gas and air temperature -- ± 0.5% --

4

Smoke

Gas

And

Empty

Gas

Austria's analyzer, chromatograph-- ± 3% --

Note: In addition to flue gas composition analysis, it did not include sampling error.

Table 8

Name Said Measuring ObjectsTemperature Fan

WaiPreparationNote

Experimental temperature of the glass mercury

Meter

Small-capacity steam power plant boiler

Gas, water supply and flue gas temperature0 ~ 500 �

JB 1064JB 1067Appendix N Table N1

Thermocouple ThermometerWater and steam, fuel, gas,

Air, flue gas, etc. 200 ~ 1800 �

Appendix N Table N1

In order to ensure steam, to the water temperature

The accuracy of measurement, it is appropriate

Ice bottle as a base point



Ice bottle as a base point

Thermal Resistance thermometer

Water and steam, fuel, gas,

Air, flue gas and so on, commonly used in the transport

Control instruments and fixed-line monitoring of

Point

-50 ~ +500 � Appendix N Table N3

Dry and wet bulb thermometerAir Atmospheric temperatureUsed to measure the relative air

Humidity

5.2.1.2 The consultations will also use other temperature measuring instruments are not included, but the main items, namely, steam temperature, water temperature, Air temperature, exhaust temperature, should use the instruments listed in Table 8.

5.2.1.3 thermometer measuring point should be selected in the pipe (tobacco) Road or

channel cross-section of uniform velocity and temperature distribution of the site. For

large scale -Inch pipe (tobacco) Road and the acceptance test of the thermal efficiency of the determination of multi

Multi-point measuring grid divided into sections, etc. The determination of the principles and representative points, see Appendix H (supplement items).

5.2.1.4 shall take the necessary measures to prevent the temperature measuring instruments for conduction, convection and radiation caused by too large errors. 5.2.1.5 thermometer casing and the thermometer in the pipe (smoke) Road to the installation, see Appendix N (additional items). 5.2.2 steam temperature

5.2.2.1 Determination of superheated steam and reheat steam temperature, should also use plug-in casing. 5.2.2.2 saturated steam temperature in the steam pipe in any convenient location on the measurement (but not as close to the saturated steam export), or Saturated steam under pressure from the steam table Richard.

5.2.2.3 superheated steam and reheat steam temperature measuring point should be close to the maximum superheater and reheater export, and should be away from the beam

Page 15

Like streams (such as spray desuperheater later) a certain distance.

5.2.2.4 When the steam temperature has become an important test items, they should meet the following conditions: a. with the thermocouple measurements should be carried out on the thermocouple and the secondary instrument calibration and use bottles made of ice cold junction compensation;

b. As long as conditions permit, should be close to each other as much as possible from two measuring points measured, the measurement results for the two amendments to

Measured value of the average readings of the two revised deviation should not exceed ± 0.25%, or check the reasons and exclusion;

c. temperature at insulating layer should be intact.

5.2.3 Flue Gas Temperature

5.2.3.1 Based on the test purpose, the temperature measuring point can be arranged at the

furnace outlet and the corresponding heating surface of the import and export. For the

thermal efficiency

Test, exhaust gas temperature measuring point should be as close as possible the exit of the last stage heating surface, and meet the first requirement of Article 5.2.1.3.

5.2.3.2 furnace exit flue gas temperature, generally use the exhaust thermocouple measurements. 5.2.3.3 exhaust gas temperature measuring point with the flue gas sampling point location should be as uniform as possible. 5.2.3.4 The following conditions should be used grid layout of



sampling point location should be as uniform as possible. 5.2.3.4 The following conditions should be used grid layout of measurement points: a. Acceptance test flue gas temperature measurement;

b. Initial measurements found that flue gas flow rate measurement section at a serious deviation;

c. cross-section of different flue gas temperatures are greatly different in an instant.

5.2.3.5 Measurement of the grid, the average temperature, generally take the measuring

point of the weighted average of readings. When the measured cross-section than the

velocity field

Uniform, the desirability of the arithmetic average flue gas temperature.

5.2.4 Air temperature

5.2.4.1 baseline temperature measurement should avoid other sources of heat radiation effects on temperature measurement devices. 5.2.4.2 dry, wet-bulb thermometer should be placed in a dedicated 100 box.

5.2.4.3 air temperature measurements refer to the relevant provisions of Article 5.2.3.

5.2.5 Water Temperature

Water temperature should be as close to the entrance and in the reduction economizer thermostat back to pre

When the water temperature as the main To test the project, should refer to section 5.2.2.5 of the Ordinance, but two readings of the amended deviation should not exceed

5.2.6 Fuel Temperature

With protection tube used to measure the thermocouple thermometer.

5.3 Pressure Measurement


5.3.1.1 boiler test, usually single-lap spring tube pressure gauge, liquid-column manometer and inclined tube manometer measuring the decline of industrial Quality pressure and vacuum. Meet the test requirements in the accuracy of the premise, but also can be used all kinds of pressure transmitter (eg, diaphragm pressure gauge,Bellows pressure gauge and electric contact pressure gauge, etc.).

Pressure measuring instruments in table 9. Table 9

Gauge Name Measuring ObjectsRange

MPa

Type and an

LoadedSpecification Notes

General Pressure Gauge GB 1226Use of environmental temperature:

-40 ~ +60

Precision Pressure Gauge

0 ~ 40Dial or on the

InstallationGB 1227

Use of environmental temperature:

10 ~ 30

Static weight-type pressure gauge

Steam, water

-- -- -- --

U-tubeManometer

-0.1 ~ +0.1 --

Flow meter can be used for calibration

The

Standard differential pressure meter

Plume type

Manometer

Single-tube pressure

Dynamometer

Smoke air system pressure

Force, pressure

-0.2 ~ +0.2

Control panel or the

In-place installation

-- --

Page 16



Inclined tube

Type

Micro-pressure meter

-0.002 ~

+0.002-- --

Atmospheric pressure trough moving

Meter

(Mercury manometer)

Atmospheric pressure-0.1 ~ +0.1 -- --

Diaphragm Gauge

(Bellows, diaphragm type)

Atmospheric pressure and

Membrane

Film does not work

Gas

Micro-pressure and negative body

Pressure

0 ~ 0.04


In-place installation

JB 470 Pressure transmission

Bellows pressure gauge -- JB 1033High sensitivity, can direct

Access instructions and records

Electric contact pressure gauge

Smoke air system pressure

Force

Pressure, negative pressure-0.2 ~ +0.2


In-place installationJB 1608 Pressure transmission

5.3.1.2 The minimum pressure gauge shall meet the test requirements of sub-degree accuracy and the pressure fluctuations observed on the requirements (see Section 4.6).5.3.1.3 spring tube pressure gauge ambient temperature and mass-pressure liquid column

表针reading of the amendment, as well as liquid-column manometer common seal Fluid and the use of notes, see Appendix J (additional items).

5.3.2 Pressure water system

5.3.2.1 When the gas, water pressure has become an important test items should be

selected from 0.4 to 1.0 precision pressure gauge, and read表针 The number of necessary amendments.

5.3.2.2 General Pressure Gauge (GB1226) maximum range should be chosen so that the pressure often directed at a full-scale range of the scope of the 1 / 2 ~ 3 / 4 within a section (lower limit of application of pressure and volatile situations; limit the scope of application of constant pressure or pressure changes in a small case).

5.3.2.3 taking into account the mass-pressure gauge should be installed without high-temperature, frozen and vibration interference location, total joint should resist pressure gauge Dense and then there siphon siphon or equivalent device.

5.3.2.4 When the measured refrigerant pressure and pulse of the situation, recommended the installation of transmission pressure control on the road as a buffer container used for

cavities. When Instantaneous pressure fluctuation does not exceed the maximum and minimum average of 2%, the installation of the container cavity is an effective method.

5.3.3 smoke duct static pressure

5.3.3.1 usually smoke, air duct wall static pressure measurements directly on the hole. On

important occasions, static pressure measuring tube can be used like a Specialized equipment. When the direct hole, they should meet the following requirements:a. as much as possible, including the walls and the vertical flat surface, hole, aperture might be desirable for 2 ~ 3mm, there should be no burr hole edge and the inverted

Angle;

b. Hydrostatic test holes should be open in the smoke (wind) Road straight segment, should not exist near the baffle, elbow and other resistance components and eddy current areas.

5.3.3.2 When the measurement of dust-laden air static pressure, it shall take appropriate measures to prevent pressure measuring hole plug (such as the pressure measuring hole to avoid a horizontal pipe The lower part of leads and the pressure transmission pipe with pagoda-type expansion devices).

5.3.3.3 When the measured smoke duct diameter of more than 600mm, the same measurement of the cross section at least four pressure measuring holes. 5.4 Flow measurement

5.4.1



5.4.1 General description5.4.1.1 Boiler flow measurement equipment tests devices in Table 10.

Table 10

Name Said Measuring ObjectsValidation or calibration to be

SeekPreparationNote

Weighing methodWeighing tankCalibration scales up to

To the provisions of Table 7--

Volumetric Volume Box

Water

-- --

Throttling methodOrifice or nozzle Water and steamCalibration to the table

7 provides

Such as the manufacture and installation by the examinations are

GB 2624 in line with all the technology must be

Page 17

Demand, you do not need calibration

Determination of the standard dynamic pressure tube (Pitot tube)May from time calibration --

Flute-shaped tube, Venturi, wing-shaped test

Volume unit

Air or dust concentration

Small degree of airflowCalibration by the root --

Suction-type dynamic pressure measurement pipe --

Determination of dynamic pressure tube cover plateThe use of the structure should be kept like

Status checked and calibrated on a regular basis

Back-type dynamic pressure measurement pipe

High concentrations of gas-dust

FlowCalibration by the root

--

5.4.1.2 Determination of the flow element (orifice plate and nozzle) in the design, manufacture, calibration and use, including their bit in the pipeline Purchase and installation methods should follow the GB2624 in the requirements. Differential pressure measurement device to send the pipeline laid in accordance with appendix I (supplement items).5.4.1.3 When the flow has become an important measurement of the item, the system should be determined by direct reading differential pressure. 5.4.1.4 Determination of throttling device using water or steam flow should be a component in the pipeline upstream measurement of fluid temperature, Into account in the differential pressure or high side pressure transmission pipe installed pressure gauge to determine the fluid density.

5.4.1.5 Determination of flow required to carry out the temperature, pressure and differential pressure measurement, as shown in standard 5.2 and Article 5.3 of the Regulation Set.

5.4.2 Steam Flow

5.4.2.1 Calculation of heat losses using thermal efficiency of the boiler, in order to determine the evaporation or other relevant operating characteristics corresponding to the time of the trial Inspection unit evaporation, according to section 5.4.3.1 of pairs of water flow was determined, or the boiler exit orifice or nozzle installed

Determination of the main steam flow basis.

5.4.2.2 using input - output heat method to calculate thermal efficiency of the boiler when the boiler water should be based on the determination of results (see section Article 5.4.3.1) as the main steam flow of the basic values of the measuring point of the turbine high

Get traffic (such as continuous blowdown, reducing the temperature of water, boiler water circulating pump, etc.) be amended.



Get traffic (such as continuous blowdown, reducing the temperature of water, boiler water circulating pump, etc.) be amended.

The trial period, should also be in the last Reference section that may store water (or leakage) the location of the storage capacity (or leakage) were measured and recorded, and credited when the amendment.

5.4.2.3 As with the secondary instrument (without the use of direct reading of differential pressure measuring means counts) measured steam flow, such as the instrument itself is no secret Degree of correction, they should be equation (3) for steam-density amendments:

q qmgq mgq

z gq

gqj

=ρ

ρ

Where: qmgq

, Q zmgq

- Revised and instrumented steam mass flow, kg / h;

ρgq

, Ρ jgq

- Measurement of state and the state of design and calculation of steam density, kg / m3.

5.4.2.4 Determination of thermal balance method reheater steam flow of imports of D 'zqWhen, according to formula (4) to determine:

'= --D D Dzq gq i

Σ

Where: D 'zq

- Import reheater steam flow, t / h;

Dgq- The main steam flow, t / h;

Σ Di- High-pressure cylinder exhaust flows at all levels, and, t / h.

DD h h

h hi i i

i ii

s s s

q q

=''- '

'-''

() [() ()]

() ()

Where: Di- A certain level of imports heater exhaust steam flow, t / h;

(Ds)i- A-level exhaust heater water flow, t / h;

(H ' q)i, (H "

q)i- A-level exhaust heater inlet and outlet steam enthalpy, kJ / kg;

(H ' s)i, (H "

s)i- A-level exhaust heater inlet and outlet water enthalpy, kJ / kg.

To determine heater steam flow at all levels should be measured at all levels of imports of steam heater pressure, temperature and water flow as well as the

Inlet and outlet water temperature and pressure in order to determine the corresponding points of the enthalpy values.

Page 18

5.4.2.5 When the boiler and steam turbine acceptance test acceptance test at the same time, it can be used directly derived from steam turbine test re - Heat flow as the inlet steam boiler testing to determine the value.

5.4.2.6 reheater exit steam flow of imports of steam reheater, reheater spray flow and the amount of the sum. 5.4.3 Water Supply and Water Flow

5.4.3.1 When using Input - Output Determination of heat and determination of the boiler thermal efficiency of the boiler Flow of water and spray.



determination of the boiler thermal efficiency of the boiler evaporation, the use of orifice or nozzle determination Flow of water and spray. Validation or calibration of their requirements according to the provisions of Table 7.5.4.3.2 If there is pulse by a reciprocating device, or other source of traffic caused by fluctuations in the pulse through the source and a measurement of yuan Install a buffer between the pieces of container, damping control, or otherwise absorb the pressure pulsation of the ways in which flow direction of the largest and most wavelet

Dynamic difference value does not exceed the average flow ± 5%.

Article 5.4.3.3 in section 5.4.3.1, when measured under conditions, a measuring element at the differential applications of two differential pressure meter device measurements, measurement The amount of results should be reaching a mutual agreement, tolerance ± 2%.

5.4.3.4 in the measurement of water flow throttling element, water pressure must be more than the lowest water temperature measured by the saturation pressure corresponding to High-0.25MPa, or water temperature must be measured over a minimum measurement of saturation pressure corresponding to low temperature 15

Cutting pieces of vaporization.

5.4.4 flue gas and air flow

5.4.4.1 use of tobacco smoke wind tunnel dynamic pressure to seek a method to determine the airflow velocity and air flow of flue gas. 5.4.4.2 recommended for dynamic pressure measurement control table 10. Representative

point of the set, see Appendix H (supplement items). 5.4.4.3 should also be measured atmospheric pressure and the static pressure pipe flow and

temperature. For the flue gas, they need at the same time points measured Analysis of flue gas composition of oxygen (O2), And three atomic gas (RO2) And other content to calculate the gas density.

5.4.4.4 gas flow according to equation (6), equation (7) Calculations:

V A= 3600 ωpj

V An pj

n

= 3600 ωρ

ρ

Where: V, Vn- Airflow measurement and conversion to the standard state of flow, m3/ h;

A - measured channel cross-sectional area, m2;

ωpj- Airflow in the measured cross-section mean velocity, m / s.

According to equation (8) calculated in accordance with Appendix H (Supplement) to strike:

ωρpj d

d= K p2∆

Where:∆ p

d- Determination of dynamic pressure tubes measured pressure, Pa;

Kd- Correction factor;

ρ,

nρ - Airflow measurement and the density under standard conditions, kg / m3.

On air:nρ = 1.293kg / m3;

ρ =+

--× --3483

27310 3. ( )

p H

tact s

Where: pact- Measured in situ at atmospheric pressure, Pa;



Hs- Air duct static pressure, Pa.

Of flue gas:

ρ = + + +001,428 001,964 00082 00127. . . .O CO HO +0.02858 SO N2 2 2 2 2

Where: O2, CO

2, H

2O, SO 2, N

2- Flue gas composition of all the corresponding percentage of the volume of content,%.

Where O2+ CO2+ H2O + SO2+ N2= 100%

5.4.4.5 test tube socket holes and the pipe wall should be vertical; measurements measured dynamic pressure tube being air holes should be. 5.4.4.6 Determination of back-type pipe and flute-shaped tube for measurement of determination of cut-off in front of straight pipe after the recommended values in Table 11.Table 11

Name Said Determination of back-type tubeFlute-shaped tube

Measurement of cross-sectional front of (upstream) straight pipe lengths L1 L1= (8 ~ 10) D L1

≥ 6 D

Measurement of cross-section after (downstream) straight pipe lengths L2 L2= (1 ~ 3) D L2

≥ 3 D

Note: D equivalent diameter of the pipe.

5.5 Determination of amount of fuel


5.5.1.1 Fuel measurement and measuring time intervals according to Table 12.

5.5.1.2 fuel to enter the boiler from the Survey Office should try to eliminate leakage

between units. If unavoidable, it will all leak or The loss of fuel collection, weighing and recording in order to amend the amount of fuel.

5.5.2 Solid Fuel

5.5.2.1 Solid fuels should be weighing in close proximity to the use of locations. Of

pulverized coal boilers, should be in the fuel before grinding in order to avoid by On the fuel evaporation and other factors arising from bias.

Table 12

Measurement time interval

Instrument (value) receiverCheck or

Calibration RequestSolid Fuel Liquid fuelGas Burning

Material

PreparationNote

Automatic scales, and the band

Arinao

Then the value of the quality of instruction10 ~ 15

Other Scale Recorded when weighing

-- -- --

Weighing tank Record at least twice each working conditionCalibration to achieve



Weighing tank

Volume Box

Record at least twice each working condition

Readings, that is, the beginning and the end of

Each time, if necessary, additional records

The number of readings

-- --

Throttle flowmeter

(Orifice plate, nozzle)-- 10 ~ 15

Volumetric flowmeter

Calibration to achieve

Table

7 requirements

-- 10 ~ 15

Such as manufacturing, installation by the inspection

Inspection are in line with GB 2624

All technical requirements are not

Calibration required

5.5.3 Liquid Fuel

5.5.3.1 Where the use of burner oil system back to the occasion, should also measure the flow of oil and oil return. 5.5.3.2, when measured by volume method, should also be determined in accordance with Article 5.2 of the fuel temperature, as well as arising due to temperature changes in the density of Changes in the amendment.

5.5.4 Gas

5.5.4.1 measurement, should also be according to Article 5.3 and Article 5.2 of the measured gas pressure, temperature, and flow meter reading Converted into the number of the volume under standard conditions.

5.5.4.2 throttle flowmeter installation position, a differential pressure meter connections between components and the installation of piping system, according to GB2624

Page 20

Requirements.

5.6 Fuel Sampling and Analysis

5.6.1 Fuel Sampling

5.6.1.1 should be movement in the coal stream sampling.

5.6.1.2 Sampling should be during the working condition throughout the trial according to the following provisions: a. solid fuel boilers sampling time should be an effective test of time equal conditions, but the sample start and end time should be as fuel

Material into the furnace from the point to take the time needed and appropriate in advance.

Across the entire sampling period should have time to take samples; b. gas throughout the trial process should be continuously or every other time sampling all.

In order to collect representative samples, test Inspection should be preceded by line sampling, in accordance with this standard in Appendix H (Supplement) shall determine the representative sample point.

5.6.1.3 sampling shovel coal into the furnace length × width × height 300mm × 200mm ×

50mm. Different coal samples required to obtain a coal mining Samples were taken of the number, size and quality of table 13.

Table 13

Coal type Particle size, mm Copies of sample quality, kgThe number of copies of samples, a

Bituminous ≤ 70 ≥ 1 ≥ 10

Lignite ≤ 70 ≥ 1 ≥ 15



Anthracite ≤ 70 ≥ 1 ≥ 20

Mixed coal ≤ 70 ≥ 1 ≥ 50

a. When the fuel as a single coal, it will be adopted by all the copies of samples of coal according to RS

A coal sample;

b. When the fuel mix of coal, according to the provisions of section 5.6.1.3 will all be in a kind of reduction were made of multiple parallel coal sample (usually a lot of

At 5);

c. coal samples collected should be immediately sealed preservation; reduction system for coal sample should be as soon as possible, reduction should be kept under seal after the system.

5.6.1.4 Other matters not entirely according to RS-1-1 requirements.

5.6.1.5 Liquid Fuel sampling by RS-28-1 requirements.

5.6.1.6 Gas sampling sites should be in the fuel section of the maximum pressure and temperature inside the boiler as close as possible at the natural spoiler Devices (such as plate, valves, baffles, etc.) after the vertical pipe, the sampling of emissions before the pipeline should sample washing.

5.6.1.7 the total sample volume of fuel gas should be no less than 20L. Samples collected

in the set of cylinders at the same time fully mixed into 3 volume of 500cm3Suction volume of the glass bottle, in which a bottle of an alternative plan.

5.6.2 Fuel Analysis

5.6.2.1 Boiler acceptance test of the fuel analysis method is as follows:

a. solid fuel according to the following criteria:

GB211, GB212, GB213, GB214, GB218, GB219, GB474, GB476, GB483, GB2565;

b. liquid fuel according to the following criteria:

GB260, GB261, GB265, GB266, GB267, GB268, GB380, GB384, GB388, GB508,

GB510, GB1884, GB2538, GB2540;

c. analyzed by gas chromatography;

d. opt for the "Test Method for Thermal Power Plants fuel" (water issued by the Ministry, 1984 edition).

5.6.2.2 When the solid fuel is mixed with coal, the response to multiple parallel samples were tested on the test results to error analysis, care Abandoned after the arithmetic mean value is unreasonable for the final analysis.

5.7 Flue Gas Sampling and Analysis

5.7.1 Sampling location

Experimental Determination of the boiler flue gas analysis and sampling location of ingredients in Table 14.

5.7.2 Sampling Point

Flue Gas Sampling point arrangement should be made out of representative sample, provides as follows:

Table 14

Page 21



Test Objective Determination of Composition Sampling location

Determination of thermal efficiency, excess air ratio and the leakage

Wind MeasurementO2

, CO2, CO, CH

4, C

mHn,

H2Furnace, boiler heating surface at all levels of export

Pollutants measured NOx, SO

x, CO, C

mHn, H

2SFlue or chimney

The furnace water wall corrosion CO, H 2S, O 2Near the furnace wall corrosion

Low Temperature Corrosion SO3Air preheater inlet and outlet

5.7.2.1 Boiler acceptance test should be used on behalf of one or more grid points

measurement. When using multi-point measurements of the representative, the sampling

points, the total

Number shall be not less than 4:00.

5.7.2.2 Determination of the official test points in advance of the flue gas oxygen and flue

gas velocity. If the velocity distribution of oxygen and there is a more all Uniform when the representative point can be used multiple sampling, the introduction of the grid sampling.

5.7.2.3 law section of the grid and on behalf of the principle of separation point to determine in accordance with appendix H (supplement items). 5.7.2.4 with the multi-point sampling or grid points out of the sample, without affecting the accuracy available under the premise of mixing device will sample Mixture of 1 ~ 2 samples for analysis1).

Recommended flue gas multi-point sampling mixer see Appendix O (supplement items).Note: 1) When the measured components are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other soluble in saturated salt water, gas composition, the force should not be used

Multi-point sampling mixer.

5.7.3 Sampling design of piping and materials selection

5.7.3.1 Pipe material should ensure that the working temperature does not react with the sample, when necessary, pipes shall be cited baked wall insulation or 加热. Recommended sampling pipe materials used in Table 15.

Table 15

Sampling at flue gas temperatureGas

<400 � 400 ~ 570 � > 570 �Hose Material

O2Carbon Stainless

Stainless Steel (cooled to 650 �

Below)

Fluorine resin or fluorine

Rubber

CO CarbonStainless Steel (cooled to 480 �

Below)


Below)


Rubber

Chloride rubber

CO2Carbon Stainless


Below)

NOStainless steel or glass

GlassStainless steel or glass

Stainless steel or quartz (cooled to

480 � below)

NO1)2

Stainless steel or glass

Glass2)(Maintained at

180 �)

Stainless steel or glass2)(KeepingAt 180 �)

Stainless steel or quartz (maintained at

180 �)


Rubber

SO1)2



180 � above)

Stainless steel or glass2)(KeepingIn the 180 ~ 190 �)


180 ~ 400 �)

SO1)3



180 � above)

Stainless steel or glass2)(KeepingIn the 180 ~ 190 �)


180 ~ 400 �)

H2S1)

Carbon Steel (keeping in

180 ~ 400 �)

Stainless Steel (maintained at 180 ~

570 �)

Stainless Steel (maintained at 180 ~

650 �)


Rubber

Chloride rubber

1)Carbon Steel (keeping in

Stainless Steel (maintained at 190 �)Stainless Steel (maintained at 190 Fluorine resin or fluorine



CmH1)n

Carbon Steel (keeping in

190 �)Stainless Steel (maintained at 190 �)Stainless Steel (maintained at 190


Rubber

Note: 1) If the sample pipe can not meet this requirement, the sample should be pre-drying;

2) quartz glass can be used only when the temperature is below 290 �.

5.7.3.2 use of high-temperature specimen must be equipped with the appropriate sampling cooler. 5.7.3.3 Sampling and straight pipes should be as short as possible, and easy to clean and purge.

Page 22

5.7.3.4 sampling tube should shun the direction of gas flow and fitted with the appropriate tilt sparse water mains throughout the sampling lines shall not leak tight. 5.7.3.5 in the sampling tube should be set the necessary dust filter.

5.7.4 analytical methods and precautions

5.7.4.1 of the flue gas composition of each tested method of analysis, as well as used equipment, precision instruments and equipment and other relevant provisions of Table 16.

5.7.4.2 For the determination of thermal losses of the boiler thermal efficiency of the boiler acceptance testing, as well as a component or part of the boiler parts For operating characteristics in the performance of acceptance tests, the flue gas oxygen (O

2), The three atomic gas (RO2That SO

2+ CO

Determination should be Austria's analyzer.

5.7.4.3 Note

a. analysis should be to prevent the leakage of gas analysis equipment to keep the pipeline without reagent to avoid reagent contamination and leakage;

b. to avoid the analysis of the sample temperature changes;

c. for gas composition analysis should be continuous sampling.

Table 16

Measurement methods

Appropriate concentration of

The measurement method can be used and accurate

DegreeSmoke components

Instrument Sub -

AnalysisHand Analysis

The requirements of the sampling system

Instrumental Analysis

O20% ~

21%0% ~ 21% --

Paramagnetic oxygen meter

Zirconia Oxygen Meter

CO20% ~

21%0% ~ 21% --

Carbon Dioxide Analyzer

Regardless of optical infrared absorption spectrometer (2mg / m

Above)

GC

Trace withSampler should be avoided to achieve from

GC

CO infrared analyzer (regardless of



COTrace with

Volume≥ 0.2% Temperature catalytic oxidation of CO

Degree

Light) (2mg / m3Above)

Infrared spectrophotometer (1mg / m

I)

N2Any concentration -- --

SO2Any concentration

2

5700mg / m3

Continuous heating in order to avoid flue gas

The water vapor condensation on the sample

Water system calibration should be excluded

And O2

Non-proliferation of infrared absorption (0 ~

2860mg / m3)Electrochemical membrane proliferation (0 ~ 14300mg / m

Electrolytic titration

Chemical fluorescence (0.2 ~ 35700mg / m

UV pulse fluorescence (≥

NO20

2000mg / m3

Clear water without loss of

NO2Should be used dryer

NOx

NO2

0 ~ 20500

mg / m35 ~ 500

mg / m3--

Chemiluminescence (0.1 ~ 13390mg / m

(0.1

205400mg / m3)Nitrogen oxides analyzer (0 ~ 8mg / m

Electrochemical membrane proliferation (0 ~ 6695mg / m

Non-Proliferation of ultraviolet absorption (0 ~

4100mg / m3)

H2S0 ~ 7590

mg / m3

3

1500

mg / m3--

Electrolytic titration

Electrochemical membrane proliferation (0 ~ 7590mg / m

Flame photometric gas chromatography (0 ~

150mg / m3)Infrared absorption of non

H2 -- " -- Chromatography

Page 23

CH4 --0.02%

(Volume)-- Chromatography

Continued Table 16

The measurement method can be used and the accuracy of

Accuracy Hand Analysis AccuracyPreparationNote

± (2% ~ 5%)

± (1.5% ~ 3%)Ostwald Analyzer

When using instrumental analysis, should the trial

And testing before the start of the process from time to time with the Austrian's

Analyzer calibration

± (0.5% ~ 3%)

± (1.5% ~ 3.0%)

(Including the measuring system error

Poor) Most of the power plant alkaline wet dust collector



± (0.5% ~ 3%)

± 3%Ostwald Analyzer

Poor) Most of the power plant alkaline wet dust collector

Easily absorb the liquid CO2

± 3%± 0.5%

All flue gas analyzer

Inspection trachea (20 ~

1000mg / m3)

± 0.02%

(Volume)

To estimate the higher CO

Using chromatography and other instruments determined.

Frederick trachea, see "source of pollution integrated monitoring

Analysis Method "(1982)

-- -- --First we measured on a variety of gas content

After the derived N2Content

1% ~ 2.0%

± 2.0%± 0.5%

Iodometric method (140 ~

5700mg / m3) Hydrochloric acid, DeputyRose aniline colorimetric

(2 ~ 150mg / m3)

--

Practice of using flame photometric determination of flue gas

The total sulfide, and coupled with gas chromatography

Distinguish them.

Two kinds of manual analysis, see "source of pollution Commission

A monitoring and analysis methods "(1982)

Two acid phenol method (rapid

Law)

(Applicable to concentrations of 20 ~

2000mg / m3)

--± 0.5%

± 2.0%± 1.0%

± 1.0% Naphthyl ethylamine hydrochloride colorimetry

(5 ~ 500mg / m3)--

5mm Ⅱ± 1%

± 2%

± (1% ~ 2%)

Iodometric method (3 ~

120mg / m3)Methylene blue colorimetric method

(10 ~ 1500mg / m3)

--

Manual analysis methods, see "source of pollution Unity

Monitoring and Analysis Method "

-- All flue gas analyzer

-- --± 0.02% (volume) Coal-fired boilers do not need to measure

5.8 Sampling and analysis of ash


5.8.1.1 ash within the meaning of this section, means the slag and fly ash. Fire-bed

furnace slag, which also includes the leakage of coal; with the flue gas into the smokeRoad fuel ash collectively referred to as fly ash, and in the filter set before the flue dust hopper to collect the fly ash is called settlement gray.

5.8.1.2 Where available, should be accurately weighed all the ash discharged from the unit volume, or volume of the laws or can be ash, slag balance method To estimate the amount of any pending ash, or by agreement of the ash ratio calculated.

5.8.1.3 Fly Ash back to the combustion system, with units of the system should be based on the specific layout of the selected sampling points and determine the gray balance ratioRate.

5.8.2 slag collection, weighing and sampling

5.8.2.1 of the fire bed furnace slag to collect the start and end time should be required to consider the slag journey time lag. 5.8.2.2 use by qualified calibration scales for weighing, while samples sent to laboratory analysis determined the carbon content. 5.8.2.3 Sample volume according to the following provisions:

a. Fire-bed furnace: In order to test the total slag volume during the 1 / 20, and not less than 100kg;

b. Fire chamber furnace: The total sample volume of visual furnace structure, slag method may be, but generally not less than 2kg.



5.8.2.4 Sampling shall be continuous throughout the trial period or other time intervals in

order to ensure the representativeness of the sample. Sampling time can be Determined depending on the specific method, but the sampling frequency should be no less than 10 times.

5.8.2.5 Slag sampling devices depending on the different bottom structures and slag from the slag in a continuous stream access, or on a regular basis from the slag tank (pool, the Big Dipper) Within the dig, but at this time should pay particular attention to ensure a representative sample, each sample volume should be the same.

5.8.2.6 All samples were broken to a particle size less than 25mm, the full mix, according to criss and cross (GB474) shrink made from two different 7.5kg Samples, such as samples of all the samples of less than 15kg will be broken to 3mm below the full mix, made of two of 0.5kg of

样品. Preparation of samples according to "Test Method for Thermal Power Plant Fuel" (1984 version), the RS5.8.2.7 reduction system for the two samples, one sent to laboratories for analysis, and the other retained until all test results have been reviewed Recognized until the. When the need for gray balance should be weighed at the same time sampling, and should prevent loss of water samples.

Weighing knot

Beam system as soon as the reduction and analysis.

5.8.3 Leakage of coal for the collection, weighing and sampling

During the test-bed furnace should collect all the leakage of coal, and weighing. Weighing and sampling in accordance with section 5.8.2 of the relevant provisions of the samples takenThe volume of not less than 2kg, broken to the particle size of less than 3mm, produced after mixing the two samples of 1kg.

5.8.4 Settlement ash collection and sampling

5.8.4.1 Fly ash sampling location must be collected before the settlement of the ash-like dust hopper. 5.8.4.2 can be used throughout the trial period of several fixed sampling is controlled by a

set of gray ash bucket, or drop tube in a row to collect ash deposition. Common Shen Falling ash collector see appendix O (supplement items).

5.8.5 Fly ash sampling

5.8.5.1 the location of sampling fly ash is generally in the right rear part of the flue, as far as possible in the vertical flue gas flow stability Department, and the Sample cut-off in front straight after the paragraph should be appropriate.

If possible, should be located in the mouth of the flue on the economizer. 5.8.5.2 Sampling should be representative.

a. the acceptance tests on the boiler: The grid method (see Appendix H) to conduct multi

b. Other test: the test can be passed before the initial measurements to determine the sampling points, sample representative point and its location (see Appendix

H).

5.8.5.3 Fly ash sample representative points should meet the following requirements:

a. Flue width of 4 ~ 10m should be in the left and right sides arranged two measuring points;

b. Flue width of more than 10m should be evenly arranged 3 to 4 measuring points;

c. split flue, inside each flue shall be by a, b provides layout measuring point.

5.8.5.4 Acceptance Test for the boiler should be sampled point by point throughout the trial period, and each operating conditions should be at least according to the order of the grid Sampling cycle twice in order to obtain at least two parallel samples of fly ash.

For general testing, the use of a fixed sampling equipment Home should be a continuous sampling throughout the trial period.

5.8.5.5 Sampling Device

Acceptance test should be used isokinetic ash sampling devices; general test, the cyclone can be used by the calibration sub



Acceptance test should be used isokinetic ash sampling devices; general test, the cyclone can be used by the calibration sub

Sampling prior to sampling tubes and devices should be eliminated within the ash deposit.

5.8.5.6 sampling system should maintain a good seal, exposed to the flue pipe and fly ash sampling outside the collector should be taken to increase insulation, or Hot means to prevent moisture condensation.

5.8.6 Analysis of ash

5.8.6.1 Quantitative Analysis of the light ash moisture RS-4-2 requirements.

5.8.6.2 Determination of ash combustible according to RS-26-1 requirements.

5.8.6.3 ash heat can be measured by oxygen bomb can also be used in ashes burning law or determination of carbon, hydrogen content was calculated. 6 Thermal Efficiency Calculation

6.1 General description

6.1.1 The calculation of the boiler thermal efficiency of the boiler equipment, heat input and output of the heat loss of heat and energy balance basis. This calculation applies only to the provisions of article 4.1.1 of the energy balance system boundary.

Page 25

6.1.2 For solid and liquid fuels, the amount of fuel per kilogram as the basis for calculation; for the gas fuel to each of the standard Li - Meters calculated on the basis of fuel volume.

6.1.3 use of application-based fuel components calculated.

6.1.3.1 Solid Fuel

In accordance with this standard provisions of Article 5.6 of the composition analysis of coal, fuel substrate conversion factors shown in Table 17.

Table 17

Desire fuel matrixKnown fuel

Material matrix Application-based Analysis of the base Dry base Combustible Base

Application-based 1y

f

100

100

W

W

--

--

y100

100

W-- y100

100

W ----

Analysis of the basef

y

100

100

W

W

--

--1

f100

100

W-- f100

100

W ----

Dry base

100

100 yW--

100

100 fW--1

g100

100

A--

Combustible Base

100

100 yy WW ----

100

100 ff AW ----

100

100 gA--1

Calorific value of fuel, such as type of conversion formula (11):



Calorific value of fuel, such as type of conversion formula (11):

)WH9 (12.25--100

100yy

f

yfGW

yDM

+----

×=

W

WQQ

= -- +Q H WDMy y y25129. ( )

= +--

--( . ) .Q WW

WW

DMy f

y

fy

100 --2512

1002512

6.1.3.2 Liquid Fuel

Liquid fuel conversion matrix of the same section 6.1.3.1.

6.1.3.3 Gas Fuel

Of fuel gas composition according to the provisions of Article 4.6 of this standard measurement.

Gas calorific value according to equation (12) Calculations: Q Q

DM.qy

2 q m niH CO CH= + +10798 12636

2. . ( )Σ

Where: QDM.qy

- Gaseous fuel calorific value, kJ / m3;

H2, CO, CH

m n- Gaseous fuel in the corresponding volume of the combustible gas composition percentage content,%;

Qq- Hydrocarbons low heat, see Appendix C (Supplementary items) Table C2, kJ / m3.

6.1.3.4 mixed fuel

On a variety of fuel-fired boilers should be a variety of fuel consumption were measured and their elemental analysis value, industry analysis values and low

Bit heat. Calculation of boiler efficiency of various fuels according to the share of total fuel consumption calculated on the basis of the weighted average, cases ofSuch as:

Page 26

QBQ

b i ii

n

iDMy DM

y

DMy=

��

��

= ΣΣ ( )( )



Q

B

b

Q

i i

ii

n ii

iDMy DM

DMy=

�

��

�

��

=

=

=ΣΣ ( )

1

1

Where: Bi- Some kind of fuel consumption, kg / h, m3/ h;

( )QiDM

y - The application of a fuel-based low heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

bi- Some sort of fuel consumption share of the total fuel consumption.

bB

Bi

i

ii

n=

=

Σ

1

QDMy - Application of hybrid fuel-based low heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3.

The elemental analysis values of mixed fuel and industrial analysis values can be calculated according to the same principles.

When mixed with coal or oil-fired boiler burning gas fuel, fuel gas composition must first translated into various types according to the following to apply the matrix

Expressed as a percentage of the amount of elemental composition, and then equation (13) the principle of calculating the value of mixing fuel and industrial analysis of elemental analysis values:

)]H(CO+CO[54.0

nm2qm

yq

CmC Σ+=ρ

)]H(S)H+H (2 [045.0

nm22qn

yq

CnH Σ+=ρ

O CO +2 (CO Oqy

qn2 2

= +0715.[ )]ρ

SH43.1

S2

qn

yq ρ

=

N Nqy

qn2

= 125.

ρ

Aqy

qnb

= 01.

ρµ

Wqy

qn2

HO= 08.

ρ

Where: CO, CO2, H

2, H

2S, N 2, O

2, H

2O, C mHn- Respectively, the corresponding gas volume of each component

Content percentage,%;

Hyq, y

q, y

q, y

q, y

q, y

q- Were converted gas composition of each element corresponding



Hyq, O

yq, S

yq, N

yq, A

yq, W

yq- Were converted gas composition of each element corresponding

The quality of the application of the base percentage,%;

µh- Gaseous fuel containing ash concentration, g / m3, According to measured;

Page 27

ρqn- Standard state gas density, kg / m

ρqnAccording to equation (21) Calculations:

ρ

µqm 2

m n2

2 2 2 2h

CO + 0.0009HCH

100HS

+0.0196 CO N O HO +1000

= + + +

+ + +

00125 054 0045 00152

00125 00143 0008

. (. . ) .

. . .

Σ m n

6.1.4 This calculation is based on input - output heat method and heat loss test method to determine the actual operating conditions of boiler gross efficiency Rate. When you need to ensure efficiency and design efficiency or when comparing the methods described in Chapter 7 should be some type of physical heat and thermalLoss of the amendment.

6.2 Input - output heat thermal efficiency calculation method

According to equation (22) Calculations:

η = ×Q

Q1 100

r

Where:η

- Boiler thermal efficiency,%;

Q1- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel boiler output of heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Qr- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel boiler heat input, kJ / kg, kJ / m3.

6.2.1 Heat Input


QQ Q Q Qr DM

yrx w1 wh

= + + +

Where: Qr- Heat Input, kJ / kg, kJ / m 3;

QDMy - Fuel Applications based low heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;



DM- Fuel Applications based low heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m;

Qrx- The fuel of physical sensible heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Qw1- When using turbine extraction, or other external source of heat heating boiler air heater into the air, the heat within the system,

kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Qwh- Fuel atomization steam into the boiler heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3.

6.2.1.1 Physical sensible heat of fuel


Q ct trx r r o

= --( )

Where: Qrx- The fuel of physical sensible heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

to- Base temperature, �;

cr - Fuel specific heat, see Appendix D (Supplement), kJ / (kg · K), kJ / (m3· K);

Page 28

tr - Fuel temperature, �.

When the solid fuel temperature is below 0 �, the input energy should also be deducted according to formula (25) calculated with the heat Q thawing

kJ / kg.

Q W WW

Wjcly f

y

f100 --

= ----

335100

. ( )

Fuel specific heat according to formula (26) Calculations:

ct t

jclr.yo o= +

+

17,380,0032

. . ( )

c



Where: cr.yo- Fuel specific heat, kJ / (kg · K);

tr.yo- Fuel temperature, �.

Gas Heat by type (27) Calculations:

crq 2 2 2 4

2 2 2 m n

CO + H O N CH

CO HS + HO) + 2.094 CH

= + + +

+ +

1

1001298 1591[. ( ) . (

]Σ

Where: crq- Gas heat, kJ / (m 3· K).

6.2.1.2 external heat source heated air into the heat

According to equation (28) or type (29), type (30) Calculations:

QV

Bct c t

p pwlSF

kk koo= '' --[ ()]

OrQ h h

wl ky ko

ko

o= ' '--β [() ()]

OrQ

D

Bh h

wlml

QR QR= '-''( )

Where:wl

D - External heat source refrigerant flow rate, kg / h, m3/ h;

Qwl- External heat source heated air into the heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

B - Boiler fuel consumption, kg / h, m3/ h;

VSF- Air flow into the air heater, m3/ h;

c 'pk- Air preheater inlet temperature of the air under the constant pressure specific heat, check Appendix C, kJ / (m3· K);

cpko- Reference temperature of air constant pressure specific heat, check Appendix C, kJ / (m3· K);

Page 29



t 'k- Air preheater inlet air temperature, �;

β 'ky- Air preheater inlet air volume and air volume theory of ratio;

hko, ()h

ko

o- Namely preheated air inlet enthalpy of the benchmark theory, the theoretical temperature of the air enthalpy, kJ / m3;

'HQR,

''HQR- Air heater inlet and outlet heating working fluid enthalpy, kJ / m3.

6.2.1.3 fuel atomization steam into the heat of


])[obqwh

whwh

hhB

DQ --'=

Where: Qwh

- Spray steam into the heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Dwh- The amount of atomizing steam, kg / h;

hwh- Atomized steam parameters at the entrance, the enthalpy, kJ / kg;

(Hbq)o- Base temperature, the enthalpy of saturated steam, kJ / kg.

6.2.2 Output heat


QB

D h h D h h

D h h D h h D h h

1

1= -- + ' ''- '

+ ''-- + -- + --

[ ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )]

gq gq gs zd zd zq

zj zq zj bg qs ps bs gsbq

Where: Q1- Output of heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Dgq- Main Steam Flow, kg / h;

hgq- Main steam enthalpy, kJ / kg;

hgs- Water enthalpy, kJ / kg;

'Dzq- The entrance reheater steam flow, kg / h;

'Hzq, h "

zq- Respectively, reheater inlet and outlet steam enthalpy, kJ / kg;

Dzj- Reheater by warm water flow rate, kg / h;



zj- Reheater by warm water flow rate, kg / h;

hzj- Warm water reheater by enthalpy, kJ / kg;

Dbq- Out of the amount of saturated steam, kg / h;

hbs,

hbq- Respectively, saturated water and saturated steam enthalpy, kJ / kg;

Dps- Sewage water flow, kg / h.

Page 30

Type (32) applies to a re-heat, in order to reduce water temperature as a spray unit.

For multi-reheat units, should join the rest of Reheater at all levels to absorb heat.

6.3 The thermal efficiency of heat loss calculation method

Boiler thermal efficiency of heat loss method according to formula (33) Calculations:

η = --+ + + +

×100 1002 3 4 5 6Q Q Q Q Q

Qr

= -- + +1002 3 4 5 6

( )q q q q q

Where: η - boiler thermal efficiency,%;

Q2- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel exhaust heat loss, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q3- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel incomplete combustion of combustible gas heat loss, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q4- Per kg (standard cubic meters) incomplete combustion of solid fuels, heat loss, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q5- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel in the boiler heat loss heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q6- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of fuel ash physical sensible heat loss of heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

q2- Exhaust heat loss rate,%;

q3- Combustible gas heat loss percentage of incomplete combustion,%;

q4- Solid heat loss percentage of incomplete combustion,%;

q5- Boiler heat loss rate,%;

q6- Ash percentage of the physical heat loss,%.

6.3.1



6.3.1 exhaust heat loss

Boiler exhaust heat loss for the last stage after the discharged flue gas heat exchanger sensible heat taken away by the physical percentage of total input energy, according to type

(34) and type (35) Calculations:

100

r

22

×=

Q

Qq

Q Q Q2 2

= +2gy HO2

Where: q2- Exhaust heat loss,%;

Q2gy- Dry flue gas heat away, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q2- Smoke away the heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

Q2HO2 - Sensible heat of water vapor contained in flue gas, kJ / kg, kJ / m3.

6.3.1.1 Dry heat from flue gas away


Q V c tp2

gygy gy py o

= --.

( )θ

Where: Q2gy- Dry flue gas heat away, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

θpy- Flue gas temperature, �;

cp. gy- Dry flue gas from t

oTo θ

pyThe average constant pressure specific heat, kJ / (m3· K).

Page 31

Under normal circumstances, could be replaced by dry flue gas from 0 � toθ

pyThe average constant pressure specific heat, kJ / (m3· K). When the flue gas is known asTime-sharing, according to equation (37) Calculations:

c c cO

c cp p p p p. . . . .gy co

2o N co2 2 2

RO

100

CO

100

= + + +2100



2

Approximate calculation by equation (38):

c c cp p p. . .

( )

gy co2

N2

2 2

RO

100

RO= +--100

100

Where:cp. HO2 , *

cp. HO2 , c

p. O2, Cp*CO

- Respectively, N2, CO

2, O

2And CO, the average constant pressure specific heat, can be

Appendix C (Supplementary items) Table C1 in the flue gas temperature check by check, in which RO2+ O2+ N2+ CO = 100%, in the

θpy= 0500

Can also Appendix C (additional cases) formula, kJ / (m3· K);

Vgy- Per kg (standard cubic meters) of dry flue gas generated from fuel combustion

Volume, m3/ kg, m 3/ m.

Of solid and liquid fuels:

V V a Vgy gy

ocpy gk

oc= + --() ( ) ()1

Where: ()Vgkoc

- By application of the base fuel components, by the actual burning out the theory of combustion of carbon calculated the amount of dry flue gas, m

() ..

. () .VC

Vgyoc r

y y

gkoc

yS

100

N

100

= --+

+ +18660375

079 08

Where: Cyr- Fuel use the actual burning of carbon-based quality of content in percentage,%.

C CAC

ry y

y= --

100

Where: C y, Ay- Were applied for fuel quality and content of carbon and ash percentage,%;

C - The average carbon content of ash and coal ash volume ratio,%.

Ca a a a=

--+ + +

--lz lz

lzc

fh fhc

fhc

cjh cjhc

cjhc

im imc

imc

C

C

C

100-C

C

100-C

C

C100 100

Where: alz

, Afh

, Acjh

, Alm

- Respectively, slag, fly ash, sedimentation ash, leaking coal ash ash accounts for the total amount of coal quality

Content percentage (see Section 6.3.3),%;

Cclz, C c

fh, C c

cjh, C c

lm- Respectively, slag, fly ash, sedimentation ash, coal carbon leakage (see Section 6.3.3),%;

()Vgkoc

- By application of the base fuel components, by the actual burning out of carbon required for the calculation of the theoretical combustion

Dry air volume, m3 /kg.

() . ( . ) . .Vgkoc

ry y y yC S H O= + + --0089 0375 0265 00333



gk r

Page 32

On gas fuels:

ogk

spy

ogkgy

) 1( VVV --+= α

V Vmgyo 2

y y2

ym n

y

gk0 2

yCO CO HS CH

100

N

100

=+ + +

+ +Σ

079.

Where: Vogy

- Application-based fuel composition according to the calculation of the theoretical combustion dry flue gas volume, m3/ m3;

Vogk

- By application of the theoretical calculation of the base composition the amount of dry air, m3/ m3.

]OHC)4

(SH5.1H5.0CO5.0 [21

1y2

ynm

y2

y2

yogk

--+Σ+++= nmV

αpy

- Measured exhaust excess air coefficient, according to equation (47) calculated

apy

2 4 2O CH CO-0.5H

=-- -- --

21

21 2 05( . )

Where: O2, CH

4, CO, H

2- Respectively, dry flue gas exhaust of oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen content in the volume

Percentage,%;

RO2- Dry flue gas exhaust gas volume content of three-atom percentage,%;

m, n - the number of atoms in saturated hydrocarbons.

6.3.1.2 flue gas containing water vapor sensible heat


Q V c tp2

HOHO HO py o

22 2

= --.

( )θ

Where: QH2O2- Water vapor contained in flue gas heat, kJ / kg, kJ / m3;

cp. HO2 - Steam from thetoTo

θpyThe average temperature between the constant pressure specific heat, under normal circumstances, could be replaced by water vapor

From 0 � to θpy

The average constant pressure specific heat, obtained by the Appendix C, Zha, kJ / (m3· K);

VHO2 - Water vapor contained in flue gas volume, m3/ m3.



VHO2 Including:

a. hydrogen fuel combustion water vapor;

b. evaporation of fuel in the formation of water vapor;

c. in the air of moisture into water vapor;

d. fuel atomization, etc. into the atmosphere.

VHO2 According to equation (49) Calculations:

])(293.1100

H9[24.1 wh

2 kc

gkpy

4

OH B

DdVa

WV o

y++

+=

On gas fuels:

Vm d aV d

HO 2y

2y

m ny q gk

ok

2H HS CH

0.804 0.804

= + + + +1

100 2

1293[ ]

.

Page 33

Where: dq- Gas fuel moisture for dry gas per standard cubic meter of water vapor containing a few kilograms, kg / m

dk- The air absolute humidity, kg / kg (dry air), by Appendix G (Supplement) in wet air line rendering direct

Richard, also according to equation (51) obtained,

obact

ob

k)(

100

)(100622.0

pp

p

d φ

φ

--

=

Where: φ - by dry and wet bulb temperature thorough investigation of the air relative humidity,%;

pact- Local atmospheric pressure, Pa;

(Pb)o- In t

oTemperature of the water vapor saturation pressure, Pa, in the range of 0 ~ 50

p t t

t t

b o o2

o3

o4

= + +

+ × + ×-- --

6117927427809 16883

1207910 61637102 4

. . .

. .

6.3.2 Combustible Gas incomplete combustion heat loss

The heat loss from the exhaust of the products of incomplete combustion (CO, H2, CH

4And C

mHn) Content decisions, refers to those



The heat loss from the exhaust of the products of incomplete combustion (CO, H2, CH

4And C

mHn) Content decisions, refers to those

Combustible gas composition does not release its heat of combustion heat loss caused by the percentage of total heat input, according to equation (53) Calculations:

qQ

V3

112636 10798 59079 100= + + ×

rgy 4 2 m n

CO +358.18 CH H CH( . . . )

Where: q3- Chemical incomplete combustion heat loss,%.

6.3.3 Heat loss incomplete combustion of solid

Coal-fired boiler incomplete combustion of solid heat loss, that is, combustible ash resulting from heat loss and medium

Sub-coal heat loss percentage of total heat input.

On the fire bed furnace:

r

y

4

27.337

Q

CAq =

Chamber furnace of fire:

qAC

Qq

4

33727= +. y

r4sz

Where: q4- Solid incomplete combustion heat loss,%;

qs z4- Medium-Speed Pulverizer coal pebbles discharged heat loss,%.

qBQ

BQ4sz SZ DW

sz

r

= × 100

Where: Bsz

- Medium-speed coal mill waste stones of coal, kg / h;

QszDW

- Stones measured calorific value of coal, kJ / kg.

Of oil-fired boiler is generally very little ash, would be negligible, if the need to calculate, its incomplete combustion of solid heat loss


qQ

V4

33727= .

rgy

µ

Where: µ - boiler exhaust carbon concentration, g / m3.

Page 34



6.3.4 heat loss

Boiler heat loss q5, Means the boiler furnace walls, metal structures and within the framework of the boiler pipe (duct smoke and steam, water pipe joint

Boxes, etc.) to the surrounding environment, the heat dissipation of the percentage of the total input energy.

Heat loss value of the size of the negative heat boiler unit Charge on. Rated under the boiler in the heat loss of evaporation according to Appendix F (additional cases) Richard.

When the boiler in the other evaporation

Run-time, q5According to equation (58) Calculations:

q qD

D5=

5e

e

Where: q5- Heat loss,%;

qe5- Rated evaporation under the heat loss,% 〔according to Appendix F (additional cases)

De- Boiler rated evaporation, t / h;

D - determination of boiler efficiency when the actual evaporation, t / h.

6.3.5 Physical heat loss ash

Ash physical heat loss, namely, slag, fly ash and the ash deposition taken when the emission of boiler equipment sensible heat of the 100 total Heat Input

Fraction, according to equation (59) Calculations:

]c -100

)(

--100

)(

c -100

)([

100 ccjh

cjhocjhcjhcfh

fhopyfhclz

lgolglz

r

y

6

ctta

c

ctactta

Q

Aq

--+

--+

--=

θ

Where: q6- Ash physical heat loss,%;

tlz- Slag discharged from the furnace temperature, �.

When not directly measured, the solid slag pulverized coal desirable 800

排渣火室炉可取t lz=t3+100�(t 3为煤灰的熔化温度，�)，也可取用事先协商一致的数据。tcjh ——由烟道排出之沉降灰温度，可取为沉降灰斗上部空间的烟气温度

clz、cfh、ccjh——分别为炉渣、飞灰及沉降灰的比热，按附录C(补充件)查取,kJ/(kg

当燃煤的折算灰分小于10%(即A

azs

y

DMyQ

= "418710%

)时，固态排渣火室炉可忽略炉渣的物理热损失；火床炉及液态排渣炉、旋风炉可忽略飞灰的物理热损失。

对燃油及燃气锅炉：q6= 0

6.4简化热效率计算热效率的计算可按具体条件对下列各项全部或部分简化：a.将燃料的低位发热量作为输入热量；b.忽略输入物理热及雾化蒸汽带入的热量；c.排烟热损失计算中忽略雾化蒸汽及燃料中氮引起的热损失，并取

干烟气比c p*gy=1.38kJ/(m3・K)，水蒸气比热cp cp . . .HO3

2kJ / (m K)= 151 ，空气绝对

dk=0.01kg/kg(干空气)；

d.过量空气系数计算公式采用apy

2O=

--21

21



d.过量空气系数计算公式采用 py2O--21

e.煤粉炉忽略气体未完全燃烧热损失；f.忽略磨煤机排出石子煤的热损失；g.除液态排渣炉外，可忽略灰渣物理显热损失。

7换算到保证条件下的热效率锅炉试验期间，要求基准空气温度、外部预热的燃烧空气温度、给水温度、再热

Page 35

蒸汽温度及燃料特性(主要为QyDW与W y)等初始条件都符合规定的要求(如设计值或保

当它们与规定值有偏差时，试验所得的锅炉热效率应换算到设计参数下的热效率。由于结构型式众多，不可能对这种换算提出一套通用的曲线或公式，因此，锅炉制造厂应为其生产的锅炉提供这种修正曲线等资料，并得到有关各方事先认可。

如果试验所用燃料特性在预先约定的变化范围内，可以不进行由于燃料特性变化率的修正。当超出这一变化范围而在协商一致的基础上，也可按第7.2.4 条对燃料特性的化进行修正。

在上述各项修正中，以基准空气温度和给水温度偏差的修正最为主要，在有关各方事先协商一致的情况下，可按下述原则进行热效率的修正。7.1输入热量的修正7.1.1将保证的进风温度替代燃料物理热及雾化蒸汽带入锅炉热量公式中的试验基准温度。 7.1.2当以暖风器进风量计算外来热源加热空气带入锅炉热量时，在公式中以保证的进风温度代替试验基准温度。7.2热损失的修正7.2.1进风温度偏差的换算

进风温度与保证温度的偏差，主要影响排烟热损失和灰渣物理显热损失，除了将的输入热量代替试验时的输入热量之外，还应进行如下各项换算。7.2.1.1对电站锅炉中最常见的不带暖风器的送风系统，在排烟热损失及灰渣物理热损失的计算中，除了以保证的进风温度替代试验基准温度外，还应对排烟温度进行换算，计如式(60)：

)(

)()(

oky

opykypykybob

py t

tt

--'

--'+--'=

θ

θθθθθ

式中：θ b ——换算到保证进口空气温度时的排烟温度，�；



式中：θ bpy——换算到保证进口空气温度时的排烟温度，�；

tbo——保证的进口空气温度，�；to——实测基准温度，�；'θky——空气预热器进口实测烟气温度(如双级交错布置时，为低温级空气预热

�；θ

py——实测排烟温度，�。

将保证的进口空气温度tob及换算后的排烟温度

θpyb

和输入热量，分别替代热损失计

式中的 toAndθ

py，即可求得修正后的热损失值。

7.2.1.2当锅炉带有暖风器并投入使用时，锅炉主空气预热器进口空气温度 t ' k高于送风

口的进风温度 to，此时有如下情况：

a.当进风温度 to 发生变化，而暖风器出口的空气加热温度t ' ky保持设计值不变时，排

温度不变，热损失的修正只需将实测值 to代之以保证值tob，并重新计算 Q

w1.

b.当进风温度 boo

tt = ，而暖风器的加热空气温度t ' k发生变更，则排烟温度将因t '

k的改

Page 36

而随之改变。排烟温度可按式(60)求得，但式中 to应代之以实测的暖风器出口风温t ' k,

Thetob代之以暖风器出口风温的设计值 t '

kb，用求得的

θpyb

代替实测的θ

py.

对输入热量中的Q

w1也作相应的修正，即可算出修正后的热损失。

c.当进风温度及暖风器的加热温度都与设计值不同时，除了修正输入热量中的Qw1

θ θ



外，还应以tob替代 to，并像b 项中所述那样用求得的

θpyb

代替θ

py，从而求得换算后的失。7.2.2给水温度偏差的换算

给水温度与设计值的偏差所引起排烟温度的变化可按式(61)进行计算(当偏差值小于�时，可不进行该项修正)：

θ θθ θ

θ

θ

θpyb

pysm sm

sm gs

py k

ky kgsb

gs= +

′ − ′′

′ −

− ′

′ − ′--[ ] [ ]( )

t

t

tt t

Where:θ

pyb

——换算到设计给水温度时的排烟温度，�；

θpy——实测排烟温度，�；

'θsm,

′′θsm——省煤器进、出口烟气实测温度(如双级交错布置时为低温级省煤器)，�

'θky,

′ tk——空气预热器进口实测烟气和空气温度(如双级交错布置时为低温级空气

器)，�；

tgs——实测给水温度，�；

tgsb

——设计给水温度，�。

将所得的θ

pyb

代替热损失计算公式中的θ

py，即可算得修正后的热损失。

7.2.3进风温度和给水温度都偏离设计值时的修正当进风温度和给水温度都偏离设计值时，可以先按第7.2.1 条进行进风温度偏差的修正，

再按第7.2.2 条进行给水温度偏差的修正。7.2.4修正后的热损失值

将燃料中各组分及低位发热量的设计值替代排烟热损失计算有关公式中的试验值求得修正后的该项热损失值。7.3锅炉热效率的修正

用经修正后的输入热量及热损失，由式(22)与式(33)计算所得的锅炉热效率，就是到保证条件下的热效率，可以和热效率的保证值(或设计值)相比较。8锅炉净效率

锅炉机组的净效率是考虑了锅炉自身需用的热耗和电耗后的效率，可由式(62)计



100

29310zyr

rj

×

Σ+Σ+

=

PB

bQQ

Qηη

Where:η

——锅炉毛效率，也即第6.2 条中所提的热效率，%；

Σ Qzy——锅炉自用热耗，系指蒸汽驱动辅助设备和吹灰等所用外来蒸汽热耗，kJ/kg

kJ / m3;

Σ P——锅炉设备制粉系统、送风机、引风机、烟气再循环风机、强制循环泵、除渣及

除灰系统、电除尘器等辅助机械电动机的实际功率, kW；b——电厂发电标准煤耗，kg/(kW・h)；B——燃料消耗量，kg/h、m3/h；

Qr——锅炉输入热量，kJ/kg、kJ/m3.

9锅炉蒸发量、蒸汽参数及其他运行特性试验9.1锅炉蒸发量、蒸汽压力与温度9.1.1锅炉验收试验中，测定锅炉蒸发量、蒸汽压力与温度可在锅炉热效率试验及其他有关的性能试验中同时进行。测定时间应不少于2h。9.1.2锅炉蒸发量及再热蒸汽、减温喷水流量的测定见第5.4 条。 9.1.3蒸汽温度及给水、喷水温度的测量见第5.2 条。 9.1.4蒸汽压力测量见第5.3 条。 9.1.5应同时在试验中测取和记录其他各热力参数，详见本标准第5 章。 9.1.6除在额定蒸发量下进行的两次有效测定外，还应在70%额定蒸发量下对有关保证参数进行测定。9.2锅炉最大连续蒸发量9.2.1测定目的是为了检验锅炉机组设计(或保证)最大连续蒸发量。 9.2.2试验中应监测的内容：

a.锅炉蒸发量、蒸汽压力与温度；b.炉水和蒸汽品质；c.汽水系统的安全性；d.调温装置运行适应性；e.受热面的沾污情况与金属壁温；f.锅炉各辅机、热力系统及自控装置的适应能力等。



f.锅炉各辅机、热力系统及自控装置的适应能力等。试验过程中，还应严密监测锅炉其他运行参数。

9.2.3试验时间应保持2h 以上。 9.2.4所测得的最大蒸发量数值应对测试误差及蒸汽与给水参数偏离设计的焓值进行修正。 9.3最低稳定燃烧负荷试验和液态排渣临界负荷试验9.3.1试验目的为确定固态排渣煤粉锅炉不投油或气体燃料助燃而能够长期稳定燃烧所能达到的最低负荷，或液态排渣炉稳定流渣的临界负荷。9.3.2应确保安全。试验前，需检查和确认火焰监测系统和灭火保护装置的性能良好，并有快速投入助燃燃料及将负荷转给其他锅炉等措施。9.3.3试验应以3%～10%额定负荷的幅度逐级降低锅炉负荷，并在每级负荷下保持15

～ 30min，直至燃烧稳定的最低负荷(按协议或至锅炉的保证最低稳定燃烧负荷)。液态排渣炉的最低稳定燃烧负荷通常低于液态排渣临界负荷，在逐级降低锅炉负

Page 38

每级负荷下至少保持稳定30min 以上。9.3.4在降负荷过程中应密切监测炉膛内燃料着火情况、炉膛负压及过量空气系数。在每级试验时，均需观测和记录各主要运行参数。试验中的给水温度应和设计值相近，最低烧负荷下的试验持续时间不少于2h。9.4汽、水品质9.4.1锅炉试验中需要进行汽、水品质试验的场合

a.锅炉验收试验；b.锅炉水循环系统或汽水分离系统改变时；c.锅炉运行方式改变(如由带基本负荷变为带冲击负荷或调峰)；d.锅炉补给水处理方式改变或给水质量明显恶化时；e.发现过热器或汽轮机通流部分严重积盐时。

9.4.2水、汽取样9.4.2.1为了使取出的水、汽样品具有代表性，水、汽取样应遵循SS—2—1 中的规定。 9.4.2.2水、汽取样位置及推荐采用的取样装置见表18。

表18

Name

Said取样位置取样装置 PreparationNote



锅水

锅筒正常水位下200 ～

300mm，靠近一次分离元件的排水出口处。分段蒸发的锅炉布置在盐段水室

多孔管式取样管

a.取样管应避开给水分配管和加药管；

b.取样管长度应与锅筒内设分离器区长度相同

给水省煤器前从给水泵后的高压

给水母管上管式取样管

Cleaning

Water

取样器沿溢水通道宽度布置，装在溢水门坎下30mm 处。双侧溢水清洗装置，在前、后溢水通道中各布置一个取样器，样品引出后合并成一根管路

清洗水取样器(斗式)(附录

Q 中Q1)

有蒸汽清洗的高压、超高炉分析清洗装置工况用

饱和蒸汽

应尽量在锅筒刚出口处的饱和蒸汽引出管上取样，取样点不少于三点，并沿锅筒长度均匀布Set

探针式取样器(附录Q 中Q2)

多孔型取样器(附录Q 中Q3)

应等速取样，按90%额定设计取样器；安装时样品入口小管正对汽流，偏角不大于

过热蒸汽

在锅炉出口的集汽联箱或主蒸汽管道上

乳头式取样器(附录Q 中

Q4)

多孔渐缩型取样器(附录Q

中Q5)

应等速取样，按90%额定设计取样器。对引出管设者，要使样品在小孔或缝流速为取样母管中汽流速度的两倍，以此来确定母管直装时要使样品引出端向下°～5°，以利于湿分的疏出。

Page 39

蒸汽清洗装置前乳头式取样器(附录Q 中Q6)

°～5°，以利于湿分的疏出。安装时，取样管入口应正流，偏角不大于5°



Q6)

旋风分离器立式圆型顶帽出I

乳头式取样器(圆环型)(附录Q 中Q7)锅内

蒸汽旋风分离器水平波型板顶帽出口；

清洗装置后、二次分离元件前；

一次分离元件出口

缝隙式取样器(附录Q 中Q8)

缝隙式取样器(附录Q 中Q9)

流，偏角不大于5°

9.4.2.3蒸汽取样器入口要求尖锐且无毛刺，以减小对汽流的干扰。 9.4.2.4水、汽取样装置及引出管均采用不锈钢材料。 9.4.3试验内容与方法9.4.3.1试验准备

a.试验大纲编制参照第4.2.15 条；有关热工仪表的校验见第5.1.4 条；b.根据所采用的汽、水分析方法，准备必要的仪表和药品，如pH 计、pNa 计、分光光

度计、导电仪等；制备无硅水、无钠水，标定标准曲线，检查pNa 电极的线性等；

c.对每个测点进行检查，确认无误后挂好标牌；d.试验前2～3 天，各取样器应投入运行，将取样流量调整到设计范围，冷却水量

到使样品温度为30～40�。

9.4.3.2主要试验内容及试验方法见表19。锅水浓度升高速率见表20，饱和蒸汽和过热蒸汽质量标准见表21�.

� 这句话原文在表19 锅水浓度试验的备注栏。表19

试验内容试验对象与目的试验条件与方法 Preparation

临界With

钠Volume

对以化学软化水作为补充水、且补充水率较大的中压及以下锅炉

Pot

Water

浓Degree

Test

Inspection

临界With

Si

Volume

对以化学除盐水作为补给水的高压及以上锅炉。对压力为中压及以下锅炉可视具体情况而定

在锅炉额定蒸发量和参数下，保持正常水位和燃烧稳定。试验中锅水pH

值保持在9.5～10 之间提高锅水浓度的方法如下：

a.自然浓缩法(关闭排污阀门)；b.向锅水中加药(临界含钠量试验

加磷酸三钠或氯化钠、硫酸钠，临界含硅量试验加硅酸钠)；

c.锅水浓度升高速率按表20。当蒸汽、品质超过表21 所列数值

时，表明锅水浓度已达临界值，此时



立即降低锅水浓度，直至蒸汽品质恢复正常

Page 40

Different

负荷试Inspection

确定锅炉最大允许负荷，了解锅炉负荷与蒸汽品质之关系

保持正常水位，燃烧稳定，将锅炉蒸发量从最低允许值至额定值(或最大连续蒸发量)，由低到高分3～4 点进行试验。各蒸发量下尽量保持锅筒压力一致，且维持2～3h

负荷Special

Of

Test

Inspection

负荷Bo

动试Inspection

对调峰、带中间负荷或冲击负荷的锅炉更有必要进行该项试验

尽量保持锅筒水位稳定，按有关规程规定的负荷变化速率(电厂运行规程)锅炉蒸发量由最低允许值至额定值之间进行波动，并在最低和最高蒸发量处各稳定0.5h

Different

Water

位试Inspection

确定锅炉最高允许水位，了解锅筒水位与蒸汽品质之关系

稳定蒸发量和参数下，并保持燃烧Stable. 从最低和最高允许水位之间由低到高选取3～4 点进行试验。 Each

水位下稳定2～3hWater

Bit

Special

Of

Test

Inspection

Water

Bo

动试Inspection

对调峰及带中间负荷或冲击负荷的锅炉尤为必要进行该项试验

在额定蒸发量、设计参数下进行，保持燃烧稳定。将水位在最低至最高允许值之间来回变化，变化速率按机组特性而定，一般为每分钟10～30mm。在最低和最高水位处各稳定0.5h 锅水含盐量维持在最高允许值的75%～80%

锅水含量维持在最高允许值75%～80%

锅筒压力试验

仅对超高压及以上锅炉进行，为确定锅筒压力与蒸汽选择性携带的关Department

保持某一蒸发量(如80%额定蒸发量)、正常水位、燃烧稳定，锅水pH

值维持在9.5～10.0 之间。选取最大工作压力以下3～4 点(差值为1～1.5MPa)，压力由低到高逐点进行试验，每一压力下稳定2～3h

锅水含量维持在最高允许值75%～80%

额定蒸发量及参数、正常水位、燃烧稳定，试验中逐步增加补充水率，观察蒸汽品质的变化。当蒸汽品质(钠

对于有蒸汽清洗装的锅炉，以蒸



最大补充水率试验

一般仅对给水质量较差的高压及以下锅炉才进行该项试验

观察蒸汽品质的变化。当蒸汽品质(钠和二氧化硅含量)超出表21 数值时，补充水率达到临界值。此时立即降低锅水浓度直至蒸汽品质恢复正常

的锅炉，以蒸汽二氧化硅含量为标确定最大允许的补充水Rate

表20 推荐的锅水浓度增长速度mg/(L・h)

临界含钠量试验临界二氧化硅含量试验分段蒸发盐段单段蒸发高压、超高压亚临界压力

试验时间

150 50 0.04～0.05 0.02～0.03 至蒸汽品质恶

表21 饱和蒸汽和过热蒸汽质量标准钠 µ g / kg

FurnaceTypePressure力

MPa 磷酸盐处理挥发性处理二氧化硅µ g / kg

3.82～5.78 ≤ 15锅筒锅炉

5.88～18.63 ≤10 ≤10 1)

直流锅炉 5.88～18.63 ≤10

≤20

Page 41

注：1)争取标准为钠含量≤5µg/kg。

9.4.3.3试验期间工况记录按表22。表22 年月日

9.4.3.4化学分析项目见表23；化学分析方法按《火力发电厂水汽试验方法》(水电部颁发， 1984 年版)进行。



汽试验方法》(水电部颁发， 1984 年版)进行。表23

注：1)碱度单位毫克当量/L 应改用mmol/L。

9.4.3.5工况记录及化学分析的时间间隔可按具体情况自行规定。 9.5汽水系统阻力和压差9.5.1试验目的为测定下述系统或管组的汽水侧阻力或压差，以便与设计值相比较。

a.锅炉汽水系统整体；b.再热器、过热器、省煤器等部分系统；c.上述a 或b 系统中某一部分管组。

9.5.2汽水系统或管组的压差∆p 为系统或管组进、出口实测静压差，即： ∆p=p′-p″

式中：∆p——汽水系统或管组的压差，Pa；

p′、p″——分别为汽水系统或管组进、出口实测的静压，Pa。9.5.3汽水系统或管组的阻力∆p z(即流动阻力)可根据系统或管组实测进、出口静压差按表24 计算确定。表中，当流体向上流动时，∆p zw前为“-”号；当流体向下流动时，∆p

为“+”号。

Page 42



表24 汽水系统管组阻力计算

Name Said阻力∆ pz

Pa

PreparationNote

直流锅炉本体 ∆ p --

锅炉垂直管组 ∆ p ±∆ pzw

∆ pzw为管道重位

当所测管道重位压差和进、出口动压差与流动阻力相

比很小时

∆ p --直流锅炉辐射区汽水混合物管屏和Pipeline 当管道重位压差和进、出口

动压差较大而不能忽略时∆ p ±∆ p

zw-∆ pd

∆ pd为管道进、出口

Pressure

一般情况下 ∆ p --

过热器对某一过热器部件进行深入分析研究时

∆ p ±∆ pzw- pd --

再热器 p ±∆ pzw-∆ pd --

省煤器及给水管道 ∆ p ±∆ pzw --

9.5.4管组或管道重位压差∆p zw(Pa)用管道(组)进、出口平均压力和实测温度值并按式算：

∆ ∆p Hzm

= 9 807. ρ

式中：∆H——管道进、出口之间高度差，m；ρ

——管道中流体的平均真实密度，kg/m3.

9.5.5管道进、出口动压差∆p d(Pa)按式(65)计算：

∆ pd

= ′′ ′′ − ′ ′1

22 2[() ( ) ]ρ ω ρ ω

式中：ρ′、ρ″——管道进、出口流体密度，kg/m 3;

w′、w″——管道进、出口流体速度，m/s。9.5.6温度、压力以及流量测定按第5.2 条、第5.3、第5.4 条的规定。 9.5.7测定静压时，必须注意对压力指示仪表处与测点之间传压管中液柱重位压差的修正；如采用测定某段管道进、出口静压的方法来确定该管道的压降会带来较大误差时，可采用差压计测定压差值，此时还应对进、出口测定之间由高度差引起的传压管道中重位压差



压计测定压差值，此时还应对进、出口测定之间由高度差引起的传压管道中重位压差正。

9.6空气预热器漏风9.6.1试验目的

试验目的为考核空气预热器漏风性能。

9.6.2空气预热器漏风率的测定与计算9.6.2.1空气预热器漏风率定义为漏入空气预热器烟气侧的空气质量与进入空气预热器的烟气质量之比，见式(66)：

Page 43

Am

m

mm

mLk

y

y y

y

='

× =′′− ′

'×

∆100 100

Where: AL——空气预热器漏风率，%；∆m

k——漏入空气预热器烟气侧的空气质量，kg/kg,kg/m3;

m′ y、m″ y——分别为烟道进、出口处烟气质量，kg/kg,kg/m3.

9.6.2.2空气预热器漏风率的测定见附录K(补充件)。 9.6.3试验及测定9.6.3.1试验应在额定负荷或接近额定负荷下进行。 9.6.3.2应同时用同种类型的分析仪测量相应区段烟道的进、出口烟气成分进行计算。 9.6.3.3测定烟气成分见本标准第5.7 条。 9.6.3.4试验前应稳定锅炉蒸发量及风量，同时记录炉膛负压；试验过程中入炉燃料和空气量应保持不变；抽取样品应保持连续性，有效分析次数不小于5 次。

9.7烟风道静压差9.7.1测定目的为检验额定蒸发量时各段烟风道设计的静压差或检查各段烟风道及有关风门是否有异常情况。

9.7.2采用U 型管压力计和薄膜式压力计测定烟风道静压(见第5.3.3 条)。当就地测量时，采用U 型管压力计；长期监测时(如表盘指示)，一般采用薄膜式压力计。



9.7.3有关测点安装、测点数量以及注意事项见第5.3.3 条。 9.8制粉系统主要特性参数测定9.8.1测定目的

锅炉验收试验中，为评定制粉系统特性以及测定锅炉机组热效率、净效率或进行某些行特性试验提供数据，需对主要特性参数(磨煤机出力、耗电量、通风量和煤粉细度)

Set.

9.8.2主要特性参数定义9.8.2.1磨煤机出力：单位时间内进入磨煤机的煤量，t/h。 9.8.2.2磨煤机耗电量和制粉系统总耗电量：磨煤机耗电量为其电动机输出轴功率P″

kW；制粉系统总耗电量PZF为其范围内所有主要设备(磨煤机、排粉机或一次风机、给密封风机等)驱动电机所消耗的功率之和，即ΣPi,kW。9.8.2.3磨煤机通风量：进入磨煤机用于干燥原煤和输送煤粉的风量，m 3/ h.

9.8.2.4煤粉细度：按规定方法，用标准筛筛分后留在筛上的剩余煤粉质量与所筛分的总煤粉质量之比，以R x，%表示。

注：x 为筛网孔径，µm。

9.8.3磨煤机出力测定9.8.3.1采用称量进入磨煤机的给煤量。对于中速磨煤机，还应同时称量石子煤量(相应于给煤量)。

9.8.3.2称量时采用的方法随磨煤机型式及有无计量装置的不同，一般有下列几种： a.自动称量法，即利用磨煤机系统中独用的自动磅秤，每次卸空后应对自动磅秤

验和检查零位；

Page 44

b.给煤机特性法，用经标定过的给煤机的给煤量特性来测定给煤量，同时需测定煤的堆积密度。当精度能满足试验要求时采用。

c.直接截取称量法，采用专用磅秤，用以称量无其他办法能获得供入磨煤机的煤量，验前磅秤需经校验。

9.8.3.3测量



9.8.3.3测量的时间间隔见表25。

表25

Name Said 测量时间间隔及次数装有自动磅秤且在运行中有直接指示时每10～15min 测读、记录一次

积算仪试验开始及结束时各记录一次读数及起、止

给煤量特性法每10～15min 测量一次给煤机转速；每个工况应测定堆积密度1～2 次

直接截取称量每个工况称量应不少于3 次

9.8.4磨煤机耗电量及制粉系统总耗电量测定9.8.4.1用经校验过的功率表或电度表测定。 9.8.4.2磨煤机驱动电机输出轴功率按式(67)计算：

′′ =ρ ηMM MM

P

Where:′′ρMM——磨煤机驱动电机输出轴功率，kW；

PMM——实测磨煤机电动机功率，kW；η——根据电动机实测功率在电动机效率曲线上查得的电动机效率，%。

一般情况下不作效率修正。通常直接采用实测所得的各项功率，按第9.8.4.3 条和第

9.8.4.4 条进行各项计算。9.8.4.3制粉系统总耗电量按式(68)计算：

P PP P P PZF i MM PF GM MF

= = + + +Σ

Where: PZF——制粉系统总耗电量，kW；PPF、PGM、PMF——制粉系统排粉机(或一次风机)、给煤机、密封风机等所采用的各驱动电实测功率，kW。

9.8.4.4磨煤机耗电率与制粉系统总耗电率按式(69)、式(70)计算：

EP

BMM.rMM

MM

=′′

EP

BZF.rZF

MM

=Σ

式中：EMM*r——磨煤机耗电率，kW・h/t；EZF*r ——制粉系统耗电率，kW・h/t；

BMM——磨煤机出力，t/h。9.8.5



9.8.5

磨煤机通风量测定

Page 45

9.8.5.1在磨煤机前或后的管道合适部位上进行测量。对直吹式系统，一般在磨煤机前测量；对中间煤粉仓系统，在粗粉分离器后的管道上测量，同时还须测取再循环风量。

9.8.5.2在磨煤机后测量时，总风量中包括系统漏风(对负压系统)或密封风量(对正压系统)。 9.8.5.3测孔前后应有一定长度的直管段，建议测孔上游直段不少于5 倍管道内径，测孔下游直段不少于3 倍管道内径。

9.8.5.4有关测点的布置及测点的确定，按第5.4.4 条和附录H(补充件)的规定。 9.8.5.5一般须测定动压、静压、介质温度和大气压力。测量方法见第5.2 条、第5.3

条、第5.4 条。9.8.5.6测量的时间间隔按下列规定：

a.固定式测量装置：每10～15min 一次；b.移动式动压测定管(包括毕托管)：一般每个工况测定一次；c.静压、介质温度、大气压力：每10～15min 一次，且应注意与动压测定同时进行。

9.8.6煤粉细度测定9.8.6.1煤粉取样应尽量在垂直管道上进行。

对直吹系统，在煤粉分离器(或竖井)出口管道上采用经标定的等速取样器采取样个工况1～2 次。

对中间储仓式制粉系统，一般可在细粉分离器下粉管道上用旋转式活动取样管采个工况2～3 次，并将所得煤粉细度乘以细粉分离器效率进行修正；当验收试验或鉴定时，应尽量在粗粉分离器出口管道上用内外静压平衡等速取样法采样。

9.8.6.2采用等速取样的取样孔及取样点的确定方法按第5.4.4 条和附录H(补充件)，但其数量一般比测定动压时多35%～50%。

9.8.6.3对同一个煤粉样，应同时采用三种以上不同规格的筛子进行筛分。常用标准筛孔径规格为45、90、200、1000µm，不同煤种使用筛子规格如下：

a.褐煤：孔径为90、200、1000µm 的标准筛；b.其他煤种：孔径为45、90、200µm 的标准筛。



图3 煤粉颗粒特性曲线

9.8.6.4应对煤粉样品的代表性进行评定。同一个煤粉样品至少在三种不同规格的标准筛上进行筛分，将所得的三个煤粉细度取对数，点于lglnRx-lgx 坐标图上(图3)，若三点不在同一根直线上，则应寻找原因重新取样。

Page 46

9.8.6.5煤粉颗粒特性均匀系数n 按式(71)计算：

nR R

x x=

--

--

lgln100

lgln100

lgx lgx1 2

1 2

式中：x1、x2——分别表示两种不同规格筛子的孔径，µm。

10误差分析10.1测量误差分类及特征

测量误差分类见表26。表26

误差类Do

定义及特征 DepartmentLi

随机误由随机出现的偶然因素而引起的误差。

进行符合正态分布的判别及



随机误Poor

由随机出现的偶然因素而引起的误差。Number 值大小和正负方向不定，并且有抵偿性，其

分布一般符合正态分布定律

进行符合正态分布的判别及算误差

系统误Poor

由仪表缺陷、周围环境的改变、个人的习惯与偏向等因素引起的误差。可分为已定系统和未定系统两种误差。前者较容易掌握，后者不能确切掌握也没有必要掌握，只需估计它不会超出某一极限范围

已定系统误差可根据产生的原因加以清除；未定系统误差也可作为随机误差计算

疏失误Poor

在测量过程中，由某些突然发生的不正常因素或测量中的疏忽而引起的明显歪曲测量结果的误差(但不应将由于工况波动引起的测量值的变化数据混为一谈)

应对其进行消除

10.2系统误差和疏失误差的消除10.2.1已定系统误差，可通过多次测量及掌握其规律对测值进行修正而消除。 10.2.2未定系统误差，一般不作修正，但在误差合成时计入。 10.2.3疏失误差可采用本标准附录L(参考件)中格拉布斯(Grubbs)方法及简化消除方法进行消除(但不应将由于工况波动而引起的测量值变化数据看作疏失误差剔除)。

10.3符合正态分布的随机误差判别和计算10.3.1按GB4882 判别随机误差分布符合正态分布定律。 10.3.2随机误差的计算10.3.2.1标准差(标准偏差)

无限次测量的标准差按式(72)计算；有限次测量的标准差按式(73)计算：

Sn

ii

n

=

�

�

��

�

�

��

=

Σ υ2

1

12/

Page 47



Sn

ii

n

=--

�

�

��

�

�

��

=

Σ υ2

1

12

1

/

式中：S——标准差；vi——观测值x i与算术平均值x 的偏差；

υi i

xx= −

n——观测次数。10.3.2.2测量值算术平均值x 的标准差 Sx 按式(75)计算：

2/1

1

2

)1(��

�

�

��

�

�

--==

Σ

=

nnn

SS

n

ii

x

υ

10.3.2.3极差(极限偏差)

测量值的极差为标准差与置信系数的乘积，按式(76)计算：R tS=

式中：R——测量值的极差；

t——置信系数。测量值算术平均值的极差为算术平均值偏差与置信系数的乘积，按式(77)计算：

n

tStSR

xx==

置信系数与测量值置信水平(1-α)的对应关系如下：

a.对测量列的单项测量，按表27；b.对测量列的算术平均值，按表28。

表27

置信系数 t 置信水平(1-α)

1 0.6826

2 0.9544

3 0.9973

表28 置信系数、置信水平与观测次数之间的对应关系

(供计算测量列算术平均值的极限误差时用)



(供计算测量列算术平均值的极限误差时用)

Page 48



10.3.2.4误差合成测量某一参数时，如果存在n 个随机误差(偏差)和m 个未定系统误差，该量值的综

机误差按式(78)计算：

δs

=

=

Σ( ) /S

ii

n2

1

12

该量值的综合极限误差按式(79)计算：

δR i

i

n

ii

mR= +

= =

Σ Σ( ) /2

1

2

1

12∆

式中：∆——未定系统误差。

10.3.2.5测量值的总误差测量值的总误差主要包括取样误差和测量误差，按式(80)计算：

σ σ σ= +[ ] /c s

22 12

总极限误差按式(81)计算：

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Σσ σ σR c R

2= +[ ] /2 12

Where:σ

,Σσ

R——测量值的总误差和总极限误差；

σc——取样误差；

σs ,

σR——测量值的综合误差和综合极限误差。



10.4间接测量中误差的传递计算公式

设：y=F(x1，x2, x3,…，xn),σ

x1

σx2，…，

σxn分别为测值自变数x1，x2，…，x

合误差，当其偶然误差为正态分布时，误差传递计算公式如式(82)、式(83)：

22

22

2

22

1y

...21 nx

nxx x

y

x

y

x

y σ∂

∂σ

∂

∂σ

∂

∂σ

��

�

�

��

�

�++�

�

�

�

��

�

�+�

�

�

�

��

�

�=

σσ

∂

∂δ

∂

∂σ

∂

∂σ

ay= × =

�

��

�

�� +

�

��

�

�� +

�

��

�

��

×yx x

nx

y

y

x

y

x

y

x

y

n100 1001

22

2

22

22

1 2...

Where:σ

y ,σ

oy——测量值y 的总误差和相对总误差；

y——间接测量值；x1，x2，…，xn——各个测量值。注：按本规程给定的计算公式计算间接测量误差时，不考虑各个测量值的相关性和

公式的不准确性及某些常数的不准确性给间接测量值带来的附加误差。

10.5锅炉热效率计算中对测量误差的分析10.5.1在对锅炉试验的误差进行分析时，由测量误差在效率计算中引起的误差应按本章所提出的方法进行分析确定，测量误差中所包括的取样误差可由试验实际确定或经协商一致后估Set.

10.5.2表29 列出了除取样误差外各测量误差对锅炉热效率的影响。表中所列出的数据仅供参考。所列出的测量范围不具有权威性。

10.5.3误差计算实例见附录M(补充件)。表29 不同方法可能测量的误差、导致效率计算的误差%

方法名称Preface

No.MeasurementVolumeItem Head Measurement error

在计算锅Rate

中所导致的Poor

1 称重箱(经标定的磅秤) ±0.10 ±0.10

2 容积箱(经标定) ±0.25 ±0.25

3 经标定的流量喷嘴或孔板(包括压力计) ±0.35 ±0.35

Lose

Into

--

Lose 4 经标定的流量喷嘴或孔板(包括记录仪) ±0.55 ±0.55



5 煤秤一次装炉量或堆料(经标定) ±0.25 ±0.25

6未经校验的流量喷嘴或孔板(包括压力

计)±1.25 ±1.25

7未经校验的流量喷嘴或孔板(包括记录

仪)±1.60 ±1.60

8 燃料的热值(煤) ±0.50 ±0.50

9 燃料的热值(气和油) ±0.35 ±0.35

10 再热汽流量(根据热平衡计算) ±0.60 ±0.10

11 过热器出口汽温(经标定的测量装置) ±0.25 ±0.15

12 过热器出口汽压(经标定的测量装置) ±1.00 ±0.00

13再热器进口和出口汽温(经标定的测量装

置)±0.25 ±0.10

14再热器进口和出口汽压(经标定的测量装

置)±0.50 ±0.00

Out

France

15 给水温度(经标定的测量装置) ±0.25 ±0.10

1 发热量(煤) ±0.50 ±0.30

2 发热量(气和油) ±0.35 ±0.02

3 奥氏仪分析 ±3.00 ±0.30

4 排烟温度(经标定的测量装置) ±0.50 ±0.02

5 进口空气温度(经标定的测量装置) ±0.50 ±0.00

6 煤的元素分析(碳) ±1.00 ±0.10

7 煤的元素分析(氢) ±1.00 ±0.10

Heat

Loss

Loss

France

8 燃料的水分 ±1.00 ±0.00

11试验报告锅炉机组试验报告与试验目的、内容及特定的要求有关。对于锅炉验收或鉴定性

通常包括总报告及技术报告。

11.1试验总报告试验总报告中应简要说明试验目的、主要数据与结论等，并由试验负责人签字，作

关各方验收的依据。锅炉验收试验总报告格式见表30。表30



表30

____________________________________________________________________

锅炉验收试验总报告

试验编号___________________试验日期_________________至____________

电厂_______________________锅炉编号_________________________

申请试验单位______________负责试验单位______________________

一、锅炉规范型号___________出厂年月____________制造厂_____________

额定蒸发量_______________t/h；最大连续蒸发量_____________________t/h；主蒸汽压力____________MPa；再热蒸汽出口压力_________________MPa；

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主蒸汽温度_______________�；再热蒸汽出口温度______________�；给水温度_______________�；进风温度______________________�；燃烧方式_________________；热风温度_____________________�；制粉系统_________________；排烟温度_________________�；锅炉保证效率_______________________________________________________

二、燃料特性Kind

燃料工业分析：Wy：__________；Vr：_________；Ay：__________；燃料低位发热量Q v

DW：__________________________________________kJ/kg

三、试验项目

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



5.

6.

...

四、主要试验结果热损失：q2：___________________；q3：___________________________；

q4：_____________；q5：____________；q6：__________________

热损失法热效率：实测效率η：_________________________________________________；换算到保证条件下的效率η b：_________________________________；最大连续蒸发量：______________________________________________t/h；最低稳定燃烧负荷：___________________________________________t/h。五、结论

1.

2.

3.

...

试验负责人：Date

_______________________________________________________________________

11.2试验技术报告试验技术报告是针对某项试验详细的技术性总结，通常包括：

a.试验目的。b.锅炉设备的技术特性、燃料特性、运行情况及必要的简图。

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c.测试项目、方法与测点布置(必要时应附图)。d.试验数据整理。煤粉锅炉设计和试验结果综合表见表31。



d.试验数据整理。煤粉锅炉设计和试验结果综合表见表31。e.试验结果的分析与评价。f.结论和建议。g.测量技术及仪表的补充说明附件。h.误差分析等其他附件。

表31

Name Said

试验工况序号试验日期

Symbol Units

试验持续时间 τ h

一、燃料燃料种类

应用基含碳量，% Cy

应用基含氢量，% Hy

应用基含硫量，% Sy

应用基含氮量，% Ny

应用基含氧量，% Oy

应用基水分，% Wy

应用基含灰量，% Ay

可燃基挥发分，% Vr

应用基低位发热量 QyDW KJ/kg

燃料灰分的熔融特性

开始变形温度 t1�

开始软化温度 t2�

开始熔融温度 t3�

Fuel characteristic factor β --

煤的可磨度 KHG --

煤粉细度，% R45

R90

R200

R1000Coefficient of uniformity characteristics of pulverized coal particlen --

燃料温度 tr�

2, water and steam



Boiler evaporation D t / h

主蒸汽温度 tgq�

Page 53

主蒸汽压力 pgq MPa

给水流量 Dgs t / h

Water Temperature tgs�

Water Pressure pgs MPa

减温水流量 Djw kg / h

Ⅰ级过热器减温水流量 Djw·Ⅰ kg / h

Ⅱ级过热器减温水流量 Djw·Ⅱ kg / h

Ⅰ级再热器减温水流量 Dzj·Ⅰ kg / h

Ⅱ级再热器减温水流量 Dzj·Ⅱ kg / h

再热器减温水温度 tzj�

再热器减温水压力 pzj MPa

Reheat steam flow Dzq t / h

Ⅰ级再热器进口蒸汽温度 t ' zq·Ⅰ �

Ⅱ级再热器出口蒸汽温度 t ″ zq·Ⅱ �

Ⅰ级再热器进口蒸汽压力 p ' zq·Ⅰ MPa

Ⅱ级再热器出口蒸汽压力 p ″ zq·Ⅱ MPa

锅筒蒸汽压力 pgt MPa

Sewage water flow Dps kg / h

吹灰蒸汽流量 Dch kg / h

省煤器进口水温 t ' sm�

省煤器出口水温 t ″ sm�

三、烟气



排烟烟气分析氧含量，% (O2)py

三原子气体含量，% (RO2)py

一氧化碳含量，% (CO)py

氢含量，% (H2)py

甲烷含量，% (CH4)py

碳氢化合物含量，% (CmHn)pyMeasured exhaust excess air coefficient α

py --

省煤器后烟气含氧量，% (O2)″SM

省煤器后实测过量空气系数 α″SM --

空气预热器前烟气含RO2量，% (RO2) ' ky

空气预热器后烟气含RO2量，% (RO2)″ ky

空气预热器漏风率，% AL

炉膛出口烟温左侧/右侧 θ "LT·1/θ "

LT·2�

过热器出口烟温左侧/右侧 θ "GR·1/

θ "GR·2

�

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省煤器前烟温左侧/右侧 θ 'sm·1/θ '

sm·2�

省煤器后烟温 θ "sm

�

排烟温度 θpy

�

负压炉膛负压 pV·LT Pa

过热器后负压 p ″ V·GR Pa

省煤器后负压 p ″ V·sm Pa

排烟负压 p ″ V·py Pa

阻力过热器烟气侧阻力 ∆ h Pa



过热器烟气侧阻力 ∆ hGR Pa

省煤器烟气侧阻力 ∆ hsm Pa

空气预热器烟气侧阻力 ∆ hky Pa

烟道总阻力 Σ hyD Pa

四、空气

送风机吸入空气温度(基准温度) to�

预热器前空气温度 t ' ky�

预热器后空气温度 t ″ ky�

一次风温度 t1�

进入空气预热器风量 VSF m3/ h

燃烧器前或总风箱内一次风静压 hs·1 Pa

燃烧器前或总风箱内二次风静压 hs·2 Pa

乏气燃烧器前乏气静压 hs·3 Pa

燃烧器一次风量 V1 m3/ h

燃烧器二次风量 V2 m3/ h

乏气风量 V3 m3/ h

燃烧器一次风速 w1 m / s

燃烧器二次风速 w2 m / s

燃烧器乏气风速 w3 m / s

五、灰、渣特性炉渣中灰量占总灰量质量百分率，% α

lz

飞灰中灰量占总灰量质量百分率，% αfh

沉降灰中灰量占总灰量质量百分率，% cjh

漏煤中灰量占总灰量质量百分率，% αlm

炉渣可燃物含量，% Cclz

飞灰可燃物含量，% Ccfh

沉降灰可燃物含量，% Cccjh

漏煤可燃物含量，% Cclm

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Slag Temperature tlz�

Ash deposition temperature tcjh�

六、热平衡与炉膛热强度

排烟热损失百分率，% q2

可燃气体未完全燃烧热损失百分率，% q3

固体未完全燃烧热损失百分率，% q4

锅炉散热损失百分率，% q5

灰渣物理热损失百分率，% q6

锅炉热效率(毛效率)，% η

换算到担保值条件下的热效率，% η b

锅炉每小时燃料耗量 B kg / h

炉膛容积热负荷 qV MJ/(m3・h)

炉膛截面热负荷 qf MJ/(m2・h)

七、锅炉辅机消耗功率

制粉系统磨煤机 PMM KW

给煤机 PGM KW

排粉机(或一次风机) PPF KW

密封风机 PMF KW

捞渣机消耗功率 PLZ KW

送风机消耗功率 PSF KW

引风机消耗功率 PyF KW

炉水循环水泵消耗功率 Pss KW

其他辅机消耗功率 Pj KW

锅炉辅机消耗总功率 Σ P KW

八、锅炉净效率电厂发电标准煤耗 b kg / (kW · h)

锅炉自用热耗 Qzy kJ / kg

The net efficiency of the boiler ηj %



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