C H I N A ' S ^.^Z ^

D I P L O M A C Y O F C O N T E M P O R A R Y CHINA

T his l)()(>k provides a narra t ive and analys is of (J i ina ' s foreijjn policy and internat ional relations since 1949. Joint ly edited hy prominent figures in C h i n a ' s foreign ser­

vice, including (^ian Q i c h e n . Foreign Minister , and Zhou N a n , Director of Hong K o n g B r a n c h , X i n h u a News Agency, the volume contains co ini try-hy-countrv accounts of the dij)lomatic developments and areas of cooperation or conflict between C h i n a and the majori ty of the world's nations, inc luding the L nite«l States, the Soviet L nion, In<lia, V i e t n a m , J a p a n , and E a s t E u r o ­pean and Afr ican States.

T he text is tlivided into four parts with 3.5

chapters as well as appendixes of important

tliploniatic documents and mater ia ls , and it

is anipiv i l lustrated with 206 hoth colour

anil h iack and white photographs.

A t a time when issue of the changing s truc­ture of global politics is at the forefront of popular debate, this unique survey , at once authoritative and thorough, should be

essential reading for pol i t ic ians , officials of in t erna­tional organizations, j ourna l i s t s , academics , teachers and anyone concerned with C h i n a ' s pract ice of diplo­macy.

M W H O R I Z O N P R E S S

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Beijing I Review VOL. 33, NO. 40 OCT. 1-7, 1990

Double Happiness of China

• A s t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e c e l e b r a t e t h e 4 1 s t a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e f o u n d i n g o f N e w C h i n a , t h e U t h A s i a d i s w e l l u n d e r w a y i n B e i j i n g . T h e " d o u b l e - h a p p i n e s s " i s a f i t t i n g e n d f o r a y e a r o f successfu l f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s , p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y a n d s t a b l e eco­n o m i c g r o w t h . I t i s a l s o a s i g n o f g o o d f o r t u n e as C h i n a d r a w s u p i t s E i g h t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n a n d t h e d r a f t o f a t e n - y e a r p r o g r a m m e . C h i n a w i l l j o y o u s l y c e l e b r a t e i t s a c h i e v e m e n t s as i t advances c o n f i d e n t l y t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n ( p . 4 ) .

China's Economy Unaffected by Sanctions

• I n t h e w a k e o f l a s t y e a r ' s T i a n a n m e n i n c i d e n t , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d s o m e o t h e r m a j o r W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s i m p o s e d eco­n o m i c s a n c t i o n s o n C h i n a , t h e t h i r d t i m e s u c h a c t i o n w a s t a k e n s ince 1 9 4 9 . T h i s l a t e s t a c t i o n , h o w e v e r , l i k e t h e p r e v i o u s t w o , a g a i n p r o v e d f u t i l e as t h e C h i n e s e , i n a s p i r i t o f se l f -r e l i a n c e , m a i n t a i n e d p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l s t a b i l i t y w h i l e e x p a n d i n g t i es w i t h t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d ( p . 1 4 ) .

Sun's Industrial Programme: Yesterday and Today

D S u n Y a t - s e n m a p p e d o u t a n o v e r a l l p r o g r a m m e f o r C h i n a ' s m o d e r n i z a t i o n s o m e 7 0 y e a r s ago . H i s p l a n , h o w e v e r , w a s l e f t u n f u l f i l l e d u n t i l t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t o o k o v e r i n 1949 . T h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e , l e d b y t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , h a v e r e a l i z e d t h e m a j o r goa ls o f h i s p r o g r a m m e , i n s o m e aspects b e t t e r t h a n h e c o u l d h a v e e n v i s a g e d , ( p . 1 7 ) .

SIno-Pak Friendship a Model Relationship Betweeen States

• Based o n t h e F i v e P r i n c i p l e s o f P e a c e f u l C o e x i s t e n c e , S i n o -P a k i s t a n t i es o f f r i e n d s h i p a n d c o - o p e r a t i o n h a v e g r o w n e v e r c loser , as m a n i f e s t e d b y f r e q u e n t e x c h a n g e s o f h i g h - l e v e l v i s i t s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s a m o d e l o f coex i s t ence o f t w o c o u n t r i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s y s t e m s , i d e o l o g i e s a n d c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d s , ( p . 9 )

Vo% Wsiti A Sign of Rapprochement?

• V o N g u y e n G i a p , v i c e - c h a i r i M a r i ' o f t h f e V i e t n a m e s e d o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s , r e c e n t l y v i s i t e d B e i j i n g as a g u e s t o f t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e A s i a n G a m e s . V o i s t h e f i r s t V i e t n a m e s e l eade r t o v i s i t C h i n a s ince r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s w e r e s t r a i n e d a decade ago. C h i n e s e l e a d e r G u M u a n d V o b o t h expressed t h e i r h o p e f o r t h e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f S i n o -V i e t n a m e s e r e l a t i o n s , ( p . 7 ) .

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4

D o u b l e H a p p i n e s s C o m e s t o C h i n a

EVENTS/TRENDS 5-8

1 1 t h A s i a d O p e n s t h e C h i n e s e W a y V o ' s B e i j i n g V i s i t : A S i g n o f T h a w M a r s h a l X u Passes A w a y C h i n a , J a p a n W o r k f o r C l o s e r T i e s N e w s i n B r i e f

INTERNATIONAL V

S i n o - P a k F r i e n d s h i p F l o u r i s h e s i n A l l W e a t h e r s 9

C y p r u s : a D e v e l o p i n g I s l a n d C o u n t r y 11

C a n a d a i n t h e G r i p o f L a n g u a g e D i s p u t e s 12

CHINA

N a t i o n Presses A h e a d D e s p i t e S a n c t i o n s 14

S u n Y a t - s e n ' s D r e a m a n d C h i n a ' s R e a l i t y 17

1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s U n v e i l s i n P a g e a n t r y 2 5

BUSINESS/TRADE

CULTURE/SCIENCE

2 9 - 3 1

3 2 - 3 4

COVERt Top Left: a b u m p e r s u m m e r h a r v e s t i n B e i j i n g s u b u r b o f S h u n y i C o u n t y . Bottom Left: ,3 c o r n e r o f a n i c k ­e l w o r k s h o p i n J i n c l i u a n , G a n s u P r q v -i n c e . Right: t h e n e w L o n g M a r c h 2 - c l u s t e r c a r r i e r r o c k e t .

Photos by Zhang Huachao

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NOTES F R O M T H E E D I T O R S

Double Happiness Comes to China by An Zhiguo

As t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e c e l e b r a t e t h e 4 1 s t a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e f o u n d i n g o f N e w C h i n a , t h e 1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s i s a l s o w e l l u n d e r w a y i n B e i j i n g , b r i n g i n g

t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e a d o u b l e dose o f h a p p i n e s s . T h e p r e s e n t g a m e s i s t h e f i r s t g a l a i n t e r n a t i o n a l s p o r t

m e e t o f i t s k i n d e v e r h e l d i n C h i n a a n d t h e o f f i c i a l s l o g a n " T h e A s i a n G a m e s a d d s l u s t r e t o t h e c o u n t r y , a n d I d o m y b i t t o t h e A s i a n G a m e s " h a s s t r u c k a r e s p o n s i v e c h o r d i n t o t h e p e o p l e ' s h e a r t s . W o r k i n g w i t h o n e h e a r t a n d o n e m i n d t o o v e r c o m e d i f f i c u l t i e s , t h e C h i n e s e s p o r t s c i r c l e s , g o v e r n m e n t a n d p e o p l e h a v e s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p l e t e d t h e h u g e s t a d i u m s , g y m n a s i u m s , h o t e l s , t r a f f i c a n d t e l e c o m ­m u n i c a t i o n s f a c i l i t i e s a n d o t h e r p r e p a r a t o r y w o r k neces­s a r y f o r t h e g a m e s . B e i j i n g i s p r o u d l y p r e s e n t i n g i t s e l f a t i t s b e s t — a m o d e r n , c i v i l i z e d , n e a t , c l e a n , a n d o r d e r l y c i t y — a s t h e g r a n d A s i a n G a m e s t o o k p l a c e as s c h e d u l e d . W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h r o u g h c o m p e t i t i o n a n d t h e e x c h a n g e o f e x p e r i e n c e s , t h e g a m e s w i l l f u r t h e r p r o m o t e A s i a n s p o r t s a n d e n h a n c e t h e m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g , u n i t y a n d f r i e n d ­s h i p b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e s o f A s i a n c o u n t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s .

O n t h i s h a p p y o c c a s i o n , t h o s e g a t h e r e d i n B e i j i n g i n ­c l u d e n o t o n l y a f a r g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f a t h l e t e s a n d o t h e r p e r s o n a g e s i n t h e s p o r t s c i r c l e t h a n w e r e p r e s e n t a t p r e ­v i o u s g a m e s , b u t a l s o p e o p l e i n o t h e r c i r c l e s f r o m A s i a a n d t h e res t o f t h e w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g n o t e d s t a t e s m e n a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i s t s , as w e l l as t h e m a n y t o u r i s t s .

T h e s u c c e s s f u l o p e n i n g c e r e m o n y o f t h e 1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s o n S e p t e m b e r 2 2 r e f l e c t e d C h i n a ' s e x t r o r d i n a r y a b i l i t y t o o r g a n i z e m a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l s p o r t s m e e t s , i t s p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l s t a b i l i t y , a n d i t s i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l p r e s t i g e .

O v e r t h e past y e a r , C h i n e s e l e a d e r s , t h r o u g h t h e i r f r e q u e n t v i s i t s , h a v e s t r e n g t h e n e d t i e s w i t h f r i e n d l y t h i r d w o r l d c o u n t r i e s . M o r e a n d m o r e c o u n t r i e s a n d p e o p l e s h a v e t h u s g o t a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f C h i n a ' s c u r r e n t p o l i c i e s , a n d i t s d o m e s t i c p o l i t i c a l a n d t h e e c o n o m i c s i ­t u a t i o n . R e c e n t l y , C h i n a e s t a b l i s h e d d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h S a u d i A r a b i a , r e s t o r e d d i p l o m a t i c t i e s w i t h I n d o n e ­s ia a n d w i l l s o o n e s t a b l i s h d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h S i n ­g a p o r e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , C h i n a h a s , t o g t h e r w i t h o t h e r f o u r p e r m a n e n t c o u n c i l m e m b e r s o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , t a k e n f r u i t f u l s t eps t o b r i n g a b o u t a p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n o f t h e C a m b o d i a n i s sue .

A f t e r t h e B e i j i n g p o l i t i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e e r u p t e d a t t h e t u r n o f s p r i n g a n d s u m m e r l a s t y e a r , c e r t a i n W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s i m p o s e d e c o n o m i c s a n c t i o n s o n C h i n a i n a n a t t e m p t t o i s o l a t e t h e c o u n t r y . F a c t s o v e r t h e pas t y e a r , h o w e v e r , h a v e p r o v e d t h a t C h i n a c a n n e v e r b e i s o l a t e d o r be f o r c e d t o s u b m i t t o s a n c t i o n s .

A t p r e s e n t , C h i n a i s p o l i t i c a l l y s t a b l e , a n d i t s e f f o r t t o i m p r o v e t h e e c o n o m i c e n v i r o n m e n t a n d r e c t i f y t h e eco ­n o m i c o r d e r h a s p r o d u c e d r e m a r k a b l e r e s u l t s . A s C h i n a g r a d u a l l y gets t h r o u g h a m o s t d i f f i c u l t p e r i o d , i t s n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y w i l l c o n t i n u e t o d e v e l o p i n a b e n e f i c i a l m a n n e r . ' L a s t y e a r , f o r e x a m p l e , g r a i n o u t p u t t o p p e d r e c o r d

l e v e l s a n d t h i s y e a r a r i c h s u m m e r h a r v e s t w a s b r o u g h t i n a n d a g o o d a u t u m n h a r v e s t i s e x p e c t e d . T h e o u t p u t o f m e a t , a q u a t i c p r o d u c t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s h a s i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y a n d t h e r e i s a n a b u n d a n t s u p p l y o f n o n - s t a p l e f o o d s i n t h e c i t i e s .

S i n c e l a s t M a r c h , i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n h a s g r a d u a l l y p i c k e d u p . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r , t h e m o n t h l y g r o w t h i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r w a s 2 .2 p e r c e n t , 2 . 9 p e r c e n t i n J u l y a n d 4 . 6 p e r c e n t i n A u g u s t . I f t h i s s i t u a t i o n c a n b e m a i n t a i n e d , t h i s y e a r ' s t a r g e t o f a 6 p e r c e n t i n d u s t r i a l i n c r e a s e , t h o u g h f r a u g h t w i t h d i f f i c u l ­t i e s , c a n b e f u l f i l l e d .

R i s i n g p r i c e s h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l . T h e r a t e o f p r i c e i n c r e a s e i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r w a s o n l y 3.2 p e r c e n t , a n d c u r r e n c y w i t h d r a w n f r o m c i r c u l a t i o n a m o u n t e d t o 2 4 . 8 b i l l i o n y u a n , a 19 .5 b i l l i o n y u a n i n ­c rease o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r . T h e m a i n r e a s o n f o r t h i s w a s a n i n c r e a s e i n r e s i d e n t s ' s a v i n g s d e p o s i t s . I n l a t e J u n e t h e b a l a n c e o f u r b a n r e s i d e n t s ' d e p o s i t s w a s 1 0 7 . 1 b i l l i o n y u a n m o r e t h a n w a s d e p o s i t e d e a r l y i n t h e y e a r a n d 4 2 . 7 b i l l i o n y u a n m o r e t h a n a y e a r e a r l i e r . I n c r e a s e i n s a v i n g s d e p o s i t s r e f l e c t e d p e o p l e ' s c o n f i d e n c e a n d t h e s t a b l e s i t u a t i o n .

T h e r e w a s a s u r p l u s i n C h i n a ' s f o r e i g n t r a d e a n d a f a i r l y l a r g e i n c r e m e n t i n i t s f o r e i g n - e x c h a n g e r e s e r v e s . A c c o r d i n g t o c u s t o m s s t a t i s t i c s , C h i n a e x p o r t e d U S $ 2 5 - . 7 b i l l i o n w o r t h o f g o o d s i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , a 15 .4 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r , t h i s u p w a r d t r e n d h a s c o n t i n u e d s i n c e J u n e .

R e a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e , t h o u g h m o v ­i n g s l o w l y , w a s q u i t e s u c c e s s f u l . F o r e x a m p l e , ba s i c i n d u s ­t r i e s h a v e g r o w n s t e a d i l y a n d t h e o v e r - e x t e n d e d p roces s ­i n g i n d u s t r y h a s b e e n r e d u c e d t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e . T h e i n v e s t m e n t m a d e i n a g r i c u l t u r e , e n e r g y , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , p o s t a n d t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d o t h e r b a s i c i n d u s t r i e s f r o m J a n u a r y t h r o u g h J u n e r o s e 19 p e r c e n t o v e r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d l a s t y e a r a n d i t s i n v e s t m e n t p r o p o r ­t i o n i n f i x e d assets r o s e f r o m 4 3 p e r c e n t d u r i n g t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r t o 4 9 . 3 p e r c e n t i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r . ( T h e d e c l i n i n g e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s o f m a n y p r o d u c ­t i v e e n t e r p r i s e s h a v e n o t b e e n e l i m i n a t e d . )

A t t l j e riioment, C h i n a i s d r a w i n g u p t h e E i g h t h F i v e -Y e a r P l a n ( l 9 * 9 0 - 9 5 ) a n d a t e n t a t i v e t e n y e a r p r o g r a m m e . T h e c o u n t r y w i l l c o n t i n u e i t s p o l i c i e s o f r e f o r m a n d o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d a n d m a i n t a i n a s u s t a i n e d , s t a b l e a n d c o - o r d i n a t e d n a t i o n a l e c o n o m i c g r o w t h . I t w i l l a l s o c o n t i n u e t o s t r e n g t h e n a g r i c u l t u r e a n d bas i c i n d u s ­t r i e s , c o n t r o l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f n e w p r o j e c t s a n d d e v o t e a m a j o r e f f o r t t o u p g r a d e e x i s t i n g e n t e r p r i s e s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , C h i n a w i l l d e e p e n r e f o r m o f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n d e s t a b l i s h a m a c r o - e c o n o m i c m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m i n o r d e r t o h e l p t r a n s f o r m t h e c u r r e n t s c a t t e r e d e c o n o m y , r e d u c e r e g i o n a l s e p a r a t i o n a n d e l i m i n a t e t h e b l o c k a d e o f m a r k e t s .

C h i n a i s c o n f i d e n t l y a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d s s o c i a l i s t m o d ­e r n i z a t i o n a n d t o w a r d s i t s n e w r o l e i n t h e w o r l d . •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

11th Asiad Opens the Chinese Way

The 11th Asian Games, a quadrennial sports event of the continent, opened

on September 22 in Beijing with a gala show of festivity.

Parachuters, martial artists, musicians, athletes, students, workers, farmers and soldiers combined to give a three-hour demonstration of tradit ional Chinese drum-and-gong beating, folk dancing and martial arts at

IOC President Samaranch at a press conference.

the newly renovated Beijing Workers' Stadium.

Beijing streets were virtually deserted in the afternoon as re­sidents stayed home to watch the much expected event telev­ised live.

The extravaganza began with 37 parachuters wearing the flags representing the Olympic Council of Asia members sky-dived into the stadium to the consistant aahing and oohing of the spectators (For details of the opening ceremony read our article in the "China" section).

A record total of 4,035 ath­letes hailing from 37 countries and regions arrived to compete for 308 gold medals in an all-time high number of 27 sports events. Another 649 athletes arrived later, bringing the total to 4,684. •

To the accompaniment of dis­tinctive national music, the 37 delegations marched into the stadium in an order according to the number of strokes of Chinese characters in their names.

The 11th Asian Games torch blazes at the Beijing Workers' Stadium.

China, as the host country, has the largest contingent of 838, fol­lowed by Japan with 759. The third was the 757-member South Korean squad.

Other teams were Mal­dives, Malaysia, Yemen, Bhu­tan, Chinese Taipei, Brunei,

Left: Xing Fen wins the (rst gold medal of the games in the 44 kilogramme category of the women's weightlifting event. Right: Fanatic spectators.

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 5

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

B a h r a i n , P a k i s t a n , P a l e s ­t i n e , Q a t a r , I n d i a , I n d o n e ­s i a , N e p a l , L a o s , I r a n , J o r ­d a n , O m a n , A f g h a n i s t a n , U n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e s , S a u ­d i A r a b i a , B a n g l a d e s h , K u ­w a i t , H o n g K o n g , S y r i a , T h a i l a n d , t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , t h e D e m o c r a t i c P e o p l e ' s R e ­p u b l i c o f K o r e a ( D P R K ) , S r i L a n k a , V i e t N a m , M y a n -m a r ( B u r m a ) , M o n g o l i a , S i n g a p o r e , L e b a n o n a n d M a c a o .

T h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y C h i n e s e T a i p e i , K u w a i t a n d t h e D P R K a d d e d s i d e ­l i g h t s t o t h e B e i j i n g A s i a d . C h i n e s e T a i p e i r e t u r n e d t o t h e g a m e s a f t e r a n a b s e n c e o f 2 0 y e a r s w h i l e K u w a i t b r a v e d I r a q i i n v a s i o n a n d o c c u p a t i o n t o m a k e i t s a p ­p e a r a n c e . T h e D P R K a t h ­l e t e s a r e n o w c o m p e t i n g a l o n g s i d e t h e i r k i n f r o m S o u t h K o r e a a t t h e A s i a d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n e i g h t y e a r s .

I t w a s a l o n g - c h e r i s h e d d r e a m c o m e t r u e f o r t h e C h i n e s e as t h e 1 1 t h A s a i n G a m e s g o t u n d e r ­w a y . W h e n t h e m o d e r n O l y m p i c f l a m e w a s l i t i n 1 8 9 6 i n A t h ­e n s , G r e e c e , C h i n a w a s i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e d , b u t t h e C h i n e s e

Zhuang Yong becomes the first gold medalist in the pool where she sets a new Asian and Asian Games record in the women's lOO metre freestyle event.

f a i l e d t o t u r n u p f o r l a c k o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l s p o r t s e x p e r i e n c e a n d f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e w e s t e r n - b o u n d t r e k .

W i t h t h e B e i j i n g A s i a d e x p e r ­i e n c e a n d a r o b u s t n a t i o n a l e c o n ­o m y , i t w i l l n o t b e l o n g f o r y e t a n o t h e r C h i n e s e d r e a m t o m a ­t e r i a l i z e — h o s t i n g t h e O l y m p i c G a m e s .

C h i n e s e l e a d e r s J i a n g Z e m i n , Y a n g S h a n g k u n , L i P e n g a n d W a n L i , t h e I O C P r e s i d e n t J u a n A n t o n i o S a ­m a r a n c h as w e l l as s o m e f o r e i g n V I P s j o i n e d 7 0 , 0 0 0 s p e c t a t o r s a t t h e c e r e m o n y .

S a m a r a n c h s a i d o n S e p ­t e m b e r 2 3 t h a t t h e success o f t h e B e i j i n g g a m e s w o u l d b e " a n i m p o r t a n t y a r d s t i c k f o r C h i n a ' s b i d t o h o s t t h e O l y m p i c G a m e s i n t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . "

A l t h o u g h t h e o p e n i n g c e r ­e m o n y w a s " e x c e l l e n t , " h e s a i d , t h e I O C w o u l d w a i t u n t i l a f t e r t h e g a m e s b e f o r e g i v i n g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a p ­p r a i s a l o f B e i j i n g ' s a b i l i t y t o h o s t t h e 2 0 0 0 O l y m p i c s . Who Won the Gold?

C h i n a s w e p t a l l t h e e i g h t g o l d m e d a l s o n S e p t e m b e r

2 3 , t h e f i r s t d a y t h e g a m e s u n ­v e i l e d . T h e f i r s t g o l d m e d a l w a s g a i n e d b y X i n g F e n , a 1 7 - y e a r -o l d g i r l f r o m t h e i s l a n d p r o v i n c e o f H a i n a n , i n t h e 4 4 k i l o g r a m m e c a t e g o r y o f t h e w o m e n ' s w e i g h -t l i f t i n g e v e n t . '<'•

X i n g ' s t w o t e a m m a t e s , f o u r C h i n e s e s w i m m e r s a n d t h e m e n ' s g y m n a s t i c s t e a m w o n s e v e n o t h -

hft: Xie Jun wins the men's ZOO metre freestyle event. R i g f t f : Chinese gymnast -U Jing.

hy X U X I A N G j U N b X U E C H A O

6 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBEK 1-7,1990

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

er gold medals. The Chinese won eight more

gold medals on September 24: three in swimming, three in women's weightlifting, one in women's gymnastics and one in men's road cycling events.

The Japanese swimmers also won two titles in the pool while South Korea gained it first gold in women's epee. •

Vo's Beijing Visit: A Sign of Tliaw

The once strained relation­ship between China and Viet Nam has shown signs

of a thaw and Vietnamese leader Vo Nguyen Giap's recent visit to Beijing is proof. Vo, vice-chairman of the Vietnamese Council of Ministers, arrived in Beijing on September 19 as a distinguished guest of the Chinese government to attend the opening ceremony and oth­er activities of the 11th Asian Games.

Gu Mu, vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Con­sultative Conference, extended a welcome to Vo, who is the first high-ranking Vietnamese leader to visit the Chinese capital after iftore than a decade of abnormal relations. During their meeting at the Great Hall of the People, the two leaders expressed hope far; the normalization of Sino-ifefrfamese relaticfas. ""We Would like-to see Sino-

Vietnamese relations gradually improve until normalization is realized, and this is the wish of all the Chinese people," Gu said,

Vo said that he was glad to have the opportunity to visit China. The Vietnamese people will never forget the tremendous support the Chinese Commun­ist Party, government and peo­ple extended to them during their protracted revolutionary

struggles. The dark clouds over Sino-Vietnamese relations, he said, will disperse.

Noting that China has made great progress in socialist con­struction, Vo said that he plans to learn more about China's ex­perience in economic develop­ment.

On September 20, Vo attended the flag-raising ceremony of the Vietnamese sports delegation in Asiad Village. He told the head of the village Jiao Ruoyu that it was the gold medal of "Unity, Friendship and Progress" that the Vietnamese delegation cher­ishes most at the games. •

i^arshal Xu Passes Away

Marshal Xu Xiangqian, 88 years old, died in Bei­jing on the morning of

September 21. An obituary that appeared on

the front page of Remin Ribao (People's Daily) on September 21 hailed Xu as an outstanding Communist, great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and one of the founders of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). "His life was a glorious one," said the obituary, jointly released by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National Peo­ple's Congress, the State Council and the Central Military Corn-mission.

A soldier known for his re­sourcefulness, remarkable lead­ership abilities and determina­tions, Xu was good at destroy­ing a strong enemy with a weak force. He made great contribu­tions to the victory of the Chinese revolutionary war and the founding of the People's Re­public of China.

During the new period of so­cialist construction, the obituary

said, Xu supported and carried out the Party line, principles and policies laid down at the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Cen­tral Committee. He adhered to the four cardinal principles, car­ried out the policy of reform and opening to the outside world and made outstanding contributions to the socialist modernization and the cause of peaceful reuni­fication of China.

During his revolutionary career that spanned more than 50 years, Xu remained loyal to the Party and devoted himself to the revolutionary cause, there­fore winning the love and res­pect from people of all national­ities in China. •

China, Japan Woric For Closer Ties

Chinese President Yang Shangkun and Premier Li Peng met recently with a

delegation from the Japan-China Association on Economy and Trade in Beijing and opinions were exchanged on relations and economic co-operation between the two countries.

The delegation, led by senior advisor Eshior Saito, honorary president of the Japan-China As­sociation on Economy and Trade and president of the Ja­pan Economic Groups Federa­tion, and Ryoichi Kawaai, pres­ident of the Japan-China Asso­ciation on Economy and Trade and vice-president of the Japan

^Economic Groups Federation. On September 19, while meet­

ing with the delegation, Presi­dent Yang expressed his thanks to those Japanese friends who have done enormous work for Sino-Japanese friendship. He said an attitude of looking to­wards the future should be cherished when handling Sino-Japanese relations.

He-spoke highly of the efforts

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

o f J a p a n e s e P r i m e M i n i s t e r T o -s h i k i K a i f u i n s t r e n g t h e n i n g b i ­l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s a n d r e s u m i n g l o a n s t o C h i n a , d e s c r i b i n g h i s e f ­f o r t s a s " s h o w i n g f o r e s i g h t a n d s a g a c i t y . " A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , S i n o - J a p a n e s e r e l a t i o n s a r e " b e i n g g r a d u a l l y r e s t o r e d t o t h e i r p r e v i o u s h i g h s t a t u s . "

I n t a l k s h e l d t h e d a y b e f o r e . P r e m i e r L i P e n g b r i e f e d h i s g u e s t s o n t h e g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s f o r C h i n a ' s 1 0 - y e a r d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e , f u t u r e s t e p s f o r t h e c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m i c r e a d j u s t ­m e n t , t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r i n d u s t r y i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m y , a n d S i n o - J a p a n e s e a c a d e m i c e x c h a n g e s .

H e s a i d C h i n a w a s d r a w i n g u p a 1 0 - y e a r p r o g r a m m e a n d t h e E i g h t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n ( 1 9 9 1 - 9 5 ) a c c o r d i n g t o t w o p r i n ­c i p l e s , n a m e l y , s t i c k i n g t o r e ­f o r m a n d o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d , a n d e n s u r i n g s u s t a i n e d , s t a b l e a n d c o - o r d i n a t e d e c o n o ­m i c g r o w t h .

T h e e c o n o m i c r e a d j u s t m e n t h a s a c h i e v e d o b v i o u s r e s u l t s , i n ­c l u d i n g t h e c u r b i n g o f i n f l a t i o n , s a i d t h e p r e m i e r . S i n c e M a r c h o f t h i s y e a r , C h i n a h a s e a s e d c o n ­t r o l s o n m o n e y s u p p l i e s a n d i n - j d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n i s s l o w l y p i c k i n g u p . |

L i s a i d C h i n a w o u l d t a k e s t e p s I t o f u r t h e r p r o m o t e e c o n o m i c d e ­v e l o p m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g i n c r e a s e d i n v e s t m e n t i n t h e t e c h n i c a l r e ­t o o l i n g o f e n t e r p r i s e s , b a s i c i n ­d u s t r i e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a s w e l l a s a g r i c u l t u r e .

L i s a i d C h i n a a n d J a p a n h a v e a c h i e v e d A s o l i d b e g i n n i n g i n t h e i r c o - o p e r a t i o n i n t h e p o w e r i n d u s t r y a n d e x p e c t e d f u r t h e r e f f o r t s i n t h i s f i e l d .

T h e e x c h a n g e o f p r o f e s ­s i o n a l s , g o v e r n m e n t a l o r n o n ­g o v e r n m e n t a l , s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t i n a n o r g a n i z e d w a y s o a s t o a v o i d m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d i m p r o v e e f f i c i e n c y , L i s a i d .

E s h i o r S a i t o t o l d L i t h e d e ­l e g a t i o n h a d f r u i t f u l m e e t i n g s

w i t h o f f i c i a l s f r o m C h i n a ' s S t a t e P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a n d M i n ­i s t r y o f F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a ­t i o n s a n d T r a d e .

H e s a i d t h e t h i r d r o u n d o f J a ­p a n e s e l o a n s t o C h i n a w i l l b e i m p l e m e n t e d a n d h e h o p e s t h e p r o j e c t s a r e s p e c i f i e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . T h e J a p a n E c o n o m i c G r o u p s F e d e r a t i o n a n d o t h e r o r ­g a n i z a t i o n s a r e w i l l i n g t o m a k e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o s e e t h i s h a p p e n .

News in Brief Iraq Voted Out of Asiad

I r a q w a s n o t a l l o w e d t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e 1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s ( S e p t e m b e r 2 2 - O c t o b e r 7 ) a s t h e s p e c i a l g e n e r a l a s s e m b l y o f t h e O l y m p i c C o u n c i l o f A s i a ( O C A ) v o t e d , o n t h e e v e n i n g o f S e p t e m ­b e r 2 0 i n B e i j i n g , o n O C A E x ­e c u t i v e B u r e a u ' s S e p t e m b e r 8 p r o p o s a l a n d d e c i d e d t o s u s p e n d I r a q ' s r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e g a m e s a s w e l l a s i t s O C A m e m ­b e r s h i p .

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f 3 6 o f t h e 3 8 O C A m e m b e r s a t t e n d e d t h e m e e t i n g . T h e d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e w i t h 2 7 v o t e s f o r , t h r e e a g a i n s t

I a n d f i v e a b s t e n t i o n . O n e v o t e w a s i n v a l i d .

I Sino-Singaporean Meeting C h i n e s e P a r t y c h i e f J i a n g

Z e m i n a n d P r e m i e r L i P e n g m e t r e s p e c t i v e l y w i t h O n g T e n g C h e o n g , c h a i r m a n o f S i n g a ­p o r e ' s r u l i n g P e o p l e ' s A c t i o n P a r t y a n d i t s s e c o n d d e p u t y p r i m e m i n i s t e r o n S e p t e m b e r 2 0 i n B e i j i n g . D u r i n g t h e m e e t i n g J i a n g d e s c r i b e d t h e c o n s e n s u s o n e s t a b l i s h i n g d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h w a s r e a c h e d a f e w d a y s p r i o r t o t h e m e e t i n g , a s " a b i g h a p p y e v e n t . " L i s a i d t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n ­t r i e s w o u l d e n t e r a n e w s t a g e o n c e t h e t i e i s k n o t t e d . O n g a t t r i ­b u t e d t h e a g r e e m e n t t o t h e c o r ­r e c t d e c i s i o n s o f t h e l e a d e r s o f b o t h c o u n t r i e s .

Star-Studded Asiad L e a d e r s o f v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s

w e r e i n v i t e d t o a t t e n d t h e o p e n ­i n g c e r e m o n y o f t h e 1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s o n S e p t e m b e r 2 2 a n d p a r t i c i p a t e i n r e l a t e d a c t i v i t e s .

A m o n g t h e d i g n i t a r i e s w e r e G h u l a m I s h a q K h a n , p r e s i d e n t o f t h e I s l a m i c R e p u b l i c o f P a k ­i s t a n , a n d h i s w i f e ; L i J o n g O k , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f t h e D e m o c r a t ­i c P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a ; G h a f o r i F a r d , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f t h e I s l a m i c R e p u b l i c o f I r a n a n d c h a i r m a n o f t h e I r a n i a n S p o r t s O r g a n i z a t i o n ; T a k e s h i t a N o b o -r u , f o r m e r p r i m e m i n i s t e r o f J a ­p a n , a n d h i s w i f e ; M a n a R a p a n -a k o s e s , d e p u t y p r i m e m i n i s t e r o f t h e K i n g d o m o f T h a i l a n d ; V o N g u y e n G i a p , v i c e - c h a i r m a n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s o f V i e t N a m ; a n d O n g T e n g C h e o n g , s e ­c o n d d e p u t y p r i m e m i n i s t e r o f S i n g a p o r e , a n d h i s w i f e .

Taiwan Straits Pact R e d C r o s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s o n

b o t h s i d e s o f t h e T a i w a n S t r a i t s r e a c h e d a n a g r e e m e n t o n S e p ­t e m b e r 1 9 t o r e p a t r i a t e i l l e g a l i m m i g r a n t s a n d c r i m i n a l s u s ­p e c t s . T h e r e p a t r i a t i o n a g r e e ­m e n t w a s b a s e d o n h u m a n i t a r i -a n i s m , s a f e t y a n d c o n v e n i e n c e .

T h e a g r e e m e n t r e q u i r e s t h a t o n e p a r t y p r o v i d e n e c e s s a r y i n ­f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h o s e t o b e r e ­p a t r i a t e d t o t h e o t h e r , w h o w i l l t h e n r e p l y w i t h i n 2 0 d a y s . C i v i ­l i a n s h i p s u s e d t o r e p a t r i a t e i l l e ­g a l i m m i g r a n t s o r c r i m i n a l s w i l l s a i l u n d e r t h e R e d C r o s s f l a g s . B o t h s i d e s a l s o a g r e e d t h a t r e ­p a t r i a t i o n s s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e o n t h e i s l a n d s i n t h e s t r a i t s .

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e m a i n ­l a n d a n d T a i w a n b e g a n n e g o t i a ­t i o n s i n t h e m i d d l e o f S e p t e m ­b e r o n J i n m e n , a n i s l a n d i n t h e s t r a i t s .

T h e a g r e e m e n t w a s r e a c h e d i n t h e w a k e o f t w o e a r l i e r t r a g i c i n c i d e n t s , d u r i n g w h i c h m o r e t h a n 4 0 m a i n l a n d f i s h e r m e n d i e d u n d e r f o r c e d r e p a t r i a t i o n b y T a i w a n a u t h o r i t i e s . •

8 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

INTERNATIONAL

Sino-'Pak Friendship Flourishes in All Weathers b y O u r S t a f f R e p o r t e r L i u Y o u y u a n In a world where, unfortun­

ately, power politics are still alive, the friendship between

China and Pakistan shines all the more briUiantly as a model rela­tionship between states.

"Pak-China friendship repre­sents a model of coexistence of two countries with different ideologies, political systems and cultural backgrounds," Ghulam Ishaq Khan, president of Pakis­tan, said to the Chinese press in Islamabad on September 15, just five days prior to his first offi­cial visit to China as the head of state.

A Relationship Based on Principles The reason why Sino-Pak rela­

tions are so positive, as the Pak­istan president pointed out dur­ing the press conference, is be­cause they are "based on princi­ples and not expediencies."

The principles are mutual res­pect for each other's state sover­eignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non­interference in the other's inter­nal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence, which have become well-known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. .

Pakistan is a Muslim nation while China, a socialist coun­try. They are vastly different in socio-economic systems and val­ues. But, they acknowledge their differences and respect each oth­er. Domestically, Pakistan pur­sues an economic development strategy of trying to achieve maximum growth and quick in­dustrialization by fully mobihz-ing its own resources and active­

ly seeking foreign co-operation. The country follows a foreign policy of national independence, non-alignment, working for world peace and progress, espe­cially focusing on peace and stability in the South Asian subcontinent. Pakistan's govern­ment efforts and achievements in all these areas have continuously won China's support and appre­ciation.

Likewise, Pakistan has always stood by China regardless of whatever changes in the world

affairs. The most recent example was Pakistan's support of the Chinese government last year, when it was forced to take mea­sures to quell the turmoil in Beijing that endangered China's stability and its socialist system, which is cherished by the great majority pf the Chinese people, and when some Western coun­tries, misguided by the distort­ed Western media reports and prompted by their ulterior mo­tives, reacted most irrationally and irresponsibly to the incident.

President Ishaq Khan meets the Chinese press at the President's House in Islamabad on September 1 5 , 1 9 9 0 .

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990 9

INTERNATIONAL Both China and Pakistan abide by the previously mentioned principles in their relations. Over the years they have cemented ties of enviable good neighbour­liness and friendship. And this relationship of mutual trust and co-operation has stood all tests. As President Ishaq Khan aptly said, "The friendship between Pakistan and China is an all-weather friendship, like the road that we (Pakistan and China) constructed jointly right up to Khunjerab, a mountain pass lo­cated in the Pakistan-China bor­der area." Sino-Pak friendship and co­operation not only conforms with the desires and interests of the two countries, but are condu­cive to peace and stability in the Asian-Pacific region and the whole world. The world today is far from a tranquil place, al­though some insist it has entered a post-cold war era. The Gulf crisis, brought about by Iraq's invasion and occupation of Ku­wait, a sovereign state, serves as the latest evidence of how inter­national relations are unstable. The world requires a new politi­cal order as much as it needs a

A comer oi a brisk market In Islamabad.

new economic order. The basis for the new order can only be the Five Principles of Peaceful Coex­istence if the international com­munities desire to live in genuine peace and friendship. In this res­pect, Sino-Pak relations are ex­emplary. Fruitful Co-operation

Fostered and nurtured by lead­ers of both China and Pakistan, the ties of friendship and co­operation have grown stronger. One distinctive feature of Sino-Pak good relations is fre­quent exchanges of high-level visits occurring since the two countries established diplomatic ties in 1951. Most recently, form­er Pakistan Prime Minister Ben­azir Bhutto visited China in February last year; Chinese Premier Li Peng tripped to Pak­istan in November 1989, the first visit abroad by a senior Chinese leader after the 1989 Tianan­men incident; Chinese Chairman Wan Li of the Standing Commit­tee of the National People's Con­gress (parliament) also travelled to Pakistan in May of this year; and Pakistan President Ishaq

Khan visited Beijing last week (September 20-23), during which the president, chief guest of hon­our, also attended the opening ceremony of the Uth Asian Games. This was Mr. Ishaq Khan's seventh trip to China. Such regular high-level visits, in the words of the Pakistan presi­dent, "have played an important role in bringing the two coun­tries closer and promoting good­will and trust." Sino-Pak co-operation covers all areas. In 1963 the two gov­ernments signed their first trade, boundary and civil aviation agreements, and two years later, economic, technological and cul­tural exchange accords were signed. Subsequent years have brought many other co-operative agreements. During the Pakistan president's recent visit to China, three new agreements were signed. One was on China's ass­istance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan, the other pertained to cultural co-operation between the two countries, and the third involved a huge economic pro­ject in Pakistan for the mining of copper, called the Sandak devel­opment project. The total cost of the project is estimated at US$180 million, of which the Chinese credit will be approx­imately US$84 million. When completed, the project will yield I6,00(X tons of copper and 1.5 tons of gold, annually. Bilateral talks are also ongoing in the establishment of a nucl^r power plant vd Pakistan, with Chinese assistaiice. The actual work is projected to begin next year and progress is satisfactory. Another important Sino-Pak co­operation project is the Heavy Electrical Complex now under construction at Hattar Industrial Estate, near Kot Najibullah in Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province. Designed to produce instrument tAansformers, the project is scheduled for comple­tion in 1992.

10 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-J, 1990

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

T h e P a k i s t a n i s f e e l s a t i s f i e d w i t h a l l p r o j e c t s o f c o - o p e r a t i o n , because t h e y s e r v e t h e i r p u r p o s ­es o f e c o n o m i c c o n s t r u c t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e H e a v y M e c h a n i c a l C o m p l e x , b u i l t w i t h C h i n e s e t e c h n i c a l a n d f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t ­a n c e i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s , i s t h e l e a d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g e n t e r p r i s e i n P a k i s ­t a n , p r o v i d i n g i m p o r t a n t i n d u s ­t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h i n t h e h e a v y e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g o f c a p i t a l goods . I t p r o d u c e s e q u i p m e n t f o r s u g a r , c e m e n t , p e t r o c h e m i c a l , o i l / g a s p r o c e s s i n g a n d p o w e r p l a n t s . T h u s f a r i t h a s s u p p l i e d 13 s u g a r p l a n t s i n c l u d i n g t w o e x ­p o r t e d t o I n d o n e s i a a n d B a n g l a ­d e s h .

T h e C h i n e s e a r e a l s o p r o u d o f

t h e i r c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h P a k i s t a n . D u r i n g t h e p a s t t w o d e c a d e s P a k ­i s t a n h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y m a n a g e d t o a c h i e v e a G D P g r o w t h r a t e a r o u n d 6 p e r c e n t a n n u a l l y . C h i n a f i n d s i t s f r i e n d ' s e x p e r i ­e n c e a p p l i c a b l e t o i t s o w n e c o n o ­m i c s t r u c t u r a l r e f o r m w h i c h i s a i m e d a t m a i n t a i n i n g a s u s ­t a i n e d , s t e a d y a n d b a l a n c e d g r o w t h i n a l l e c o n o m i c s e c t o r s .

B i l a t e r a l t r a d e h a s c o n t i n u o u s ­l y i n c r e a s e d o v e r t h e y e a r s . F o r i n s t a n c e , t o t a l t r a d e v o l u m e be­t w e e n C h i n a a n d , P a k i s t a n r o s e f r o m U S $ 1 4 8 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 8 6 t o U S $ 4 9 6 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 8 9 , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e P a k ­i s t a n F i n a n c e M i n i s t r y f i g u r e s . B u t b e c a u s e P a k i s t a n h a s s i n g l e -p r o d u c t e x p o r t — c o t t o n — t o

C h i n a w h i l e i t s i m p o r t s f r o m C h i n a a r e d i v e r s i f i e d , i t r u n s a t r a d e d e f i c i t w i t h C h i n a . C o n s u l ­t a t i o n s a r e o n g o i n g t o i m p r o v e P a k i s t a n ' s t r a d e p o s i t i o n b a l a n c e .

O v e r a l l t h e p i c t u r e o f S i n o -P a k i s t a n r e l a t i o n s i s o n e o f f l o u r i s h i n g f r i e n d s h i p a n d c o ­o p e r a t i o n . T h e t a l l t r e e w i t h i t s y o u t h f u l b r a n c h e s a n d l u x u r i a n t f o l i a g e , i n S h a k a r P a r r i a n g a r d e n i n I s l a m a b a d , w h i c h w a s p l a n t ­e d b y t h e l a t e C h i n e s e P r e m i e r Z h o u E n l a i d u r i n g h i s 1 9 6 4 v i s ­i t , i s s y m b o l i c o f t h i s f r i e n d s h i p . P o i n t i n g t o t h e t r e e , M r . A k h t a r H a s a n , a n o f f i c i a l o f P a k i s t a n ' s M i n i s t r y o f I n f o r m a t i o n a n d B r o a d c a s t i n g , t o l d t h i s r e p o r t e r , " T h e t r e e g r o w s w i t h t h e f r i e n d ­s h i p a n d c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n P a k i s t a n a n d C h i n a . " •

Cyprus: a Developing Island Country by Zhao Zhangyun

Cy p r u s , a b e a u t i f u l a n d r i c h ­l y e n d o w e d i s l a n d c o u n ­t r y i n t h e n o r t h e a s t o f t h e

M e d i t e r r a n e a n , h a s r e v i t a l i z e d i t s e c o n o m y i n r e c e n t y e a r s .

B e f o r e C y p r u s g a i n e d i n d e ­p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 6 0 , i t w a s a n u n ­d e r d e v e l o p e d a g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n ­t r y , w h i c h d e p e n d e d o n o t h e r n a t i o n s f o r i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s . A f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e , i t s e c o n o m y a d v a n c e d t o w a r d s i n d u s t r i a h z a -t i o n . W h i l e t h e c o u n t r y w a s a d v a n c i n g , h o w e v e r , i t s n a t i o n ­a l e c o n o m y s u f f e r e d h e a v y l o s s ­es d u e t o a c i v i l w a r . A f t e r ­w a r d s , t h e C y p r i a n g o v e r n m e n t w a s f o r c e d t o s t o p c a r r y i n g o u t i t s t h i r d F i v e - Y e a r P l a n . B e g i n ­n i n g i n 1 9 7 5 , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s h i f t e d i t s f o c u s , c a r r y i n g o u t t h r e e e m e r g e n t e c o n o m i c a c t i o n p r o g r a m m e s . I t s e c o n o m y p i c k e d u p i n a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e be ­cause o f e f f o r t s m a d e b y t h e C y ­

p r i a n p e o p l e . I t s g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t ( G N P ) i n c r e a s e d 1 3 . 2 p e r c e n t e v e r y y e a r . I n 1 9 8 2 , t h e p e r - c a p i t a i n c o m e r o s e d t o U S $ 4 , 0 0 0 f r o m U S $ 1 , 4 0 0 i n 1 9 7 3 . S i n c e 1 9 8 2 , t h e C y p r i a n

g o v e r n m e n t h a s c a r r i e d o u t i t s F i v e - Y e a r P l a n a g a i n , a n d l a i d d o w n s u c h m e a s u r e s as :

— A d o p t i n g m o d e r n t e c h n o l o ­g i e s t o t r a n s f o r m i n d u s t r y so

as t o e x p a n d p r o d u c t i o n ;

A street scene of Nicosia, capital of Cyprus.

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 11

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

— I n c r e a s i n g t h e c o m p e t i t i v e ­ness o f i t s p r o d u c t s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t t o e n l a r g e e x p o r t ;

— D e v o t i n g m a j o r e f f o r t s t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t o u r i s t i n d u s ­t r y ;

— M a i n t a i n i n g f u l l e m p l o y ­m e n t .

T h a n k s t o t h e s e m e a s u r e s , C y ­p r u s h a s o b t a i n e d g r e a t a c h i e v e ­m e n t s i n i t s e c o n o m y . I n 1 9 8 9 , t h e e c o n o m i c a l g r o w t h r a t e w a s 6 p e r c e n t , h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e l e v e l o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . L a s t y e a r t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e d r o p p e d t o 2.5 p e r c e n t f r o m 3.3 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 8 4 , w h i l e t h e i n f l a t i o n r a t e f e l l t o 4 p e r c e n t f r o m 5.5 p e r c e n t . P e r - c a p i t a i n c o m e s u r p a s s e d U S $ 8 , 0 0 0 , w i t h t h e p e o p l e ' s l i v ­i n g s t a n d a r d a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h a t o f d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . A p a r t f r o m t h e M i d d l e E a s t p e t r o l e u m e x p o r t i n g c o u n t r i e s , C y p r u s i s a m o n g t h e best o f t h e eas t M e d i ­t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s .

C y p r u s a t t r i b u t e s i t s a c h i e v e ­m e n t s n o t o n l y t o i t s f a v o u r a b l e g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e peop le ' s p a i n s t a k i n g e f f o r t s , b u t , m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , t o t h e p r a c t i ­c a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e ­gies f o r m u l a t e d b y t h e g o v e r n ­

m e n t . T h e p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y i n C y ­

p r u s i s f l o u r i s h i n g a n d t h e p r o d ­u c t s a r e m a i n l y f o r e x p o r t . S i n c e 1 9 7 5 , w h i l e t h e C y p r i a n g o v e r n ­m e n t i n t r o d u c e d W e s t e r n t e c h ­n o l o g i e s a n d i n v e s t m e n t , i t h a s e s t a b l i s h e d f r e e i n d u s t r i a l z o n e s , e n c o u r a g i n g d o m e s t i c e n t e r p r i s e s t o d e v e l o p , s o t h e p r o c e s s i n g i n ­d u s t r y i n t h e c o u n t r y h a s s p r o u t ­e d u p l i k e m u s h r o o m s . I n 1 9 7 9 , t h e i n c o m e o f t h e p r o c e s s i n g i n ­d u s t r y s u r p a s s e d t h a t o f a g r i ­c u l t u r e a n d t o o k t h e f i r s t p l a c e a m o n g a l l t h e s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n ­o m y . N o w t h e p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s ­t r y h a s b e c o m e a m a i n s t a y o f t h e i s l a n d c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m y . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y n o t o n l y p r o v i d e d m o r e e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e u n e m p l o y e d , b u t a l s o a b ­s o r b e d m u c h a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r .

I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e r a w m a t e r ­i a l s f o r t h e p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y a n d d i v e r s i f y e x p o r t g o o d s , t h e C y p r i a n g o v e r n m e n t h a s m a d e g r e a t e f f o r t s t o b o l s t e r a g r i c u l ­t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n . U n d e r t h e t h r e e e m e r g e n t e c o n o m i c a c t i o n p r o g r a m m e s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n ­v e s t e d a g r e a t d e a l i n t o a g r i c u l ­t u r e . M u c h o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n w a s u s e d t o b u i l d

i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s a n d a g r i c u l ­t u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s a n d t o de ­v e l o p f i s h e r y , p o u l t r y a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f p o t a t o e s , f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s .

A s t h e g o v e r n m e n t a d o p t e d m a n y m e a s u r e s t o b o o s t p r o d u c ­t i o n , s u c h as r a i s i n g p u r c h a s i n g p r i c e s a n d e n c o u r a g i n g e x p o r t b y g i v i n g a w a r d s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t i n c r e a s e d s h a r p l y y e a r b y y e a r .

T h e t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y h a s d e v e l ­o p e d m o s t r a p i d l y . I n 1 9 8 6 , i t s i n c o m e f i r s t s u r p a s s e d e x p o r t i n ­c o m e a n d t h e i n d u s t r y b e c a m e a m a i n s o u r c e o f f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y . F o r e i g n v i s i t o r s i n 1 9 8 9 r e a c h e d m o r e t h a n 1 m i l l i o n , t w o t i m e s C y p r u s ' s p o p u l a t i o n . C y p r u s n o t o n l y h a s c h a r m i n g s c e n e r y a n d p l e a s a n t w e a t h e r , b u t a l s o h a s a h i s t o r y a n d c u l t u r e o f s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d y e a r s o l d . I t i s n o t o n l y t h e h o m e o f V e n u s , b u t a l s o h a s t h e r u i n s o f t h e A p o l l o T e m p l e . I t i s k n o w n as a n h i s t o r i c a l m u ­s e u m o f a l l o f E u r o p e a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t . T h e C y p r i a n g o v ­e r n m e n t ha s a t t a c h e d m u c h i m ­p o r t a n c e t o t h e t o u r i s t i n d a s -t r y . I t c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s e s i n ­v e s t m e n t i n t h e i n d u s t r y . N o w C y p r u s i s o n e o f t h e c o u n t r i e s h a v i n g a g r e a t t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y i n c o m e . •

Canada in the Grip of Language Disputes

Th e l a n g u a g e d i s p u t e h a s f l a r e d u p o n c e a g a i n a f t e r a 1 0 - y e a r h i a t u s . C a n a d a ,

n o w d i v i d e d i n t o t e n p r o v i n c e s a n d t w o r e g i o n s , u s e d t o b e a s t r i n g o f F r e n c h a n d B r i t i s h c o ­l o n i e s , a n d f o r t h i s h i s t o r i c a l r e a ­s o n , E n g l i s h a n d F r e n c h a r e b o t h s p o k e n i n t h i s c o u n t r y . E n g l i s h -s p e a k i n g p e o p l e c o m p r i s e t h e m a j o r i t y w h i l e F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n Q u e -

b y D a Z h o u

bee , w h i c h i s t h e l a r g e s t p r o v i n c e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h i s f a c t h a s r e ­s u l t e d i n f r e q u e n t l a n g u a g e d i s ­p u t e s . A n o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e l a w p a s s e d i n 1 9 6 9 s t i p u l a t e s t h a t E n ­g l i s h a n d F r e n c h a r e t h e o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e s o f C a n a d a w i t h e q u a l l e g a l s t a t u s .

T h e c u r r e n t d i s t u r b a n c e a r o s e i n F e b r u a r y f r o m a d e c i s i o n m a d e i n S a u l t S a i n t e M a r i e , a s m a l l t o w n i n O n t a r i o P r o v i n c e ,

t o m a k e E n g l i s h t h e o n l y o f f i ­c i a l l a n g u a g e f o r t h e 8 0 , 0 0 0 r e ­s i d e n t s . T h e m i n o r i t y F r e n c h -s p e a k i n g r e s i d e n t s t h e r e r e a c t e d s t r o n g l y t o t h e d e c i s i o n , s t a t i n g t h a t i t w a s a d e l i b e r a t e p r o v o c a ­t i o n . W h e n t h e n e w s s p r e a d i n t o Q u e b e c P r o v i n c e , t h e m e d i a t h e r e w e r e t h r o w n i n t o a n u p r o a r . L e a d e r s o f t h e s e p a r a ­t i s t P a r t i Q u e b e c o i s ( P Q ) c a l l e d a p re s s c o n f e r e n c e , d e c l a r i n g t h a t

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990

INTERNATIONAL

C a n a d a m i g h t s p l i t i n t o t w o c o u n t r i e s .

T h e e n s u i n g c h a i n o f e v e n t s a d d e d f u e l t o t h e f l a m e . B y M a r c h o f t h i s y e a r , a t o t a l o f 4 0 c i t i es a n d t o w n s i n O n t a r i o a n d o t h e r E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p r o v i n c e s d e c l a r e d E n g l i s h as t h e o n l y o f ­f i c i a l l a n g u a g e i n t h e i r r e g i o n s . Q u e b e c , n o t t o be o u t d o n e , se t u p a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e t o e x p l o r e w a y s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a F r e n c h -

I s p e a k i n g a u t o n o m y , w h i c h i s seen as t h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s " t e r r i t o r i a l a u t o n o m y , " m e a n i n g t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f Q u e b e c f r o m C a n a d a . T h u s f o r t h e t h i r d t i m e i n t h e pas t 2 0 y e a r s , C a n a d a ' s s t a b i l i t y , u n i t y a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i n -

. t e g r i t y a r e h a n g i n g o n t h e l i n e because o f t h e l a n g u a g e d i s p u t e .

I t f i r s t t o o k p l a c e i n t h e l a t e 1960s a n d e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s . T h e e x t r e ­m i s t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t Q u e b e c se­p a r a t e f r o m C a n a d a c o m p l e t e ­l y a n d b e c o m e a n i n d e p e n d e n t c o u n t r y . S o m e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c o u n t r y s h o u l d e s t a b l i s h a c o n ­f e d e r a t i o n c o m p o s e d o f " t w o p a r t n e r c o u n t r i e s . " O t h e r s w e r e o f t h e i d e a o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e f e d e r a l s y s t e m o f t h e c o u n t r y w h i l e g r a n t i n g f u l l a u t o n o m y t o Q u e b e c P r o v i n c e . T h e P Q w h i c h w a s a i m e d a t s e p a r a t i n g Q u e b e c f r o m C a n a d a w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h a t t i m e . T h e m o v e m e n t r e a c h e d i t s p e a k i n 1 9 7 0 , w h e n C a n a d a w a s e n g u l f e d i n f r e q u e n t d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d s t r i k e s b y t h e w o r k e r s a n d s t u d e n t s . A t o n e j u n c t u r e , as t h e s i t u a t i o n c a m e t o a h e a d , f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s e n t 1 0 , 0 0 0 t r o o p s t o Q u e b e c .

P i e r r e T r u d e a u ' s g o v e r n m e n t a d o p t e d a p p r o p r i a t e m e a s u r e s , w h i c h t o o k t h e w i n d o u t o f t h e s e p a r a t i s t s ' s a i l s . S t r e s s i n g t h a t C a n a d a w a s " o n e c o u n t r y a n d o n e n a t i o n , " t h e T r u d e a u g o v ­e r n m e n t s t a t e d t h a t C a n a d a m u s t p r a c t i s e a d i v e r s i f i e d c u l t u r a l p o l i c y o n a b i l i n g u a l bas i s . I t a l s o i s s u e d t h e l a w t o e s t a b l i s h b o t h E n g l i s h a n d F r e n c h as t h e o f ­f i c i a l l a n g u a g e s . M e a s u r e s w e r e a d o p t e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f

F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e . F o r e x ­a m p l e , t h e l a w s t i p u l a t e d t h a t o f a l l f e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s p e r c e n ­t a g e o f F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e s h o u l d m e a s u r e u p t o t h e i r pe r ­c e n t a g e i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y . I t a l s o s t i p u l a t e d t h a t i f t h e n u m b e r o f F r e n c h -s p e a k i n g p e o p l e e x c e e d e d t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n a p l a c e , t h e y h a d t h e r i g h t t o r e ­c e i v e t h e i r e d u c a t i o n i n F r e n c h . O n e t h i r d o f t h e j u d g e s o f t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f C a n a d a m u s t be f r o m Q u e b e c .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e C a n a d i a n C o n s t i t u t i o n , l a n g u a g e i s a p r o v ­i n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . A s t h e w e s t ­e r n E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p r o v i n c e s t o o k e x c e p t i o n t o t h e b i l i n g u a l p o h c y , t h e a b o v e m e a s u r e s o f t h e T r u d e a u g o v e r n m e n t f a i l e d t o be c o m p l e t e l y i m p l e m e n t e d .

A s e c o n d l a n g u a g e d i s p u t e o c ­c u r r e d i n 1 9 7 6 , w h e n t h e s e p a r a ­t i s t P Q f i r s t c a m e t o p o w e r i n Q u e b e c . I t i s s u e d a l a w , d e c l a r ­i n g t h a t F r e n c h w o u l d be t h e o n l y o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e i n Q u e b e c . I t a l s o d e c i d e d t o a l l o w a n a v ­e r a g e o f 5 p e r c e n t m o r e i m m i ­g r a n t s i n t o t h e p r o v i n c e t h a n t h e o t h e r p r o v i n c e s o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e y a g r e e d t o l e t t h e i r c h i l d r e n a t t e n d F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g s c h o o l s . I n a p r o v i n c i a l r e f e r e n d u m , 6 0 p e r c e n t o f Q u e b e c r e s i d e n t s w e r e i n f a v o u r o f r e m a i n i n g i n t h e f e d e r a t i o n . T h e y w e r e w o r r i e d t h a t a c h a n g e i n t h e p r o v i n c e ' s p o s i t i o n w o u l d r e d u c e t h e i r l i v ­i n g s t a n d a r d .

A l t h o u g h Q u e b e c f a i l e d t o se­p a r a t e i t s e l f f r o m C a n a d a , t h e l a n g u a g e d i s p u t e c o n t i n u e d . L a s t y e a r t h e p r o v i n c e pas sed a l a w s t i p u l a t i n g t h a t a l l s h o p s i g n s a n d a d v e r t i s e m e n t s m u s t b e w r i t ­t e n i n F r e n c h . A l l o t h e r l a n ­g u a g e s w e r e p r o h i b i t e d . T h e l a w w a s j u d g e d b y t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f C a n a d a as a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n .

T h e t e n d e n c y i n r e c e n t y e a r s i s t h a t a n i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o f E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e a r e l e a v ­i n g Q u e b e c w h i l e t h e p r o p o r t i o n

o f F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e l i v i n g o u t s i d e Q u e b e c i s r e d u c i n g . A c ­c o r d i n g t o a p o l l h e l d i n M a r c h o f t h i s y e a r , 3 0 p e r c e n t o f C a n a ­d i a n s w e r e f o r Q u e b e c ' s s e p a r a ­t i o n f r o m C a n a d a w h i l e i n a p o l l i n J u n e , c o n d u c t e d b y t h e s a m e i n s t i t u t e , o n l y 2 8 p e r c e n t o f p e o ­p l e h e l d t h i s o p i n i o n , as a g a i n s t 18 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 6 8 . W i t h i n Q u e ­b e c P r o v i n c e , t h e n u m b e r o f t h o s e i n f a v o u r o f s e p a r a t i o n f r o m C a n a d a h a s i n c r e a s e d . A c ­c o r d i n g t o a s u r v e y m a d e l a s t A u g u s t , 4 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e p e o p l e a p p r o v e d s e p a r a t i o n f r o m C a n a ­d a a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n i n ­d e p e n d e n t c o u n t r y , w h i l e i n M a r c h , t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e h o l d i n g t h i s p o s i t i o n i n c r e a s e d t o 5 8 p e r c e n t .

Q u e b e c ' s r e c e n t r o b u s t e c o n o ­m i c g r o w t h h a s h e l p e d f o m e n t s e p a r a t i s t f e e l i n g s . N e a r l y h a l f o f t h e l o c a l p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t se­p a r a t i o n f r o m C a n a d a w i l l b e n e ­f i t Q u e b e c e c o n o m i c a l l y . T h e s i ­t u a t i o n h a s b e e n d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t i n 1 9 8 0 w h e n t h e f i r s t p o l l w a s h e l d . A c c o r d i n g t o e s t i m a ­t i o n o f a U S i n v e s t m e n t c o r p o r a ­t i o n , t h e g r o s s p r o d u c t v a l u e o f Q u e b e c h a s r e a c h e d U S $ 1 2 0 b i l ­l i o n t h i s y e a r , e x c e e d i n g t h a t o f D e n m a r k o r A u s t r i a . A r e p o r t f r o m t h e B a n k o f M o n t r e a l c o n ­c l u d e d t h a t Q u e b e c c a n e x i s t e c o n o m i c a l l y i f i t g a i n s i n d e ­p e n d e n c e a n d p r e d i c t e d t h a t Q u e b e c w i l l p r o b a b l y q u i e t l y se­p a r a t e f r o m C a n a d a j u s t as N o r ­w a y s e p a r a t e d f r o m S w e d e n i n 1 9 0 5 .

I n f a c e o f s u c h a s i t u a t i o n , B r i a n M u l r o n e y ' s g o v e r n m e n t , w h i l e s t r e s s i n g " a s t r o n g f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , " h a s e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d c o - o p e r a t e w i t h t h e s t r o n ­g e r p r o v i n c e s a n d p r o m i s e d t o r e v a m p t h e s e n a t e a n d p r o t e c t t h e r i g h t s o f t h e m i n o r i t i e s t o d e v e l o p t h e i r o w n c u l t u r e s . H o w ­e v e r , w h e t h e r t h e s e p r o m i s e s c a n c a l m t h e d i s t u r b a n c e t r i g g e r e d b y t h e l a n g u a g e d i s p u t e s r e m a i n s t o be s e e n . •

BEIJING REVIEW, .OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 13

CHINA

Nation Presses Ahead Despite Sanctions by Zhou Ying

The impact of Western economic sanctions on China diminishes daily with improvement in the country's political and economic situation. Events have once again demonstrated that those who attempt to bring China to its knees through hegemonism and power politics will inevitably fail.—Ed.

In the last 41 years, China grew from a poverty-stricken semi-colonial and semi-

feudal country to an indepen­dent socialist country with initial prosperity. A historical review reveals that these achievements were made after overcoming many difficulties, including the imposition of international eco­nomic sanctions on China, at which there were primarily three major attempts. Following the policy of independence and self-rehance, China succeeded in cop­ing with these sanctions.

Blockade and Embargo Due to a poor economic foun­

dation and incessant war, Chi­na's economy was crumbhng in 1949. Agricul ture languished, yielding only 113.18 million tons of grain and 444,000 tons of cot­ton, 25 percent and 48 percent, respectively, less than the peak figures of the pre-liberation per­iod. The industrial situation was also discouraging. Only 327,000 tons of cotton yarn, 1.89 billion metres of cloth, 158,000 tons of steel and 32 million tons of raw coal were produced, respectively 2.6 percent, 32 percent, 83 per­cent and 48 percent less than the pre-liberation peak years.

At the same time, most coun-The author is a research fellow with the Economic Research Centre of the State Planning Commission.

tries in the West refused to re­cognize New China diplomat­ically. On lop of this, they went so far as to impose an economic blockade and embargo on China. In June 1950, the US imperial­ists launched a war of aggres­sion against Korea and pushed the fire of war onto the Yalu River abutting China. The ac­tions threatened China's indus­trial bases in the northeast and were designed to strangle the newborn People's Republic in its cradle. On May 18, 1951, under the manipulation of the United States, the United Nations Ge­neral Assembly passed a resolu­tion which imposed a complete blockade against China.

Contrary to the anticipation of US imperialists, however, the Chinese people rose to fight the American aggressors and aid Ko­rea instead of yielding. Mean­while, they waged a tit-for-tat struggle against the blockade and embargo. In the three years (1950-52) after its l iberation, China made great economic achievements through the imple­mentation of the following mea­sures:

—Confiscating bureaucrat ic-capital enterprises and convert them into socialist state-owned ones. This made it possible for the Chinese government to con­trol the economic lifeline of the country;

—Conducting land reform by

which 46 million hectares of land were distributed to 300 million landless and land-poor peasants, and the land rent system under which the peasants had to pay 35 million tons of grain to the lan­dlords annually was abolished;

—Unifying the national finan­cial and economic work and sta­bilizing commodity prices. The galloping inflation which was common before liberation was brought under control within less than three years;

—Reasonably readjusting cap­italist industry and commerce (referring generally to national capital) while making the most of the positive role, and restrict­ing the negative role, they played in the national economy and peo­ple's livelihood;

—Restor ing indus t r ia l and agricultural production, encour­aging the interflow of farm and indus t r ia l p roducts between country and town, and rapidly building the most-needed enter­prises.

Thanks to the implementation of these measures, China extri­cated itself from the economic quagmire. In 1952, its industri­al and agricultural production reached the peak level of pre-liberation. Between 1950 and 1952, about 2 million unem­ployed people were employed and other jobless received a var­iety of aid. During a three-year period, the average wage of

14 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

CHINA workers and staff throughout the country increased by 70 percent and the income of the peasants registered a 30-plus percent rise.

This successful economic re­covery paved the way for China's implementation of its First Five-Year Plan (1953-57), the goals of which were fulfilled one year ahead of schedule. By 1956, China basically completed social­ist transformation of individual farming, individual handicraft industry and capitalist industry and commerce. In the meantime, by relying on the strength of the Chinese people and with the sup­port of the Soviet Union and oth­er friendly countries, China con­structed a number of key pro­jects, laying the pre l iminary foundation for socialist indus­trialization. During the First Five-Year Plan, the national in­come registered an average an­nual increase of 8.9 percent, the value of industrial output by 18 percent and agricultural output by 4.5 percent. The life of the people had improved remark­ably. The real consumption level rose by an average of 4.2 percent annually. New China withstood foreign pressure and grew in strength.

Tearing Up Contracts By the end of the 1950s, the

international communist move­ment experienced abrupt changes. The relations between the two communist powers, the Soviet Union and China, became tense. On July 25, 1960, when China- was faced with serious dif­ficulties resulting from rashness in national policy and natural disasters, the Soviet government perfidiously refused to honour 201 agreements and contracts and withdrew some 800 Soviet experts, bringing construction to an abrupt halt. While demand­ing payment by China of all the debts, the Soviet government sta­tioned heavy troops along the

Sino-Soviet border in an attempt to isolate China and force China to follow them politically.

The Soviet move made a mess of China's on-going economic construction and aggravated its economic problems. However, it also enabled the Chinese people to cast away their illusion. Fol­lowing the policy of "making self-reliance foremost and for­eign aid supplementary," they become more resolute than ever to build up their own country by bootstrap efforts.

Beginning in 1961, China fol­lowed the economic policy of "readjustment, consolidation and the filling out and raising of standards," and adopted a series of correct policies. These policies included readjusting agricultural production, increasing support for agr icul ture , reducing the scale of capital construction, re-charting investment orientation, d iscouraging excessive devel­opment of heavy industry, im­proving the internal structure of the industrial production, reduc­ing the number of workers and staff and cutting back on the ur­ban population, improving fin­ancial and bank management systems, and maintaining a bal­anced financial, credit, market and foreign exchange. The eco­nomic readjustment drew to an end by 1965.

During this period, despite ser­ious setbacks, there were many achievements in China's econo­my as a whole. In the eight years between 1958 and 1965, large numbers of important enterpris­es were built or expanded, in­cluding the Anshan Iron and Steel Complex, then the largest of its kind in China, and the Daqing Oilfield with an annual production capacity of 10 mil­lion tons. At the same time, China developed a large number of new industrial departments.

Compared with 1957, the in­dustrial fixed assets of 1965 regis­tered a 200 percent increase. The

output of major industrial prod­ucts increased by a big margin. ! For example, the output of cot- j ton yarn rose 54 percent, that of \ steel 128 percent, raw coal 77 percent, electricity 250 percent, and crude oil 675 percent. By 1965, China had, in the main, achieved the ability to support itself, laying a good foundation j to beat the second round of inter-national sanctions.

By relying on its own re- | sources, China successfully test- ! ed its atom and hydrogen bombs between 1964 and 1970, smash- 1 ing the nuclear monopoly by the superpowers. During this period, China also launched its first man-made earth satellite, proof \ of China's high-technology ca­pacity.

In early 1965, China paid 1.4 billion rubles of debts to the ; Soviet Union, much of which China had borrowed to finance the war of resistance against the American invasion of Korea, i This showed China's determina- i tion to be debt free and pay back all previous debts on time.

I 1 Economic Sanctions

In October 1971, China was restored to it legitimate seat and | other rights in the United Na­tions. Afterwards, the relations between China and the United \ States entered a period of dia­logue, a stark contrast to the hos­tility of earlier days. After a series of negotiations, the two countries established diplomatic relations. In like fashion, the re- j lations between China and the Soviet Union, after long period of hostility, were normalized in May of 1989. Between late 1978 and 1988, China implemented the policy of reform and opening to the outside world and based on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, energetically de­veloped economic co-operation and cu l tu ra l exchange with many other countries. During

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 IS

t h e t e n y e a r s o f r e f o r m a n d o p e n ­i n g u p , C h i n a ' s e c o n o m y g r e w a t i t s f a s t e s t r a t e , i t s c i t i z e n s r e c e i v ­i n g m o r e b e n e f i t s t h a n a t a n y o t h e r p e r i o d s i n c e l i b e r a t i o n . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e , h o w e v e r , C h i n a a l s o m a d e s o m e m i s t a k e s , t h e m a j o r e x p r e s s i o n s o f w h i c h w e r e i m b a l a n c e b e t w e e n s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d , s t r u c t u r a l i m b a l ­ance , i n f l a t i o n a n d c h a o s i n e c o ­n o m i c o r d e r . B e t w e e n t h e s p r i n g a n d s u m m e r o f 1 9 8 9 , w h e n t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t w a s t a k i n g m e a s u r e s t o d e a l w i t h t h e s e p r o b ­l e m s , a n t a g o n i s t f o r c e s b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , i n a m i s t a k e n c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e d o m e s t i c s i t u a ­t i o n , w o r k e d h a n d i n g l o v e t o s t i r u p a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y r e b e l ­l i o n i n o r d e r t o o v e r t h r o w t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e C h i n e s e C o m ­m u n i s t P a r t y a n d s u b v e r t t h e so ­c i a l i s t s y s t e m . W h e n t h e r e b e l ­l i o n w a s p u t d o w n , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d s o m e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e W e s t i m p o s e d e c o n o m i c s a n c t i o n s o n C h i n a . T h u s f o r a t h i r d t i m e s i n c e 1 9 4 9 C h i n a w a s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e o f a m a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l a t t e m p t a t e c o n o m i c s a n c t i o n .

I n t h e f a c e o f s u c h e c o n o m i c s a n c t i o n a n d p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e W e s t , t h e C h i n e s e g o v ­e r n m e n t a n d t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e h a v e n o t b u d g e d a n i n c h f r o m f o l l o w i n g t h e s o c i a l i s t r o a d a n d c o n t i n u i n g t h e r e f o r m a n d o p e n ­i n g u p . M o r e o v e r , b y l e a r n i n g f r o m pas t m i s t a k e s , C h i n a a d o p t ­ed e f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e s i n o r d e r t o d e a l w i t h i n t e r n a l p r o b l e m s a n d t o b o y c o t t e x t e r n a l causes o f t h e r i o t s a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y r e b e l l i o n .

E c o n o m i c a l l y , C h i n a se t a se r ­ies o f t a r g e t s a n d m e a s u r e s f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e e c o n o m i c e n v i r o n ­m e n t , r e c t i f y i n g t h e e c o n o m i c o r ­de r , a n d f o r d e e p e n i n g t h e r e ­f o r m . T h r o u g h t h e s t r e n u o u s e f ­f o r t s o f a l l t h e p e o p l e , C h i n a s a w t h e f r u i t o f s u c h e f f o r t s . S i n c e J a n u a r y o f t h i s y e a r , C h i n a ' s e c o n o m y h a s b e e n d e v e l o p i n g h e a l t h i l y , t h e m a j o r e x p r e s s i o n s

CHINA

o f w h i c h a r e as f o l l o w s : — T h e r e h a s b e e n a n e a s i n g o f

d e m a n d e x c e e d i n g s u p p l y , a n d t h e e x c e s s i v e s ca l e o f i n v e s t m e n t i n f i x e d asse ts a n d t h e e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h o f c o n s u m p t i o n f u n d s h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n ­t r o l ;

— T h e r e h a s b e e n a r e a d j u s t ­m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n d i n c r e a s e d s u p p o r t o f a g r i c u l ­t u r e . I n 1 9 8 9 , t h e o u t p u t v a l u e o f a g r i c u l t u r e r o s e 3 . 1 p e r c e n t o v e r t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r w i t h t h e h a r ­v e s t o f 4 0 7 . 5 5 m i l l i o n t o n s o f g r a i n , a n a m o u n t r e a c h i n g t h e r e c o r d h i g h . G r a i n p r o d u c t i o n i n s u m m e r t h i s y e a r w a s g o o d , w i t h t h e o u t p u t e x p e c t e d t o s u r p a s s 9 9 . 3 5 m i l l i o n t o n s , o r 5 .6 m i l ­l i o n t o n s m o r e t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . T h e o v e r h e a t e d i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r b e g a n t o c o o l d o w n a l o t i n 1 9 8 9 , w i t h t h e g r o w t h r a t e o f i n ­d u s t r i a l o u t p u t v a l u e d r o p p i n g f r o m 2 0 . 8 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 8 8 t o 8.5 p e r c e n t . A l t h o u g h t h e g r o w t h r a t e f e l l e x c e s s i v e l y e a r l y t h i s y e a r , i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n be ­g a n t o p i c k u p i n M a r c h . I n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , t h e a v e r a g e m o n t h l y g r o w t h r a t e w a s 2 .2 p e r ­c e n t h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e l a s t y e a r . A l s o , i n d u s t r y ' s i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e h a s s e e n s o m e i m p r o v e ­m e n t as e n e r g y a n d r a w a n d p r o ­cessed m a t e r i a l p r o d u c t i o n , p r e ­v i o u s l y i n s h o r t s u p p l y , r e g i s ­t e r e d a s t a b l e i n c r e a s e ;

— I n f l a t i o n h a s b e e n b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l . I n 1 9 8 9 , t h e ge­n e r a l r e t a i l s a l e p r i c e r o s e 17 .8 p e r c e n t o v e r 1 9 8 8 , l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r ' s r a t e o f 18 .5 p e r c e n t a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g m o m e n t u m w e a k e n i n g m o n t h b y m o n t h . B y O c t o b e r , t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e h a d d e c r e a s e d t o b e l o w t w o d i g i t s . I n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e w a s 3 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n t h e c o r r e s ­p o n d i n g p e r i o d o f l a s t y e a r .

— F o r e i g n t r a d e a n d t e c h n o l ­o g i c a l e x c h a n g e c o n t i n u e d t o e x ­p a n d . I n 1 9 8 9 , i m p o r t a n d e x p o r t h i t U S $ 1 1 1 . 6 b i l l i o n , 8.6 p e r c e n t m o r e t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . T h e

e x p o r t s i t u a t i o n w a s g o o d i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , u p 15 .4 p e r c e n t f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d o f l a s t y e a r . T h e s t a t e f o r ­e i g n e x c h a n g e r e s e r v e s s a w a n i m p r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e .

— T h e c h a o t i c s i t u a t i o n t h a t e x i s t e d i n t h e c i r c u l a t i o n f i e l d h a s b e e n i n i t i a l l y r e c t i f i e d . B y F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 0 , a t o t a l o f 7 0 , 0 0 0 c o m p a n i e s o r 2 4 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l t o t a l h a v e b e e n d i s b a n d ­e d o r a m a l g a m a t e d . I n v a r i o u s l o c a l i t i e s , e f f o r t s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o i m p r o v e m a r k e t r u l e s a n d r e ­g u l a t i o n s .

A l l t h e s e i n d i c a t e t h a t C h i n a is m o v i n g i n t o s m o o t h e r e c o n o m i c w a t e r s .

T h e t h r e e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s a n c ­t i o n s w h i c h w e r e i m p o s e d o n C h i n a c l e a r l y s h o w e d C h i n a ' s ca­p a c i t y t o w i t h s t a n d s u c h p r e s ­s u r e . N o s a n c t i o n c a n s h a k e C h i ­na ' s i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d d o m e s t i c , ' p o l i c i e s ba sed o n i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s e l f - r e l i a n c e . T h i s i s a h i s t o r ­i c a l f a c t o f t h e l a s t 4 1 y e a r s .

T o d a y , a t a t i m e w h e n t h e w o r l d e c o n o m y i s b e c o m i n g i n ­c r e a s i n g l y i n t e r d e p e n d e n t , t h e i m p a c t o f s a n c t i o n s c a n h a v e a n a d v e r s e e f f e c t o n t h o s e a t t e m p t ­i n g s u c h a c t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , w e u n d e r s t a n d w h y t h e s u m m i t m e e t i n g o f t h e s e v e n W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s h e l d i n J u l y i n H o u s ­t o n d e c i d e d t o r e l a x t h e i r e c o n o ­m i c s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t C h i n a a n d t a k e a m o d e r a t e t o n e i n d e a l i n g w i t h C h i n a . I n a n A u g u s t c o m ­m e n t a r y , t h e New York Times s a i d t h a t t h e s e r i e s o f v i c t o r i e s C h i n a h a s m a d e i n d i p l o m a c y h a v e b r o k e n t h e W e s t ' s s a n c ­t i o n s ; d u r i n g t h e i r v i s i t t o C h i n a , s o m e s e n i o r o f f i c i a l s f r o m t h e W e s t r e - e x p r e s s e d t h e i r w i l l i n g ­ness t o p r o v i d e f i n a n c i a l a i d ; t h e y w e r e a l l t r y i n g t o r e a d j u s t t h e i r p o l i c i e s t o w a r d s C h i n a . J a ­p a n , w h i c h t o o k t h e l e a d i n a d o p t i n g a m o d e r a t e a t t i t u d e t o ­w a r d s C h i n a , h o p e d t h a t t h e o t h ­e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e W e s t w o u l d t a k e b i g g e r s t r i d e s i n t h e i r C h i n a d e a l i n g s . •

16 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

C H I N A

Sim Yat-sen' s Dream and China^s Reality by J ing J ie

Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), the forerunner of China's democratic revolution, mapped out an overall programme (Industrial Programme for the Material Construction) for China's modernization 70 years ago. His programme, published in 1919, was a boost to the morale of the Chinese people. However, imperialist aggression, warfare among warlords and the decay of the Kuomintang government prevented Dr. Sun's tentative ideas from being realized before the founding of New China in 1949. Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party over the past four decades, the Chinese people have accelerated the nation's construction and gradually turned Dr. Sun's programme into reality, going beyond his ideas in some aspects.—Ed.

T ihe content of the Insustrial Programme formulated by Dr. Sun covered a wide

range. Limited space, however,

1876, when the first railway was built in China, to 1911, the year when the Qing government was toppled, 9,100 kilometres of rail­ways were built, an annual aver­age of 260 kilometres. Between 1911 and 1949, a total of 13,500

allows us to provide only an ex­position of railway and harbour construction and the develop­ment of river and lake re­sources in this article. The Qinhuangdao Haiboui Trainyard.

Railway Construction Railway construction wa^

an important part in I) Sun's Industrial Programme He made it clear that his pi o-gramme gave top priority U i the construction of rail­ways and roads, linking the growth of transport and communication to the rein-vigoration of the nation's economy. In his ambitious programme, some 50 perceni of the effort was devoted the nation's railway system and the routes of varic railways.

In the 70 years since the programme was first an­nounced, how have China's railways developed? Accord­ing to historical records from

kilometres of railways were con­structed, averaging 355 kilo­metres a year. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republ­ic of China in 1949, however, war and related actions had left China with only 21,810 kilo-,

metres of operating railways, some 11,000 kilometres of which were barely operating.

The foregoing figures show that the speed of rail­way construction in old China was slow and that it was impossible to turn Dr. Sun's noble ambition into reality.

After the founding of New China in 1949, the repair and construction of railways has been regarded as one of the most important aspects for developing the national economy. The speed of this reconstruction has thus grad-

I ually been accelerated. By the end of 1988, China had

. 52,700 kilometres of operat­ing railways under the jur­isdiction of the central gov­ernment (not including rail­ways in Taiwan and Hong

BEinNG REVIEW. OCTOBER 1-7,1990 17

CHINA

The double-tiack Jiangcnn South Bridge on the Hengyang-Guangzhou Railway Line, 2 4 6 metres long, with a span of 1 2 8 metres, was commissioned in August 1 9 8 6 .

Kong), an average construction rate of 794 kilometres of rail­ways annually. This rate is 200 percent and 100 percent higher, respectively, than that which took place during the time of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Moreover, the figure does not include railways built by local governments, forest rail­ways and special railways for in­dustrial and mining enterprises. If these are added in, China's current total of railways stretch­es some 88,568 kilometres.

Great improvements have been made in the distribution of railways and in locomotive tech­nology. For example, in old China most railways w i re built in the eastern provinces of the country where the people were densely populated and the ter­rain was relatively flat; only a few railways were built in the vast western expanse of the coun­try. In the past four decades, in contrast, China has built 17 trunk rail lines totalling 11,000 kilometres on the high moun­tains and the vast desert of the western region where the popula­tion is sparse. These railways run from Baoji to Chengdu, from Chengdu to Kunming, from Gui-yang to Guilin, from Chongqing

to Guizhou, from Guiyang to Kunming , from Changsha to Gu iyang , from Xiangfan to Chongqing, from Tianshui to Lanzhou, from Baotou to Lan­zhou, from Lanzhou to Xining in Qinghai Province, from Lanzhou to Urumqi in Xinjiang, from Qinghai to Tibet (Xining to Gol-m u d ) and one which runs through the southern part of Xinjiang. The proportion of rail­ways in the western part of the country increased from 5.5 per­cent to 23.4 percent of the na­tion's total.

Technica l ly speaking, old China used mostly steam locom­otives; diesel and electric locom­otives were not even considered. New China, however, stepped up research of locomotives. In 1952, China manufac tured its first steam locomotive for a t runk line and, between 1958 and 1959, suc­cessfully turned out diesel and electric locomotives. The num­ber of locomotives owned by China has increased from 4,000 in 1949 to the current 13,000. Of these, diesel and electric locomo­tives account for well over 40 percent of the nation's total. The ton/kilometre proportion of the two types of locomotives reached 60 percent in 1988. Electrified

railways now total 5,700 kil­ometres and double-tracked rail­ways rose from 866 kilometres in 1949 to 11,770 kilometres in 1988. China's technical standard of railways has reached or ap­proached the advanced world level and the nation's turnover of passengers and freight ranks se­cond only to the Soviet Union in the world.

China has also had great suc­cess in its construction of railway bridges and tunnels. In the past 40 years, Chinese railway build­ers have const ructed 18,500 bridges total l ing 1,260 kilo­metres. The most famous are the 6,772-metre-long Yangtze Riv­er Bridge in Nanj ing, the 1,670-metre-long Yangtze Riv­er Bridge in W u h a n , the 2,900-metre-long Yellow River Bridge in Zhengzhou and the 5,700-metre-long Yellow River Bridge in Jinan. During the same period, more than 4,400 rail­way tunnels totalling 2,000 kilo­metres were also constructed. The Dayaoshan double- t rack tunnel on the southern section of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway covers a d is tance of 14,000 metres and the Jundushan tun­nel on the Datong-Qinhuangdao Rai lway is 8,460 metres in length. Since tunnels cover 21 out of 24 kilometres on the C h e n g d u - K u n m i n g Rai lway, people call it the "underground railway by the Dadu River."

Although China has made en­couraging progress in railway construction, it still has a long way to go when one remembers the idea of "building 100,000 miles of railways" proposed by Dr. Sun. It is fortunate, however, that the Chinese government has continued to regard railway con­struction as a key project of the national economy. While streng­thening the renovation of the busy rail transport system of the east, railway departments have beefed up new construction and renovation of lines in the central i

18 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

CHINA and western regions. People be­lieve that the noble ambition of Dr. Sun Yat-sen will be turned into reality within the coming decades. Harbour Construction

Harbour construction was an­other important aspect of the Industrial Programme. Dr. Sun Yat-sen believed that harbours were the key to transport and communication between China and the world and he put for­ward a programme wherein three big harbours, four medium-sized and nine small harbours would be built on China's coast.

The tangled fighting between warlords, imperialist aggression and the corruption of the Kuomintang government, how­ever, also prevented these goals of Dr. Sun from being realized. Thus, China's harbour construc­tion was still in a very backward state before 1949.

Chinese Communists inherited and carried forward the wfful-filled wish of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. In the past 40 years, the Chinese people led by the Communist Party carried out harbour con­struction on a big scale, not only turning Dr. Sun's wish into real­ity, but going beyond his plans in many aspects. The most conspi­cuous successes were the techn­ical transformation and expan­sion of existing harbours and the

construction of the Zhanjiang, Fangcheng, Zhangjiagang, Shi-jiu, Lanshantou, Shenzhen, Yangpu and Zhapu deep-water harbours. The number of deep-water berths increased from 61 during the early post-liberation period to the current 253 and the annual handling capacity of goods at various harbours has risen from 10 million tons right after liberation in 1949 to the current 500 million tons. By the end of last year, 200 large, small and medium-sized harbours, like a cluster of bright pearls, had been constructed on China's 18,000-kilometre coastline, far exceeding Dr. Sun's plans.

The three largest harbours planned by Dr. Sun were the North Harbour, the East Har­bour and the South Harbour.

The North Harbour in his plan would have been constructed be­tween Dagukou and Qinhuang-dao. Natural conditions required that the harbour be sited in a slightly different area. At pre­sent, the Qinhuangdao, Tianjin (Dagukou) and Dalian harbours are now in operation in the sur­rounding areas.

—Qinhuangdao Harbour used to be a coal dock for the Kaluan Mine. In 1948, the handling ca­pacity was only 800,000 tons but, after construction and expansion during the past 40 years, there are now 16 deep-water berths, the world's biggest coal dock

with mechanized and automated loading and unloading of coal, a modern crude oil dock connected with the Daqing Oilfield through petroleum pipelines, and a sun­dry goods dock equipped with advanced facilities. In 1989, the handling capacity of the harbour reached 65.65 million tons, thus becoming a comprehensive har­bour and a main exporter of Chi­na's energy resources.

—The Tianjin (Dagukou) Harbour which opened in 1861 had an annual handling capacity of only 890,000 tons in 1949. Af­ter construction, expansion and technical transformation over the past four decades, there are now 46 berths, including 26 deep-water ones. It has become China's major foreign trade har­bour and one of the world's key international container harbours. By 1988, its handling capacity had reached 21 million tons.

—Although Dalian Harbour was a fairly good harbour before the founding of New China in 1949, right after liberation of the country in 1949 its annual load­ing and unloading capacity was no more than 1.82 million tons. Currently, the harbour has six districts and 55 berths, including 28 deep-water berths. Its annual handling capacity is now 48.5 million tons. The harbour has forged trade and transport ties with 140 countries and regions in the world, and 3,000 foreign trade vessels call and sail from the harbour each year.

For the East Harbour, Dr. Sun chose two sites. One was in Shanghai, the other between the Zhapu and Gaipu capes on the northern bank of the Hangzhou Bay. In his plans, however, he favoured the latter.

When Dr. Sun formulated his Industrial Programme, the Shanghai harbour was already the biggest in China. During the early post-liberation period, its annual handling capacity was 2.46 million tons. By 1988, the

19

C H I N A Shanghai Habour had 104 berths, including 48 deep-water ones, and its annual handling ca­pacity had reached 130 million

I tons. It was one of the earliest harbours in China able to accom-

' modate container transport, the annual handl ing capaci ty of which is now over 300,000 TEUs.

i At present, Shanghai Harbour is the centre of a group of har­bours on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River including those at Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Zhangjia-gang, Nantong and Shanghai. Of these, the handl ing capaci ty of the Nanjing Harbour alone amounted to 42.44 million tons in 1988.

Dr. Sun assumed that the ideal site for the East Harbour was between the Zhapu and Gaipu capes, an area in which work on a harbour has begun on a small scale. The Ningbo Harbour, how­ever, made up of the Beicang, Zhenhai and Ningbo harbour districts, has already been built on the southern bank of Hang-zhou Bay. It consists of 31 berths, including ten deep-water ones and, in 1988, its handling capacity had reached more than 20 million tons.

The South Harbour planned by Dr. Sun was to be located in Guangzhou. He placed high hope on the Guangzhou Harbour, say­ing that it would not only be the

centre of inland water transport in the south, but also the hub of marine transport. By 1952, the harbour's handling capacity was 470,000 tons. In the 40 years which followed, some 98 berths, including 22 deep-water ones, were built and Guangzhou well earns the name of South Har­bour. In 1988, its handling ca­pacity totalled 47 million tons, almost 100 times higher than 1952. With the Guangzhou Har­bour as the mainstay and supple­mented by the Shekou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai harbours, the Zhu-jiang harbour group has taken shape.

The four second-grade har­bours mentioned by Dr. Sun were the Yingkou, Haizhou ( L i a n y u n g a n g ) , F u z h o u and Qinzhou ha rbours . The nine third-grade harbours were the Huludao, Huanghe, Zhifu (Yan-tai), Ningbo, Wenzhou, Xiamen, Shantou, Dianbai, and Haikou harbours.

Harnessing Rivers Dr. Sun paid a lot of attention

to developing China's rivers, giv­ing an empha t i c account of how to tame the Changjiang (Yangtze), Huanghe (Yellow), Huaihe and Zhujiang (Pearl) r ivers in his Indus t r i a l Pro­gramme.

The Changjiang, the longest river in China, snakes its way over more than 6,300 kilometres and dra ins in to 1.8 mil l ion square kilometres of land that is economically developed. Dr. Sun proposed tu rn ing Changj iang into a "golden waterway," in the true sense of the word, by dredg­ing the navigation course and constructing many harbours. He even put forward the idea of promoting navigation and gener­ating electricity by building a dam at the Three Gorges section. However, his idea remained un­fulfilled in old China and, in the ten years after his death, two sev­ere floodings occurred, respec­tively in 1931 and 1935, killing more than 280,000 people and dislocating 40 million others.

Soon after New China was founded in 1949, the Changjiang River Water Conservancy Com­mittee was set up to oversee the comprehensive harnessing and development of the river. The re­sults were remarkable.

Flood control. Dykes on the 3,600-kilometre-long trunk lines and on the 30,000-kilometre-long branches at the river's lower and middle reaches have been either reinforced or heightened, involv­ing total earthworks of 3 billion cubic metres. Six flood water diversion and storage projects large enough to trap as much as 50 billion cubic metres of water and more thqn 100 large and 48,000 small and medium-sized reservoirs with a total capacity of more than 120 billion cubic metres have been built. These projects have reduced the threat of flooding and provided an ef­fective guarantee for people's safety and the protection of pro­perty. For example, the Jingjiang Diversion Project built at the middle reaches in 1953 stood firm when a flood, largest in a century, hit the area in 1954. The flood water was safely diverted by simply raising the sluice gates three times, thus preventing a di-

BEUING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

C H I N A saster which would otherwise have affected hundreds of thou­sands.

Irrigation. Because of the con­struction of numerous reservoirs, water diversion projects and wat­er pumping stations over the past 40 years, the area under irriga­tion has more than doubled from 6.6 million hectares in the post-liberation days to more than 15 million hectares today. It has been on these new drainage areas that such important agricultural areas and commodity grain prod­uction bases as the Chengdu Plain, the J i anghan Pla in , the Tongting Lake ' Plain, the Jiangsu-Anhui Plain and the del­ta have been bui l t . The Changjiang River valley, which accounts for less than 19 percent of the country's land area, now produces 40 percent of the na­tion's total grain.

Power generation. In 1949, the entire valley had a total power generating capacity of less than 10,000 kw. Now, 97 power sta­tions, each having a capacity of more than 10,000 kw, have been built or are under construction on the river, with the capacity to generate 72 billion kwh each year. The largest stations, now in operation, include the Gezhouba Power Station, which has a ca­pacity of more than 2.7 million kw and generates 15.7 billion kwh every year; the Danjiang-kou Power Station, with a capac­ity of 900,000 kw and producing more than 3 billion kwh every year; and the Wujiangdu Power Station, which turns out more than 3.3 billion kwh each year from its 630,000-kw generators.

Navigation. More than 200 dangerous shoals in the Chuan-jiang section of the upper reach­es have been leveled off so that ships are now able to sail up­stream from the outlet directly to the city of Chongqing in Sichuan Province, making the hitherto dangerous Three Gorges section navigable for all ships. The

A container dock at Tianjin Harbour. s t ra igh ten ing-out of the Jingjiang section at the middle reaches shortened the navigation course by 80 kilometres. This, along with the construction of more than 340 ship-locks, big and small, guarantees all ships smooth going. The ship locks at Gezhouba are the most sophisti­cated in the world, both in terms of size and technology.

However, there is still much to be done in harnessing and devel­oping the Changjiang River. The Changjiang Programming Office of the Ministry of Water Re­sources and Electrical Power is reported to have prepared a pro­gramme for further harnessing and developing Changjiang. The proposals include a Three Gorges Hub Project and a strengthened anti-flood project as well as the transformation of the outlet.

The Huanghe River, the second longest in China, zigzags more than 5,460 kilometres over a drainage area of 750,000 square kilometres. Historically, the riv­er represents the development of the Chinese nation and, at the same time, the untold suffering it brought to the nation's people. Dr. Sun once proposed the trans­formation of the Huanghe River in two aspects: navigation and water resources. To this end, the most important was the renova-

YANC BAOkil\

tion of the dykes, the construc­tion of stone dams and the plant­ing of trees to stop the soil ero­sion and thus control flooding. In his Industrial Programme, he said, "I think one of the most important steps which the nation can take is the prevention of floods. The Huanghe River has been the source of the Chinese people's sufferings for thou­sands of years." To harness the Huanghe River, he added, "no­th ing should be spa red—no amount of money too large."

Dr. Sun can rest in peace be­cause his unfulfilled attempt to harness the Huanghe River has been gradually realized by the Chinese people under the leader­ship of the Chinese Communist Party, making much headway in transforming the Huanghe River over the past 40 years.

Flood control system. The 1,300-kilometre-long low, dilapi­dated dykes at the lower reach­es were reinforced three times, their height raised seven to ten metres and their tops widened seven to 11 metres. The total earthwork amounted to 300 mil­lion cubic metres, as much as needed in the construction of five Great Walls. The most dan­gerous sections were supported by stone dykes. Based on the strategy of "interrupting the wat-

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990 21

C H I N A

The Fangcheng Harbour in Guangxi began operations in 1986 . WANG WENQUAN

e r a t t h e u p p e r r e a c h e s a n d d r a i n i n g i t a t t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s , d i v e r t i n g i t t h r o u g h b o t h b a n k s " f o r t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t f l o o d c o n ­t r o l , r e s e r v o i r s w e r e b u i l t a t S a n -m e n x i a , L u h u n a n d G u c h e n g , d y k e s w e r e b u i l t a t B e i j i n a n d t h e D o n g p i n g L a k e w a s d r e d g e d f o r f l o o d w a t e r s t o r a g e . A f l o o d c o n t r o l s y s t e m h a s t h u s b e e n b u i l t a t t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s o f t h e H u a n g h e R i v e r , c o m p l e t e w i t h d y k e s , r e s e r v o i r s , c h a n n e l d r e d g ­i n g p r o j e c t s , f l o o d w a t e r d i v e r ­s i o n a n d s t o r a g e a r e a s . P a r t l y b e ­c a u s e o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s a n d p a r t ­l y b e c a u s e o f t h e l o c a l p e o p l e ' s k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e n e e d f o r s t r o n g f l o o d c o n t r o l , t h e H u a n g h e R i v e r , w h i c h r e a c h e s f l o o d l e v e l t w o o u t o f e v e r y t h r e e y e a r s , h a s n o t b r e a c h e d i t s b a n k s f o r , 4 0 y e a r s .

S i l t c o n t r o l . T h e s e d i m e n t o f t h e H u a n g h e i s o n e o f t h e w o r l d ' s r i c h e s t . T h e a n n u a l s a n d l o a d r e a c h e s 1 .6 b i l l i o n t o n s . I n h i s I n d u s t r i a l P r o g r a m m e , D r . S u n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f l o o d c o n t r o l p r o j e c t s c o u l d o n l y d o h a l f t h e j o b o f flood c o n ­t r o l , a n d t h a t t h e r e m a i n i n g h a l f w o u l d h a v e t o b e d o n e b y p l a n t ­i n g t r e e s o n t h e s l a n t i n g l a n d i n t h e e n t i r e v a l l e y i n o r d e r t o p r e v ­e n t s o i l e r o s i o n . S i n c e t h e f o u n d ­i n g o f N e w C h i n a i n 1 9 4 9 , t h e l a r g e - s c a l e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f w a t e r

a n d s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o j e c t s h a s b e e n l a u n c h e d o n t h e L o e s s P l a t e a u . T h e p r o j e c t s h a v e r e ­s u l t e d i n m o r e t h a n 3 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s o f t e r r a c e d f a r m l a n d b e i n g r e c l a i m e d o n t h e h i l l s i d e s a n d a n o t h e r 7 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s b e i n g p l a n t e d w i t h t r e e s o r g r a s s . T h e r e s u l t i s t h a t w a t e r a n d s o i l e r o s i o n o v e r a n a r e a o f 1 1 7 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s h a s b e e n b r o u g h t u n d e r i n i t i a l c o n t r o l . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e t a m e d F e n h e R i v e r , a b i g t r i b u t a r y o f t h e H u a n g h e R i v e r s y s t e m , h a s s e e n i t s s e d i m e n t l o a d d r o p b y 5 0 p e r ­c e n t .

R a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e h y ­d r o e l e c t r i c p o w e r i n d u s t r y . I n

t h e p a s t 4 0 y e a r s , C h i n a h a s b u i l t b i g a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d h y d r o e ­l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n s a t L o n -g y a n g x i a , L i u j i a x i a , Y a n g u o x i a , B a p a n x i a , Q i n g t o n g x i a , T i a n q i a o a n d S a n m e n x i a , w i t h a t o t a l g e ­n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f m o r e t h a n 3 . 6 m i l l i o n k w a n d a n a n n u a l o u t p u t o f 1 7 . 6 b i l l i o n k w h . T h e s e p r o j e c t s h a v e e n s u r e d t h a t D r . S u n ' s h o p e " o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e h y d r o - e l e c t r i c p o w e r i n d u s t r y " h a s c o m e t r u e .

G r o w t h o f i r r i g a t e d a r e a s . T h e t o t a l i r r i g a t e d a r e a i n t h e r i v e r v a l l e y i s n o w m o r e t h a n 5 . 3 m i l ­l i o n h e c t a r e s , m o r e t h a n s i x t i m e s t h e a r e a i r r i g a t e d w h e n N e w C h i n a w a s f o u n d e d i n 1 9 4 9 . S i n c e t h e n , t h e d e s t r u c t i v e H u a n g h e R i v e r h a s b e e n u s e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e . D o z e n s o f c i t i e s a n d t h e i r f a c t o ­r i e s h a v e b e g u n t o f e t c h w a t e r f r o m t h e H u a n g h e R i v e r a n d i t i s n o w t h e s o u r c e f o r 4 7 p e r c e n t o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d f o r d r i n k i n g a n d i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n .

I m p r o v e d n a v i g a t i o n . N a v i g a ­t i o n a t t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s h a s b e e n i m p r o v e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e d r e d g i n g o f t h e m a i n c h a n n e l . T h e r e h a s a l s o b e e n a l o t o f i m ­p r o v e m e n t i n s e a s o n a l n a v i g a ­t i o n c a p a c i t y a l o n g s o m e s e c ­t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e N i n g x i a -I n n e r M o n g o l i a s e c t i o n i s n o w n a v i g a b l e f o r s h i p s r a n g i n g f r o m

The Lianynngang Harbour, recently expanded with 1 .5 billion yuan in financing, is located at the east end of the Trans-Eurasia Railway Line.

22 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

CHINA 20 to 120 tons in deadweight. The lower reaches of the river section in Shandong Province can accommodate 300-ton-class engine-driven ships during per­iods of ordinary flow. The Min­istry of Communications is re­ported to have prepared a de­velopment programme for the Huanghe River system after careful study of the river and, as is scheduled in the programme, Dr. Sun's aspiration to make the river section from the outlet up­stream to Lanzhou navigable will come true in the not distant future.

The Huaihe River, located be­tween Changjiang and Huanghe, is more than 1,000 kilometres long, draining into an area of more than 180,000 square kil­ometres. Because the Huanghe River changed its course twice over the past several centuries, the Huaihe River system was ser­iously choked by sediment, with the result clearly described in the saying that "there is a big flood when it rains heavily, a small flood when it rains lightly and a drought when it does not rain."

In view of the fact that when it overflowed its banks the Huaihe River would "bring suffering to millions," Dr. Sun pointed out that "to dredge the Huaihe Riv­er is today an urgent task for China" and, over the years, some Chinese and US experts put for­ward several programmes for transforming the Huaihe River. In 1929, the Kuomintang gov­ernment set up a Huaihe River Transformation Committee and dredged several tributaries and constructed several small boat locks using the 1900 Boxer In­demnity fund remitted by the US Congress but the results were not satisfactory.

One year after New China was founded in 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong issued the call to "bring the Huaihe River under per­manent control." This was fol-

The Danjiangkou Hydroelectric Power Station on a tributary of the Yangtze River.

lowed by a large-scale campaign to transform the Huaihe River throughout the entire valley in the following ways.

Building reservoirs at the up­per reaches. In the past 40 years, 35 large reservoirs each capable of holding more than 100 mil­lion cubic metres of water, 151 medium-sized ones each capable of holding more than 10 million cubic metres and more than 5,000 small ones each capable of holding more than 100,000 cubic metres—with a combined capac­ity of 40 billion cubic metres —have been built on the trunk and branch channels of the Huaihe River system. These re­servoirs have trapped much of the flood waters in the mountain areas, making it easy to control flooding at the middle and lower reaches.

Water storage projects and dykes reinforced at the middle and lower reaches. In the past 40 years, flood water storage and control projects have been built at the Hongze Lake, Gaoyou Lake, Nansi Lake andLuoma Lake, in addition to the 340-kilometre-long Huaibei Dyke, the 129-kilometre-long Huxi Dyke, the reinforced

Hongze Lake Embankment and the Grand Canal Embankment. Moreover, the Grand Irrigation Canal in northern Jiangsu Prov­ince and the new Huaishu River have also been dug or dredged. All this has greatly increased the ability to direct the Huaihe's dis­charge water into the sea.

In addition, more than 4,000 draining and pumping stations have been built in the drainage areas, benefiting more than 6 million hectares of water-logged farmland and another 1.5 mil­lion hectares of alkaline land. For example, the Pishihang Irri­gation Project built in 1958 has since directed water to 700,000 hectares of farmland, an area which used to be hit by "droughts twice every three years." The area is now a famous grain producer in China. In ad­dition, the Jiangdu and Huaian pumping stations built in Jiang­su Province is able to send Changjiang River water north­ward 400 cubic metres per se­cond, irrigating more than 600,000 hectares of farmland at the lower reaches.

Dr. Sun would have been gra­tified to see his aspiration ful­filled and to realize that the

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 23

C H I N A

d i s a s t e r - r i d d e n H u a i h e R i v e r v a l l e y w o u l d b e c o m e a n i m p o r t a n t g r a i n a n d c o t ­t o n p r o d u c i n g a r e a i n C h i n a .

Zhujiang (Pearl) i s a l a r g e r i v e r i n s o u t h C h i n a . W i t h t h r e e b i g t r i b u t a r ­ies , S i j i a n g , B e i j i a n g , a n d D o n g j i a n g , t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r d r a i n s a n a r e a o f m o r e t h a n 4 2 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s o v e r a c o u r s e o f m o r e t h a n 2 , 1 0 0 k i l o ­m e t r e s .

D r . S u n , w h o s e h o m e ­t o w n w a s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r a n d w h e r e h e o n c e c o n d u c t e d d e m o ­c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i v ­i t i e s f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e , l o v e d t h e r i v e r v e r y m u c h . I n h i s I n d u s t r i a l P r o g r a m m e , D r . S u n g a v e a l e n g t h y a c c o u n t o f h o w t o h a r n e s s a n d d e v e l o p t h e Z h u j i a n g , a n a c c o u n t w h i c h c a n be s u m m a r i z e d as f o l l o w s : a f t e r t h e Z h u j i a n g i s t a m e d , f l o o d i n g s h o u l d b e p r e v ­e n t e d a n d i t s h o u l d b e n a v i g a b l e a n d n e w f a r m l a n d r e c l a i m e d . I t w a s a s h a m e t h a t D r . S u n ' s p r o ­g r a m m e r e m a i n e d u n f u l f i l l e d u n d e r t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f t h e R e ­p u b l i c o f C h i n a .

S o o n a f t e r N e w C h i n a w a s f o u n d e d , h o w e v e r , t h e p e o p l e ' s g o v e r n m e n t u n d e r t o o k t h e t r a n s ­f o r m a t i o n o f t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v ­e r i n a n a l l - r o u n d w a y a n d , b y d o i n g so , g o t r e m a r k a b l e r e s u l t s .

H u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f w a t ­e r c o n s e r v a n c y p r o j e c t s h a v e b e e n b u i l t o n t h e t r u n k a n d b r a n c h c h a n n e l s o f t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r s y s t e m , i n c l u d i n g m o r e t h a n 8 , 0 0 0 r e s e r v o i r s , m o r e t h a n 3 , 0 0 0 s l u i c e g a t e s , m o r e t h a n 4 0 , 0 0 0 m a c h i n e - d r i v e n d r a i n i n g a n d p u m p i n g s t a t i o n s a n d m o r e t h a n 2 0 , 0 0 0 h y d r o e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n s . E m b a n k m e n t s t o t a l l i n g m o r e t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 k i l o m e t r e s h a v e b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d a l o n g t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s s e c t i o n s . I n a d d i -

XISHUA NEiVS AGENCY

A 330,000-v power-transfoiming station is used by the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station.

t i o n , a g r o u p o f p r o j e c t s v i t a l f o r n a v i g a t i o n , w a t e r a n d s o i l p r e v ­e n t i o n a n d t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f w a t ­e r b o d i e s h a v e b e e n b u i l t a l o n g t h e r i v e r s y s t e m . T o p r o m o t e t h e p r o s p e r i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y o f H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o , t h e S h e n z h e n -H o n g K o n g w a t e r s u p p l y p r o ­j e c t a n d t h e Z h u h a i - M a c a o w a t ­e r s u p p l y p r o j e c t h a v e b e e n b u i l t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o n t h e D o n g j i a n g a n d S i j i a n g t r i b u t a r i e s , s e n d i n g 6 0 0 m i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s a n d m o r e t h a n 3 6 m i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s o f w a t e r , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t o H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o .

T h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e w o r k i n g t o c o n t r o l f l o o d s , e n s u r e n a v i g a ­t i o n a n d p r o v i d e i r r i g a t i o n , w a t ­e r s u p p l y , a n d p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n . T h e l i v e s o f 7 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e l i v i n g i n t h e v a l l e y a n d t h e i r p r o ­p e r t y a r e t h u s e f f e c t i v e l y p r o ­t e c t e d , w i t h t h e G u a n g z h o u a n d F o s h a n a r e a s n o w so sa fe t h a t e v e n e x t r a - o r d i n a r i l y l a r g e f l o o d w o u l d d o n o d a m a g e . S o m e 3 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s o f f a r m l a n d a r e

n o w u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n , a n d a n a r e a o f 1.4 m i l l i o n h e c ­t a r e s w h i c h p r e v i o u s l y s u f ­f e r e d s o i l a n d w a t e r e r o s i o n h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s e p r o j e c t s ge­n e r a t e m o r e t h a n 2 0 b i l ­l i o n k w h o f e l e c t r i c i t y e v ­e r y y e a r .

T h e 1 1 w a t e r c o n s e r v a n ­c y p r o j e c t s w h i c h t h e S t a t e s i n c e 1975 h a s b u i l t o n t h e H o n g s h u i , a t r i b u t a r y o n t h e u p p e r r e a c h e s o f t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r , h a v e y i e l d ­e d i m p r e s s i v e r e s u l t s . T h e t w o p o w e r s t a t i o n s o f D a -h u a a n d E t a n h a v e b e g u n g e n e r a t i n g e l e c t r i c i t y a n d t h e t h r e e l a r g e p o w e r s t a ­t i o n s o f T i a n s h e n g q i a o , Y a n t a n a n d L u b u g e , n o w u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i l l b e c o m m i s s i o n e d w i t h i n y e a r s . A l l t h e s e p o w e r s t a t i o n s , w h e n o p e r a t i n g , w i l l g e n e r ­a t e t h r e e t i m e s as m u c h e l e c t r i c i t y as G u a n g d o n g

a n d G u a n g x i Z h u a n g A u t o n o m ­o u s R e g i o n c o m b i n e d , c o n t r i b u t ­i n g s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o t h e e c o n o ­m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e Z h u ­j i a n g R i v e r v a l l e y .

T h e w o r k t o t r a n s f o r m t h e o u t ­l e t a r e a i s n o w i n f u l l s w i n g . S o f a r , f a r m l a n d t o t a l l i n g 1 0 , 0 0 0 h e c t a r e s h a v e b e e n r e c l a i m e d f r o m t h e s h a l l o w s n e a r M o d a o -m e n , J i a o m e n , H e n g m e n a n d H u m e n , w o r k w h i c h w i l l p r o v e t o be e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e p r e c i o u s Z h u j i a n g R i v e r D e l ­t a . I n a d d i t i o n , sea h a r b o u r s a n d r i v e r p o r t s h a v e b e e n b u i l t a t S h e n z h e n , Z h u h a i , S h e k o u , C h i -w a n , S h a j i a o , F a n y u , Z h o n g -s h a n , R o n g q i a n d Q i u z h o u i n t h e d e l t a a r e a . I n s h o r t , t h e e c o n o m y o f t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r v a l l e y i s b e i n g v i g o r o u s l y d e v e l o p e d a n d t h e s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a i s t h u s g e t t i n g s t e a d i l y b e t t e r . D r . S u n ' s b l u e p r i n t f o r h a r n e s s ­i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g t h e Z h u j i a n g R i v e r i s b e i n g r e a l i z e d a n d , i n s o m e a s p e c t s , b e t t e r t h a n h e c o u l d h a v e e n v i s a g e d . •

24 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990

C H I N A

11th Asian Games Unveils in Pageantry b y O u r S t a f f R e p o r t e r L o u L i n w e i

At 4:00 pm on September 22, the 11th Asian Games offi­cially opened at the Work­

ers' Stadium in Beijing in pa­geantry, showing the some 70,000 Chinese and foreign spectators the best of Chinese culture and the Olympic spirit.

Parachutes, Marching Band The ceremony began as para­

chutists from a helicopter 1,200 metres high, each carrying a flag of the member states of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), dropped one by one into the centre of the stadium. A prelude to the opening ceremony, the "Ce­lebration of Parachutes" was fol­lowed by 11 women in traditional Chinese costumes "flying down" from the sky. They left colourful trails of smoke behind them like maidens in a Chinese fairy tale.

The parachutists showed off to the crowd the most difficult par­achuting stunts known. During their fall, they lined up one above another and hooked their toes into a loop atop their counter­parts' parachutes. Most of the parachutists are former world champions who designed the show after studying foreign dis­plays.

It has been the first parachute jump in the sky above the Beijing urban area since the founding of New China in 1949. It was made difficult in part by the rapid con­struction over the last few years which has brought more high-rises, antennas and electric power lines to the skyline. The jump was made even more difficult, if not impossible, by the recent roofing the stands which narrowed the drop zone. Despite the restric-

Holding high the OCA flag. tions, the parachutists managed to give a wonderful performance.

After the jump was finished, a 600-member mili tary band marched in, waving flags decorat­ed with the 11th Asiad logo of the Great Wall. In white uniform, red belts and cloaks, the military band played a variety of power­ful, stirring tunes on trumpets, tubas, clarinets , horns, saxo­phones, flutes, piccolos, trom­bones, drums and other percus­sion instruments. Accompanied by 144 athletes, the musicians and athletes changed formation as they played the folk songs of China's various nationalities, be­coming, as befit the tune, a wind­mill, a flower petal and a fan.

Shadow Boxing To the sound of graceful music,

1,400 Chinese and Japanese ath­letes, in a rectangular forma­tion, jointly demonstrated the

24-movement taijiquan, a style of shadow boxing which originated in China and is popular in Japan and other countries in Southeast Asia. This is the first time in Asiad history for visiting athletes-from a foreign country to join the hosting nation in performance at an opening ceremony and so was of great significance. Dressed completely in silk, the athletes us­ing vigorous, graceful movements presented spectators with an amazing scene of ancient Oriental culture and sports.

As early as December 1987, Mr. Fuj inami Takao, former president of Japan Wushu Taiji­quan Federation, wrote to Chen Xitong, chairman of the Organiz­ing Committee of the 11th Asian Games, and Li Menghua, former executive chairman of the Organ­izing Committee, suggesting that a taijiquan demonstration be ar­ranged for the opening ceremony

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 25

Left: A scene fiom the "Celebrat ion of Parachutes" programme; ngfaf: a performance by Chinese and Japanese taijiquan art is ts . of the 11th Asian Games and say­ing that Japanese athletes would be willing to join the perform­ance. In a short time, He Zhen-liang, chairman of the Chinese Olympic Committee, on behalf of the Organizing Committee of the 11th Asian Games, responded to the suggestion by • inviting Chinese and Japanese athletes, as representatives of the Asian peo­ple, to jointly demonstrate tai­jiquan. The training began last winter.

Some leaders of the Wushu Federation of Asia suggested a joint performance by 5,000 taiji­quan players from China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines in order to demonstrate the theme of the 11th Asian Games of "unity, friendship and progress." Due to organizational difficulties, prob­lems in selecting and training players and the shortage of funds, however, the suggestion was re­luctantly turned down.

The Japanese taijiquan players were selected from all around Ja­pan, where the sport is said to be more popular and the technical level higher than found in China.

Xu Cai, president of the Chinese Wushu Research In­stitute, said at a wushu meeting held on August 20 that the joint performance was significant be­cause it prepared the groundwork for possible wushu competition at the next Asiad to be held in Hi­roshima, Japan. China is hoping

the Hiroshima games will include the wushu event, a new event for the Beijing Asiad which will produce six gold medals. Al­though wushu has its source in China, Xu Cai said, it belongs to the whole world.

To ensure success of the joint performance, the Chinese and Ja­panese coaches met several times. They exchanged views, checked up the progress made in prepara­tions and resolved any problem they encountered in training. In June of this year, several Chinese coaches went to Japan to teach while Japan sent an inspection team to China last July. Bell and Drum Beats

Following the taijiquan per­formance were vigorous and firm sounds of bells and drums against the eye-catching backdrop of thousands of school children holding cardboards arranged in different colours to form the huge slogan "Hail the opening of the 11th Asian Games" in Chinese and English.

The ancient bell on an en­graved wooden stand at the northern corner of the stadium was struck 11 times, the sounds reverberating throughout the stadium. The bell, moved from the well-known Temple of Great Bells in Beijing, is 2.5 metres high, 1.5 metres in diameter and weighs two tons. The red drum at the stadium's southern corner was

moved from the Beijing Bell and Drum Towers built in 1272. As custom had it, the drum and the bell were struck, respectively, to announce the coming of night and morning and so the people of Beijing could check their time. Group Callisthenics

The main programme of the opening ceremony, named "Meet in Beijing," had six scenes. It involved 20,000 participants, in­cluding 11,000 senior school stu­dents working on the stands.

The first scene, "Celebration Gongs and Drums," started with a dozen people beating bass drums against a backdrop of the Tiananmen Rostrum formed on the stand. To the beat of the drums, the Ansai Waist Drum Team from Shaanxi and the Gansu-style Taiping Drum con­tingent from suburban Beijing, representing China's two best-known drum-beating style, marched in. The beating of the | drums, starting slowly and then building to a crescendo, caught the spectators up in a mood of increasing expectation. |

The Ansai Waist Drum \ from the loess plateau has a histo- I ry going back 2,000 years and is well known for its natural, bold and uninhibited characters while the Taiping Drum is famous for its fine, graceful style. The play­ers, with red drums on their waists and two sticks in their

26 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

CHINA hands, performed a combination of dance with wushu movements. The bold and unrestrained sound of "Hei, Hei" resounded through­out the stadium, turning it into a jubilant, enthusiastic scene. La­ter, when they were joined by the Weifeng Drum Troupe from Shanxi Province, the four drum troupes beat their drums in turn. At the same time, the background stand showed scenes of the Tian­anmen Rostrum, the Great Wall in autumn, a night scene of pa­lace lanterns, the slogan "unity, friendship and progress" in En­glish and Chinese and the mascot of the Art Festival of the 11th Asian Games.

The second scene, "Water, Wind and Lotus," carried a gen­tle, lyric tone. Its original name, "Bright Moon Over a Spring Stream," comes from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) poet Zhang Ruoxu. The opening ceremony had planned to start at 6:00 pm so that the programme would be per­formed in the evening. Fairy mai­dens, carrying palace lanterns, stroll around a lotus pond in the moonlight. The opening cere­mony, however, started two hours early and so the night scene had to be cancelled. Zhou Dunyi, a

writer of the Northern Song Dy­nasty (960-1279), once praised the lotus in this way, "It is not dirty though growing out of mud and it is not coquettish though emerging from ripples." Since' then, the quality of the lotus has been a moral standard pursued by the Chinese people.

To the sound of the music and against the background scene of the 17-Arch Bridge in Beijing's Summer Palace, 576 girls, wear­ing long, white and blue skirts and carrying long, white ker­chiefs, entered the ground. Sym­bolizing water, they formed a lo­tus pond, after which some 48 "lotus girls" in pink dresses stepped into the pond from the southern and northern corner, blossoming and waving amidst the green lotus leaves. Then a three-metre-high platform rose gradually from among the lotus flowers while, in the background stand, a scene of flying Apsaras, as in the frescoes of the Dun-huang Grottoes, appeared. Atop the platform, a soloist sang while 48 girls in red-topped crane clothes danced around to the gen­tle, sentimental tune of her songs. The scene finished with a group of artificial, red-crowned cranes

flying away in a line, highlighted against the background of blue sky and white clouds. The scene presented viewers with the feeling of peace, beauty and hope for the future.

In the third scene, "Wushu in China," 400 young people dressed in blue ran onto the ground wav­ing ancient battle flags decorated with a dragon of red and yellow. After a mock battle, the flags di­sappeared as if in retreat and the background stand showed a morning scene of trees. In the centre of the ground, an old man shadow-boxed under the dim light in the company of a girl and a boy. They were soon joined by 648 children who demonstrated basic wushu skills and, as they retired from the grounds, 400 bat­tle flags were waved, shaken and tossed about. Next came a demon­stration by 600 broad sword play­ers whose swords glistened as their movements quickened. Against the backdrop of a roll­ing yellow dragon, they appeared very brave and strong and, when the background scene changed into a beautiful green land, they formed a section of the Great Wall. Under the foot of the "wall," 20 groups of wushu ath-

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 27

CHINA

l e t e s p l a y e d a b o u t w i t h v a r i o u s w e a p o n s of o l d , i n c l u d i n g b r o a d s w o r d s , spears a n d c u d g e l s .

I n t h e f o u r t h s c f i i c . " C h i l d r e n ' s AspirationN." 1,260 children s e e m e d m g u s h f r o m t h e g r o u n d m t o r r e n t s o f r e d , y e l l o w , g r e e n a n d b l u e clothes. T h e y d a n c e d a n d m o v e d a b o u t i n s w i f t a n d l i v e ­l y g y m n a s t i c m o v e m e n t s e v e n as t h e y c h a n g e d f o r ­m a t i o n s . T h e b a c k g r o u n d s t a n d a l s o c o n s t a n t l y c h a n g e d , s h o w i n g scenes o f p l a y ­i n g a n i m a l s , t h e f o u r C h i n e s e i n ­n o v a t i o n s o f t h e c o m p a s s , g u n ­p o w d e r , p r i n t i n g a n d p a p e r -m a k i n g s k i l l , a n d H o l d i n g r e d s o l a r t o t h e A s i a d l o g o , d r e s sed as p a n d a s , l a r g e b a l l s o n t o t h e c e n t r e o f t h e g r o u n d a n d p l a y e d a r o u n d t h e m . A t t h a t t i m e , t h e b a c k g r o u n d s t a n d s h o w e d scenes o f a d v a n c e d sc ience a n d t e c h n o l o g y s u c h as r o c k e t s a n d m e n i n space . T h e c h i l d r e n t h e n r u s h e d t o t h e spec­t a t o r s a n d g a v e a w a y g i f t s as t h e b a c k g r o u n d c h a n g e d i n t o a scene o f 11 c h i l d r e n s t a n d i n g i n l i n e u n d e r t h e t i t l e , " W e c o m e t o j o i n t h e A s i a d . "

A s t h e c h i l d r e n r u s h e d f o r ­w a r d , m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 f e m a l e c o l ­lege s t u d e n t s i n r e d l e o t a r d s e n ­t e r e d t h e g r o u n d t o s t a r t t h e f i f t h

A s c e n e f r o m t h e

a s t a r m a p . s t a r s s i m i l a r 4 0 c h i l d r e n ,

p u s h e d e i g h t

A s c e n e f r o m t h e " W a t e r , W i n d a n d L o t u s " p r o g r a m m e .

s cen e " H e r o i c I m a g e s . " A g a i n s t a b a c k g r o u n d k a l a i d o s c o p i c l i g h t , t h e y f i r s t v i g o r o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t ­e d c a l l i s t h e n i c s a n d w e r e q u i c k l y f o l l o w e d b y o t h e r s t u d e n t s g r a c e ­f u l l y p l a y i n g t h e h o o p s . A g a i n s t a b a c k g r o u n d scene o f f l o c k s o f w h i t e s w a n s , t h e s t u d e n t s g a t h ­e r e d i n a d i a m o n d f o r m a t i o n i n t h e c e n t r e a n d w e r e t h e n r e j o i n e d b y t h e c a l l i s t h e n i c s t u d e n t s t r a i l ­i n g l i g h t p u r p l e r i b b o n s . T h e i r s w i f t , s o f t m o v e m e n t s e x q u i s i t e l y m a t c h e d t h e b a c k g r o u n d scene o f c a l l i s t h e n i c e x e r c i s e s .

L a t e r , t h e b a c k g r o u n d c h a n g e d i n t o a scene o f b o d y e x e r c i s e s as 6 0 0 y o u n g m e n e n t e r e d t h e g r o u n d , c a r r y i n g 3 2 t a b l e s w i t h t h r e e p e o p l e d o i n g e x e r c i s e s o n e a c h t a b l e . T h e scene s y m b o l i z e d p o t e n t i a l s t r e n g t h . A g a i n s t t h e L a t i n a n d C h i n e s e s l o g a n " E v e n h i g h e r , q u i c k e r a n d s t r o n g e r " o n

X U X I A N G J U N

t h e b a c k g r o u n d s t a n d , t h e a t h l e t e s f r o m 14 p r o v i n c e s a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s d e m o n ­s t r a t e d h i g h - l e v e l , a r t i s t i c b o d y - b u i l d i n g m o v e m e n t s o n t h e t a b l e s . T h e b a c k ­g r o u n d t h e n c h a n g e d b a c k t o a k a l a i d o s c o p i c l i g h t s c e n e w i t h a g l i s t e n i n g g o l d m e d a l i n t h e l e f t c o r ­n e r .

F i n a l l y , t h e b o d y ­b u i l d i n g d e m o n s t r a t i o n o n t w o - l a y e r t a b l e s p u s h e d t h e scene t o a h i g h e r p i t c h as t h e " b a c k d r o p s h o w e d a

f i v e - r i n g p i c t u r e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e O l y m p i c s p i r i t .

I n t h e s i x t h a n d l a s t scene, " L i g h t o f t h e A s i a d , " t h e b a c k ­g r o u n d s t a n d d i s p l a y e d a p i c t u r e o f c h r y s a n t h e m u m s a n d roses , t h e f l o w e r s o f B e i j i n g . S o m e 1 ,800 g i r l s i n w h i t e s p o r t s c l o t h e s , f l o w ­e r s i n h a n d s , f o r m e d a n u n d u l a t ­i n g r a i n b o w . T h e y w e r e t h e n s u r ­r o u n d e d i n f i v e l a y e r s b y t h e 2 , 2 0 0 p e r f o r m e r s w h o a p p e a r e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s scenes , c a r r y i n g r e d , y e l l o w , g r e e n , w h i t e a n d b l u e b a l ­l o o n s . A s a n a t t r a c t i v e p i c t u r e o f t h e O C A e m b l e m o n t h e b a c k ­g r o u n d s t a n d w a s d i s p l a y e d , t h e s e v e n - c o l o u r r a i n b o w o n t h e g r o u n d t u r n e d i n t o t h e e m b l e m o f t h e 1 1 t h A s i a n G a m e s .

A s a f i n a l e , t h e p e r f o r m e r s d r e s s e d i n 5 6 n a t i o n a l c o s t u m e s e n t e r e d t h e g r o u n d h a n d i n h a n d a n d d a n c e d i n f r o n t o f t h e A s i a d e m b l e m as t h e b a c k g r o u n d s h o w e d t h e w o r d s " E v e r O n w a r d " i n b o t h C h i n e s e a n d E n g l i s h . A t e a m o f m o t o r i s t s , e a c h c a r r y i n g a n O C A m e m b e r f l a g , t h e n d r o v e i n .

A t t h a t m o m e n t , a s i l v e r b a l ­l o o n 2 5 m e t r e s i n d i a m e t e r a n d t e n m e t r e s i n h e i g h t a n d d e c o r a t ­e d w i t h t h e A s i a d e m b l e m r o s e t o t h e s k y c a r r y i n g a s i x - m e t r e - h i g h r e p l i c a o f p a n d a P a n P a n a n d m a n y s m a l l e r , c o l o u r f u l b a l l o o n s . T h e s u c c e s s f u l o p e n i n g c e r e m o n y c l o s e d i n a n a t m o s p h e r e o f w a r m t h a n d " f r i e n d s h i p . •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990

BUSINESS/TRADE

C h i n a ' s A i r I n d u s t r y S e e k i n g P a r t n e r s

C h i n a i s n o w h o l d i n g t a l k s w i t h t h e B o e i n g a n d M c D o n n e l l D o u g ­l a s a b o u t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f 1 5 0 - s e a t p a s s e n g e r p l a n e s f o r d o m e s t i c l i n e s .

A n o f f i c i a l o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o - o p e r a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f A e r o n a u t i c s a n d A s ­t r o n a u t i c s I n d u s t r y , s a i d t h a t C h i n a i s s e e k i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a r t n e r s t o j o i n t l y d e v e l o p s m a l l p l a n e s , h e l i c o p t e r s , e n g i n e s a n d r e l a t e d n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t .

E x p a n d i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o ­o p e r a t i o n a n d i m p o r t i n g f o r e i g n a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y i s a n i m p o r ­t a n t w a y f o r C h i n a t o m o d e r n i z e i t s a e r o n a u t i c s i n d u s t r y . C u r r e n t ­l y , C h i n a i s d e v e l o p i n g M P C - 7 5 b r a n c h - r o u t e p l a n e s w i t h M B B o f F e d e r a l G e r m a n y , s o m e 2 - t o n h e l i c o p t e r s w i t h S i n g a p o r e a n d F T - 8 g a s t u r b i n e s w i t h a U n i t e d S t a t e s f i r m . T h e c o - o p e r a t i o n i n t h e s e f i e l d s i s p r o c e e d i n g s m o o t h l y .

C h i n a h a s a l r e a d y e s t a b U s h e d a M D - 8 2 p r o d u c t i o n l i n e i n S h a n g ­h a i w i t h t h e U S M c D o n n e l l D o u g l a s C o . B y e a r l y S e p t e m b e r , t h i s l i n e h a d a s s e m b l e d 1 7 p l a n e s f o r C A A C . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a g r e e m e n t s i g n e d b y b o t h s i d e s i n 1 9 8 7 , a t o t a l o f 2 5 M D - 8 2 l a r g e p a s s e n g e r p l a n e s w i l l b e a s s e m ­b l e d b y 1 9 9 1 .

A s o f 1 9 8 0 , C h i n a , u s i n g a n a d v a n c e d F r e n c h h e l i c o p t e r p r o d ­u c t i o n l i n e , t u r n e d o u t 4 3 Dolphin h e l i c o p t e r s .

O v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s , C h i n a h a s a l s o o v e r h a u l e d Y u n - 7 d o m e s t i c p l a n e s i n a j o i n t p r o ­j e c t w i t h L o c k h e e d o f t h e U n i t ­e d S t a t e s . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t i n p e r f o r m a n c e a n d b r o u g h t t h e p l a n e ' s s t a n d a r d s u p t o d a t e .

I n a d d i t i o n , s o m e C h i n a - m a d e p l a n e s h a v e e n t e r e d t h e i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l m a r k e t . F o r i n s t a n c e , e i g h t Y u n - 1 2 p l a n e s a n d t w o Y u n - 8

p l a n e s h a v e b e e n e x p o r t e d t o M a ­l a y s i a , S r i L a n k a , L a o s a n d B u r m a .

C h i n a ' s a e r o n a u t i c a l i n d u s t r y h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t r a d e a n d c o ­o p e r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s w i t h m o r e t h a n 5 0 c o u n t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s . •

H e b e i S e U s L a n d - U s e R i g h t

R e c e n t l y , H e b e i P r o v i n c e p u b ­l i s h e d a l i s t o f p u b l i c l y o w n e d i t e m s w h o s e l a n d - u s e r i g h t m a y b e t r a n s f e r r e d w i t h p a y m e n t .

T h e s e i t e m s i n c l u d e 2 4 b l o c k s o f l a n d t o t a l l i n g 1 , 4 6 9 h e c t a r e s i n a r e a , m a i n l y i n t h e Q i n h u a n g d a o -T a n g s h a n - C a n g z h o u B o h a i B a y O p e n E c o n o m i c Z o n e a n d a r e a s a r o u n d B e i j i n g a n d T i a n j i n l i k e L a n g f a n g , S a n h e a n d Z h u o z h o u . T h e s e b l o c k s o f l a n d a l l h a v e g o o d g e o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s , c o n ­v e n i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a b u n d a n t w a t e r a n d e l e c t r i c a l r e s o u r c e s a n d c o m p l e t e t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n f a ­c i l i t i e s . T h e y w i l l b e u s e d t o d e ­v e l o p e l e c t r o n i c s , l i g h t , t e x t i l e , c h e m i c a l , e l e c t r i c a l a n d m e c h a n i ­c a l , a n d h i g h - t e c h i n d u s t r i e s a n d t o u r i s m .

T h e t r a n s f e r o f l a n d - u s e r i g h t s w i l l b e c a r r i e d o u t p r i m a r i l y b y n e g o t i a t i o n , b i d d i n g a n d a u c t i o n . T h e m a x i m u m t e r m o f t r a n s f e r f o r l a n d u s e d t o b u i l d a p a r t m e n t a n d d w e l l i n g h o u s e s i s a s l o n g a s 7 0 y e a r s ; l a n d u s e d f o r i n d u s t r i a l a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s p r o j e c t s , e d ­u c a t i o n , s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y , c u l t u r e , p u b l i c h e a l t h a n d s p o r t s i s 5 0 y e a r s ; l a n d f o r c o m m e r c e , t o u r i s m a n d r e c r e a t i o n i s 4 0 y e a r s ; a n d l a n d f o r c o m p r e h e n ­s i v e u s e i s 5 0 y e a r s .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e H e b e i p r o v i n ­c i a l g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e i n c h a r g e , t h e t r a n s f e r o f t w o b l o c k s o f l a n d a m o n g t h e 2 4 w a s a r r a n g e d i n t h e

B e i d a i h e S u m m e r F o r e i g n E c o - : n o m i c a n d T e c h n o l o g i c a l C o - ' o p e r a t i o n N e g o t i a t i o n M e e t i n g i a n d h a s b e e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o H o n g K o n g a n d T a i w a n b u s i n e s s m e n , i t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e o f t h i s t y p e o f ' n e g o t i a t i o n i n H e b e i P r o v i n c e .

D a l i a n E x p a n d s T i e s W i t h J a p a n

J a p a n e s e b u s i n e s s m e n b e l i e v e \ D a l i a n i s t h e b e s t o f t h e 1 4 o p e n | c o a s t a l c i t i e s i n C h i n a , " s a i d a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e J a p a n e s e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m m e r c i a l P r o m ­o t i o n C o u n c i l a t t h e i n v e s t m e n t e n v i r o n m e n t m e e t i n g h e l d b y t h e j D a l i a n m u n i c i p a l g o v e r n m e n t o n | A u g u s t 3 1 . N o t o n l y d o e s t h e c i t y | h a v e a f a v o u r a b l e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e \ b u t t h e c i t y a u t h o r i t i e s a r e e f l i - I c i e n t i n t h e i r w o r k a n d s i n c e r e i o c o - o p e r a t e w i t h f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , h e a d d e d .

S i n c e D a l i a n i m p l e m e n t e d t h e p o l i c y o f o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d , i t s e c o n o m y , t e c h n o l o g y a n d t r a d e w i t h f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s h a v e r a p i d l y d e v e l o p e d . I n p a r t i - j c u l a r , J a p a n e s e b u s i n e s s m e n h a v e [ b e c o m e i t s m a j o r p a r t n e r s . S t a t i s - i t i c s i n d i c a t e t h a t D a l i a n h a d a p ­p r o v e d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f 4 5 7 f o r e i g n - f u n d e d e n t e r p r i s e s f r o m 1 9 7 9 u p t o J u l y t h i s y e a r . O f ' t h e s e , 1 3 6 a r e J a p a n e s e - f u n d e d , | a c c o u n t i n g f o r 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . O f t h e t o t a l f o r e i g n i n v e s t - i m e n t o f U S $ 6 2 2 m i l l i o n , s o m e U S $ 3 2 0 m i l l i o n c o m e f r o m J a ­p a n , m a k i n g u p 5 1 p e r c e n t . D a l ­i a n h a d e x p o r t s w o r t h U S $ 9 5 6 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 8 9 , o f w h i c h 4 1 p e r - | c e n t w e n t t o J a p a n . O f t h e 1 5 4 | f o r e i g n a g e n c i e s i n D a l i a n , 6 8 j w e r e s e t u p b y J a p a n , a c c o u n t i n g j f o r 4 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . S o m e ' 1 3 , 1 9 5 o f t h e 2 6 , 5 6 8 f o r e i g n t r a v - | e l l e r s a n d b u s i n e s s m e n t o t h e c i t y i l a s t y e a r w e r e J a p a n e s e , m a k i n g ! u p 4 9 . 7 p e r c e n t .

D a l i a n l i e s a t t h e e a s t e r n e n d o f t h e L i a o d o n g P e n i n s ' u l a . T h e r e a - ! s o n w h y m a n y J a p a n e s e b u s i n e s s - j m e n l i k e t o i n v e s t i n D a l i a n i s

B E I J I N G R E V I E W , O C T O B E B 1-7, 1990 29

BUSINESS/TRADE

t h a t , i n a d d i t i o n t o h i s t o r i c a l a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i t s i n ­v e s t m e n t e n v i r o n m e n t h a s c o n ­t i n u e d t o i m p r o v e .

Hard Environment: • T h e D a l i a n H u a n e n g P o w e r

P l a n t w a s c o m p l e t e d o n J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 8 8 . I n t h e p l a n t , t w o 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 - K W g e n e r a t i n g s e t s i m ­p o r t e d f r o m J a p a n h e l p e d t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f t h e c i t y ' s e n e r g y s u p ­p l y .

• I n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 , D a l i a n i n t r o d u c e d a 4 0 , 0 0 0 - c h a n n e l p r o g r a m m e - c o n t r o l l e d t e l e p h o n e e x c h a n g e w h i c h i s a b l e t o l i n k D a l i a n w i t h 1 8 0 o t h e r d o m e s t i c c i t i e s a n d 1 7 0 c o u n t r i e s a n d r e ­g i o n s .

• R e n o v a t e d a n d e x p a n d e d D a l i a n A i r p o r t o p e n e d 2 1 n e w d o m e s t i c a i r r o u t e s a n d i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l f l i g h t s t o H o n g K o n g a n d J a p a n ; t h e 3 7 5 - k i l o m e t r e S h e n y a n g - D a l i a n E x p r e s s w a y w a s p u t t o t r a f f i c o n S e p t e m b e r 1 ; f o u r b e r t h s o f t h e n e w X i a n g l u -j i a o W h a r f h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d a n d p u t i n t o u s e . T h e f i r s t - s t a g e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n e w D a y a o -w a n H a r b o u r b e g a n a n d i t s f o u r b e r t h s a r e e x p e c t e d t o b e c o m ­p l e t e d a n d p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n b y 1 9 9 1 . T h i s w i l l r e s u l t i n a g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e c i t y ' s c o m ­m u n i c a t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

Soft environment: I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e f o r e i g n b u s i n e s s m e n w i t h b e t t e r s e r v i c e s , D a l i a n h a s e s t a ­b l i s h e d t h e F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e ­l a t i o n s a n d T r a d e C o - o p e r a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t C e n t r e , t h e F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c L a w y e r s ' O f f i c e a n d t h e F o r e i g n - F u n d e d E n t e r p r i s e s M a t e r i a l s S u p p l y C e n t r e . I n a d d i ­t i o n , t h e D a l i a n m u n i c i p a l g o v ­e r n m e n t i s , a l w a y s r e a d y t o l i s t e n H ) o p i n i o n s o f f o r e i g n - f u n d e d e n ­t e r p r i s e s a n d - , h e l p t h e m r e s o l v e d i f f i c u l t i e s .

by L i Ping

Improved Climate for Investment

T h e i m p r o v e d i n v e s t m e n t c l i ­m a t e o f t h e 1 4 c o a s t a l o p e n c i ­

t i e s a n d t h e f o u r s p e c i a l e c o n o ­m i c z o n e s h a s m a d e C h i n a o n e o f t h e m o s t a t t r a c t i v e i n v e s t m e n t a r e a s o n t h e w e s t c o a s t o f t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t a t e C o u n c i l , o v e r t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , a l a r g e b a t c h o f e n e r g y a n d t r a n ­s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t s h a d b e e n c o m ­p l e t e d a n d p u t i n t o u s e i n t h e c o a s t a l o p e n c i t i e s a n d s p e c i a l e c o n o m i c z o n e s , t h u s h e l p i n g g r e a t l y i m p r o v e t h e i n v e s t m e n t c l i m a t e . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e c o m p l e ­t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o n o f t h e M a c u n P o w e r P l a n t r e s u l t e d i n s a t i s f y i n g t h e n e e d f o r e l e c t r i c i t y i n H a i n a n P r o v i n c e . W i t h c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e W e n z h o u A i r p o r t , a l l t h e 1 4 c o a s ­t a l o p e n c i t i e s n o w h a v e a i r s e r ­v i c e s .

" S o f t w a r e " i n v e s t m e n t e n v i r o n ­m e n t h a s a l s o i m p r o v e d . F o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t s e r v i c e c e n t r e s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e s e c i t i e s a n d z o n e s t o o f f e r f o r e i g n b u s ­i n e s s m e n t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e s e r ­v i c e s . P r o c e d u r e s h a v e b e e n s i m ­p l i f i e d a n d w o r k e f f i c i e n c y r a i s e d . T h e i m p r o v e d i n v e s t m e n t e n v i r o n m e n t h a s r e s u l t e d i n t h e c o n t i n u o u s g r o w t h o f f o r e i g n i n ­v e s t m e n t i n C h i n a a n d a m o r e r e a s o n a b l e i n v e s t m e n t s t r u c t u r e . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t s i x m o n t h s o f t h i s y e a r , f o r i n s t a n c e , e a c h d a y s a w t h e s i g n i n g o f a n a v e r a g e o f 7 . 7 a g r e e m e n t s o r c o n t r a c t s b r i n g i n g i n a t o t a l f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t o f U S $ 1 . 5 2 b i l l i o n , b o t h h i g h e r t h a n t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r . T h u s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t m o r e a n d m o r e f o r e i g n b u s i n e s s m e n w i l l c o m e t o i n v e s t i n C h i n a . T a i w a n c o m p a t r i o t s a r e p r e p a r i n g f o r a n e w i n v e s t m e n t u p s u r g e o n t h e m a i n l a n d w h i l e t h e r e h a s b e e n a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n i n v e s t m e n t b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , F r a n c e a n d F e d e r a l G e r m a n y i n C h i n a . I n a d d i t i o n , s o m e c o n s o r t i u m s h a v e a l s o b e g u n t o i n c r e a s e i n v e s t m e n t i n C h i n a , m a i n l y i n s u c h i t e m s a s c h e m i c a l s , m a c h i n e r y , r a w m a ­t e r i a l s a n d e l e c t r o n i c s w h i c h a r e n e e d e d f o r C h i n a ' s m o d e r n c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n . T h e s e p r o d u c t s a r e b o t h e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d a n d t e c h n o l ­o g i c a l l y a d v a n c e d . T h e i n v e s t ­m e n t i n s u c h p r o j e c t s a s t h e H a i n ­a n o f f s h o r e o i l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e D a l i a n O n o d a c e m e n t p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e S h e n z h e n H i t a c h i c o l o u r k i n e s c o p e , f o r e x a m p l e , e x c e e d e d U S $ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n .

S t a t i s t i c s i n d i c a t e t h a t b y t h e e n d o f l a s t J u n e , m o r e t h a n 4 , 0 0 0 f o r e i g n - f u n d e d e n t e r p r i s e s h a d b e g u n o p e r a t i o n i n c o a s t a l o p e n c i t i e s a n d s p e c i a l e c o n o m i c z o n e s .

R e a d j u s t m e n t o f i n d u s t r i a l a n d p r o d u c t s t r u c t u r e s h a s i n c r e a s e d t h e f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e e a r n i n g a b i l ­i t y o f t h e s e c i t i e s a n d z o n e s . T h e v a l u e o f i n d u s t r i a l e x p o r t p r o d ­u c t s r e a c h e d U S $ 2 9 . 3 b i l l i o n i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , a n i n ­c r e a s e o f 3 0 p e r c e n t o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r , w h i l e t h e v a l u e o f e x p o r t e a r n e d f o r e i g n c a p i t a l r e p r e s e n t e d U S $ 6 . 2 1 b i l l i o n , a n 1 8 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e . •

China Exports Plastic Carpet

T h e p l a s t i c , c a r p e t , r e g i s t e r e d u n d e r t h e t r a d e m a r k o f Liberty i n C h i n a , h a s b e e n g r a n t e d p e r ­m i s s i o n b y t h e G e r l a n d C o . L t d . o f F r a n c e f o r s a l e i n t h e S o u t h ­e a s t A s i a n m a r k e t w i t h i t s f a m o u s t r a d e m a r k Gerflor.

C o - m a n u f a c t u r e d b y t h e C h a n g z h o u B u i l d i n g P l a s t i c s F a c ­t o r y o f J i a n g s u P r o v i n c e a n d t h e G e r l a n d C o . , t h e o n l y s p o r t s g r o u n d c a r p e t p r p d u c e u " b y t h e I h f t e r n a t i d h a l O l y m p i c C o l n i i l i i f t q ! ^ ; t h e Liberty p\&siit r o l l e d c a r p e t s h a s r e a c h e d t h e s t a n d a r d o f t h e w o r l d f a m o u s Gerflor p r o d u c t s i n c e D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7 w h e n t h e i m p o r t e d p r o d u c t i o n l i n e w a s c o m p l e t e d a n d p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n . T h e v e n t u r e h a s a l s o i m p o r t e d f r o m G e r l a n d a d v a n c e d p r o c e s s ­i n g t e c h n o l o g y , p r i n t i n g , r u b b e r -d i s s o l v i n g e q u i p m e n t , p r i n t i n g i n k m a n u f a c t u r i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d t e c h n o l o g y , a p p r a i s a l a n d p a c k a g i n g t e s t i n g t e c h n o l o g y a n d

30 BEtjING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990

B U S I N E S S / T R A D E

c o m p l e t e sets o f l a b o r a t o r y i n ­s t r u m e n t s a n d t e s t i n g t e c h n o l o g y .

T h e Liberty c a r p e t h a s b e e n c i t ­e d as t h e bes t p r o d u c t o f i t s k i n d i n C h i n a a n d w a s s e l e c t e d as t h e c a r p e t t o b e u s e d f o r t h e I n t e r n a ­t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e C e n t r e o f B e i ­j i n g ' s A s i a n G a m e s V i l l a g e . A c ­c o r d i n g t o S h i S u z h i , t h e m a n a g e r o f t h e C h a n g z h o u B u i l d i n g P l a s ­t i c F a c t o r y , t h e i r p r o d u c t h a s b e e n e x p o r t e d t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n l a r g e v o l u m e s a n d m a n y b u s ­i n e s s m e n f r o m H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o h a v e p l a c e d o r d e r s .

by He Y i

*Senbao' Natural Cosmeti<» Popular

T h e r e c e n t i n t r o d u c t i o n b y t h e S i n o - J a p a n e s e D a B a o D o m e s t i c C o s m e t i c s I n d u s t r y C o . L t d . t o t h e m a r k e t o f i t s Senbao n a t u r a l c o s m e t i c s s e r i e s a t t r a c t e d b u s i ­n e s s m e n f r o m m o r e t h a n 3 0 c o u n ­t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s .

W i t h 2 9 v a r i e t i e s a n d m a t e r i ­a l s , t h i s s e r i e s i n c l u d e s t h e n a t u r ­a l a s t r i n g e n t l o t i o n , n a t u r a l h a i r c o l o u r i n g a g e n t a n d s u p e r h o n e y f a c i a l v i t a m i n m i l k . T h e s e r i e s d o e s n o t c o n t a i n s y n t h e t i c a l l y p r o d u c e d c h e m i c a l s a n d a p p r a i s a l b y r e l e v e n t a u t h o r i t i e s h a s p r o v e n t h e p r o d u c t t o be n o n - t o x i c . T h e n a t u r a l a s t r i n g e n t l o t i o n r e c e n t l y a r o u s e d a t t e n t i o n i n J a p a n w h e r e a f a m o u s d o c t o r e x t o l l e d t h e p r o d u c t ' s b e n e f i t s .

W u B a o x i n , w h o w o n a b r o n z e i i i ? d a | ; a t t h e 3 5 t h G e n e v a W o r l d i a y e p t i O p F a i j ; , f o f h i s i f l v e n t i p n o f ^ ' D a i ^ a o c o s i n e t i c s se j i ies ' ' w a s a p p o i n t e d p r e s i d e n t o f t h e b o a r d a n d g e n e r a l m a n a g e r o f c o m p a n y . H e e x p r e s s e d c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e c o i j i p a n y w o u l d q u i c k l y p r o d u c e t h e w o r l d ' s bes t c o s m e t i c s a n d s a i d t h e l a u r e l o f n a t u r a l c o s m e t ­i c e x c e l l e n c e s h o u l d g o t o t h e C h i n e s e .

F o u n d e d i n J u n e 1 9 8 9 , t h e S i n o - J a p a n e s e D a B a o D o m e s t i c C o s m e t i c s I n d u s t r y C o . L t d . i s j o i n t l y r u a n a g e d b y t h e S a n L u

F a c t o r y o f Z h u o z h o u C i t y , H e -b e i P r o v i n c e , a n d t h e N e w J a p a n T r a d i n g C o . L t d . T h e c o m p a n y i n v o l v e s a t o t a l U S $ 2 . 5 m i l l i o n i n i n v e s t m e n t , w i t h U S $ 1 m i l l i o n c o n t r i b u t e d b y J a p a n . T h e j o i n t -m a n a g e m e n t t e r m w i l l l a s t 15 y e a r s . T h e J a p a n e s e s i d e w i l l a c t as s o l e a g e n t o f t h e D a B a o p r o d ­u c t s i n J a p a n b u t a l l p r o f i t s w i l l b e r e t u r n e d t o t h e p a r e n t c o m ­p a n y .

by Kou Zhengling

Beijing To Host World Ads Meeting

T h e f i r s t C h i n a I n t e r n a t i o n a l A d v e r t i s i n g C o n f e r e n c e & E x h i ­b i t i o n , h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e t h e m e " S u c c e s s f u l A d s i n t h e C h a n g i n g A g e , " w i l l b e h e l d i n B e i j i n g o n M a y 8 - 1 3 , 1 9 9 1 .

T i a n S h u q i a n , c h a i r m a n o f t h e C h i n a N a t i o n a l A d v e r t i s i n g A s ­s o c i a t i o n , s a i d t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e w i d e - r a n g i n g d i s c u s s i o n s o n a d ­v e r t i s e m e n t s a n d t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a n d m a r k e t i n g , a d v e r t i s i n g c r e a ­t i o n , a d v e r t i s i n g c u l t u r e , a d v e r ­t i s i n g m e d i u m , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u se o f p u b l i c a d v e r t i s e m e n t s a n d s o c i a l e d u c a t i o n . O n d i s p l a y i n a n e x h i b i t i o n a r e a o f 5 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m e t r e s w i l l be a d v e r t i s e ­m e n t s , t h e m e d i u m a n d t h e p r o d ­u c t s f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .

M o r e t h a n 2 0 c o u n t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s i n c l u d i n g F e d e r a l G e r ­m a n y , S w i t z e r l a n d , A r g e n t i n a , M e x i c o , P a k i s t a n , t h e U n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e s , T u r k e y , N o r w a y , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d J a p a n h a v e a p p l i e d f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 pape r s , a r e e x p e c t e d t o b e i t e a d a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e .

T h e c o n f e r e n c e w i l l b e s p o n ­s o r e d j o i n t l y b y t h e C h i n a C h a p ­t e r o f l A A , t h e C h i n a N a t i o n ­a l A d v e r t i s i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e C h i n a N a t i o n a l A d v e r t i s i n g A s ­s o c i a t i o n f o r F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a t i o n s a n d T r a d e a n d t h e C h i n a M a c h i n e r y & E l e c t r o n i c A d v e r t i s i n g C o r p .

b y Y a o J i a n g u o

News in Brief • T h e B e i j i n g F o r e i g n - F u n d e d

E n t e r p r i s e s ' P r o d u c t s S h o p , t h e f i r s t o f i t s k i n d i n B e i j i n g , o p e n e d i n m i d - S e p t e m b e r .

Y a o Y u n s h e n g , g e n e r a l m a n a ­g e r o f t h e s h o p , s a i d t h a t i n a d d i ­t i o n t o e x h i b i t i n g a n d m a r k e t i n g p r o d u c t s p r o v i d e d b y f o r e i g n -f u n d e d e n t e r p r i s e s i n B e i j i n g , t h o s e f o r e i g n - f u n d e d e n t e r p r i s e s f r o m o t h e r p r o v i n c e s a n d c i t i e s a r e a l s o i n v i t e d . Y a o a l s o e x ­p r e s s e d h i s i n t e r e s t i n h o l d i n g e x ­h i b i t i o n s o n a n a n n u a l b a s i s i n B e i j i n g . A l s o , t h e H o n g K o n g e x ­h i b i t o r s e x p r e s s e d w i l l i n g n e s s t o h o l d a n a t i o n a l C h i n a - H o n g K o n g f o r e i g n - f u n d e d e n t e r p r i s e s ' p r o d ­u c t s e x h i b i t i o n .

• T h e T i a n j i n F e i t i a n P r e s e r ­v a t i o n a n d E n e r g y - S a v i n g C o . i s n o w s e e k i n g sales a g e n t s f o r i t s F e i t i a n w o o l a n d s i l k d e t e r g e n t .

Z h u a n g M a o w e n , g e n e r a l m a n ­a g e r o f t h e c o m p a n y , s a i d t h a t t h e p r o d u c t p r e p a r e d f r o m n a t u r ­a l w i l d l e g u m e a n d a f e w o f i t s a u x i l i a r y a g e n t s i s g o o d f o r w a s h ­i n g p u r e w o o l s h i r t s , s i l k , c h e m ­i c a l f i b r e , h i g h - g r a d e g a r m e n t s , k n i t t i n g y a r n . W a s h e d f a b r i c r e ­t a i n s i t s o r i g i n a l c o l o u r a n d s o f t ­ness , a n d w o n a w o r l d i n v e n t i o n p r i z e i n t h e 3 7 t h E u r e k a F a i r h e l d i n B r u s s e l s , B e l g i u m .

A t p r e s e n t , , t w o H o n g K o n g c o m p a n i e s h a v e h e l d t a l k s w i t h t h e c o m p a n y a b o u t a c t i n g as m a r ­k e t i n g a g e n t s .

• T h e W o r l d B a n k ( W B ) w i l l p r o v i d e C h i n a w i t h U S $ 5 9 0 m i l ­l i o n i n c o n s t r u c t i o n l o a n s f o r f i v e p r o j e c t s i t i . f i s c a l ' y d a r - 1 9 9 0 , ac­c o r d i n g t o a n o f f i f c i a l o f t h e W B r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f f i c e i n C h i n a .

S t a t i s t i c s i n d i c a t e t h a t W B w i l l o f f e r C h i n a a t o t a l o f U S $ 9 . 1 b i l ­l i o n i n c o n s t r u c t i o n l o a n s f o r 8 3 p r o j e c t s b y t h e e n d o f 1 9 9 0 .

W B w i l l c o n t i n u e e f f o r t s t o de ­v e l o p c o - o p e r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a a n d i s p r e p a r i n g l o a n s f o r n e w p r o j e c t s . •

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1»90 31

CULTURE/SCIENCE

Grand Stage, Main Hall.

Prince's Palace: A Window on Chinese Culture

T iwo centuries ago, a min­ister of the Qing Dynas­ty (1644-1911) invited a

fatal disaster when he con­structed a mansion more lux­urious and elegant than the imperial palace. The emperor confiscated the premises and granted it to his younger brother, a royal prince. This compound later became known as the Palace of Prince Gongwang in Beijing.

Parties fodusing on Chinese culture will be held at the pa­lace from September 10 to late October during the 11th Asian Games.

The Palace of Prince Gong­wang is the best preserved among more than 100 palaces of equal status in Beijing and is the only one open to visi­tors. Some people carried out textual researches on scenic spots in A Dream of Red Man­sions (a great novel describing in detail the life of a noble family in the Qing Dynasty), and came to believe that the novelist had taken the Palace

of Prince Gongwang as a mo­del. For this reason, the pa­lace has been held in parti­cularly high repute, although further authentication is needed to establish the con­clusion.

The Palace of Prince Gong­wang is composed of two parts —residence and garden. The garden features zigzag corri­

dors, exquisite pavilions and picturesque towers and is de­corated with winding paths, rockeries, flowers and trees. Integrating northern architec­ture with southern landscap­ing, the palace is indeed a masterpiece among private mansions.

In imitation of ancient times, the parties offer visi-

Mrs. Bush visiting Palace of Prince Gongwang.

32 BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990

CULTURE / SCIENCE tors a display of traditional Chinese architecture, drama, dance, music and fashions, along with Chinese calligra­phy, painting and delicacies. Besides memories of a de­lightful time, the guests leave with a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture.

At the gate of the com­pound, visitors may take part in a lottery and the prize win­ner will be the "wangye" or "prince" of the evening and may take his female partner with him as his "fujin" or "imperial concubine."

In a traditional Chinese theatre, guests may watch dances reflecting Tang Dy­nasty (618-906) life, graceful Peking opera and highlights from kunqu opera while eat­ing cakes and supping Chinese tea.

The Xiaoxiang Hall offers visitors an opportunity to par­ticipate in such ancient Chinese games as cricket-fights and shuttlecock. Be­hind the hall, there are cal­ligraphic and painting de­monstrations by former mem­bers of the royal family, in­cluding Yu Yan, adopted son of the last emperor Pu Yi, and two great-grandsons of Prince Gongwang and former mas­ters of the Palace. Lucky visi­tors will get their works as a special gift.

In the pavilion that stands in the middle of a lake, visi­tors may enjoy themselves by angling and sampling tea.

Additionally, "palace maids" dressed in the cos­tumes of the Qing court are present in the garden, ready to serve the visitors. A stay of several hours at the garden party not only provides enjoy­ment and entertainment, but also some first-hand acquaint­ance with the Chinese culture.

by Wei Liming

Protecting Pandas In Co-operation

Since 1983, large groves of bamboo covering an area of 2,800 square kil­

ometres inhabited by giant pandas, have blossomed, withered and died. Twenty-six counties are involved. This gravely threatens the survival of the pandas. It has drawn the serious attention not ortly of the Chinese government but also of international wild­life protection organizations. After several years of effort, notable achievements in res­cue work have been made. According to statistics, out of 118 sick and starving pandas, 82 were nursed back to health and some have been sent back to nature. This was revealed at an interview with Qing Jianhua, an officer in charge of the China Wildlife Protec­tion Association.

As early as 1980, this asso­ciation signed an agreement with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to co-operate in re­search work on giant pandas and established a giant panda research centre in Wolong in China's Sichuan Province. During the past ten years, the WWF has provided the centre with money, instruments, and equipment, sent experts, trained technical personnel, I and joinlly unfolded research work In this Field. Bofli pal-^' ties have gained-successful ex-' perience in probing and re-" searching into how to breed these animals. Through the joint efforts of both sides, the number and species of pandas in the Wolong Natural Re­serve have been stabilized despite severe disasters.

Since the beginning of 1986, both sides have jointly en­

gaged in the "Investigation of Giant Pandas and Their Ha­bitat." On this basis they drew up the "Plan on Control of Giant Panda Habitat." It will shortly be put into effect in the three provinces of Si­chuan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Mr. Qing said that in general, during the past ten years our co-operation with WWF has been successful and fruitful.

He disclosed that the con­tinued survival and procrea­tion of pandas is still being challenged. As early as the 1970s arrow bamboo had blos­somed, withered and died over a vast area. This led to the death of 138 pandas. In 1983, bamboo blossomed again, bringing starvation to over 100 pandas. At present this disastrous situation pers­ists. The China Wildlife Pro­tection Association is hoping for even stronger co-operation from international wildlife protection organizations.

by Lou Linwei

The Origin of A Civilization

A working team of 17 Chinese archaeologists led by Zhang Xuehai,

director of the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeol-

I ogy of Shandong Province re-i cently discovered the remains

of an ancient city represent­ing the" Longshan Culture of 4,600 years ago, and the re­mains of a Xia Dynasty city of 3,900 years ago, in Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province. The findings were made after four months' exca­vation.

Thirteen authoritative ar­chaeologists in the country unanimously agree that the

BEIJING REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7, 1990 33

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E

n e w f i n d i n g h a s g r e a t s i g n i f ­i c a n c e . H u a n g J i n g l u o , v i c e -d i r e c t o r o f t h e S t a t e A d m i n i s ­t r a t i v e B u r e a u f o r M u s e u m s a n d A r c h e o l o g i c a l D a t a , s a i d , " T h e n e w l y f o u n d C h e n g z i -y a c i t y r e m a i n s o f L o n g s h a n C u l t u r e i s t h e l a r g e s t o f i t s k i n d d i s c o v e r e d i n C h i n a . T h e q u a n t i t y o f c u l t u r a l r e l i c s u n e a r t h e d t h e r e s h o w s t h a t i t w a s n o t s i m p l y a d e f e n c e f o r ­t r e s s b u t a r e a l a n c i e n t c i t y c o m p r i s i n g o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s y m b o l s o f e a r l y C h i n e s e c i v i l i z a t i o n . T h e f i n d i n g h a s t r a c e d t h e o r i g i n o f C h i n e s e c i v i l i z a t i o n t o 5 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o , t h a t i s , 1 , 0 0 0 y e a r s e a r l i e r t h a n o r i g i n a l l y b e l i e v e d . "

I n 1 9 2 8 , C h i n e s e a r c h a e o l o ­g i s t W u J i n d i n g f i r s t d i s ­c o v e r e d t h i s c u l t u r a l s i t e i n C h e n g z i y a , L o n g s h a n T o w n ­s h i p , Z h a n g q i u C o u n t y , S h a n ­d o n g P r o v i n c e . I n 1 9 3 0 a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f b l a c k p o t ­t e r y o f e x q u i s i t e c r a f t s m a n ­s h i p w a s u n e a r t h e d , a n d a r ­c h a e o l o g i s t s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e w o r l d a n e w t y p e o f a n c i e n t C h i n e s e c u l t u r e — t h e L o n g s h a n C u l ­t u r e i d e n t i f i e d b y i t s b l a c k p o t t e r y . I t d i f f e r e d f r o m t h e Y a n g s h a o C u l t u r e c h a r a c t e r ­i z e d b y p a i n t e d p o t t e r y .

T h e Y a n g s h a o C u l t u r e w a s f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d i n Y a n g s h a o V i l l a g e , M i a n c h i C o u n t y , H e n a n P r o v i n c e i n 1 9 2 1 . B e ­c a u s e t h e p a i n t e d p o t t e r y u n e a r t h e d w a s s i m i l a r t o t h a t d i s c o v e r e d i n C e n t r a l A . s i a , s o m e W e s t e r n a r c h a e o l o g i s t s s a i d t h a t C h i n e s e c i v i l i z a t i o n c a m e f r o m t h e W e s t . T h e b l a c k p o t t e r y o f L o n g s h a n C u l t u r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y d e n i e s t h i s a s s e r t i o n .

T h e r e m a i n s o f t h e L o n g ­s h a n C u l t u r e c i t y d i s c o v e r e d t h i s t i m e c o v e r a t o t a l a r e a o f 2 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m e t r e s — 5 3 0 m e t r e s f r o m s o u t h t o n o r t h

a n d 4 3 0 m e t r e s f r o m e a s t t o w e s t . P a r t s o f t h e c i t y w a l l c a n b e f o u n d f r o m 2 .5 m e t r e s t o f i v e m e t r e s u n d e r g r o u n d . T h e c i t y w a l l , r a m e d u p w i t h e a r t h , i s 8 t o 13 m e t r e s w i d e . T h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e c i t y w a l l i s w e l l p r e s e r v e d u n d e r ­g r o u n d .

A c c o r d i n g t o Z h a n g X u e -h a i , t h e r u i n s o f t h e c i t y a r e 2 t o 3 m e t r e s t h i c k . S o m e h o u s e f o u n d a t i o n s , d o z e n s o f k i l n s a n d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f p o t t e r y a n d s t o n e o b j e c t s h a v e b e e n u n e a r t h e d . B e s i d e s , t h e r e w e r e a l s o m a n y a r r o w - h e a d s m a d e o f s t o n e a n d b o n e . T h e s t y l e o f t h e p o t t e r y s h o w s t h a t p o t t e r y - m a k i n g h a d b e c o m e a s p e c i a l i z e d o c c u p a t i o n a n d h a d r e a c h e d a h i g h l e v e l o f c r a f t s m a n s h i p a t t h a t t i m e . T h e c l o s e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f c u l t u r a l r e l i c s i n d i c a t e s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c i t y ' s p o p u l a ­t i o n .

" W e m a y c o m e t o t h e c o n ­c l u s i o n t h a t t h e c i t y w a s q u i t e p r o s p e r o u s a t t h a t t i m e , " s a i d Z h a n g X u e h a i .

T h e r e m a i n s o f t h e X i a D y ­n a s t y c i t y , c o v e r i n g a n a r e a o f 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m e t r e s , a r e t h e f i r s t c i t y r e m a i n s o f t h a t p e r ­i o d d i s c o v e r e d i n C h i n a . E x ­p e r t s s a y t h a t i t w a s a t h r i v i n g c i t y a n d f i l l s u p t h e g a p be ­t w e e n t h e e a r l y p e r i o d o f L o n g s h a n C u l t u r e a n d t h e S h a n g D y n a s t y ( 1 6 t b t o 1 1 t h c e n t u r y B C ) . I t p r o v i d e s i m ­p o r t a n t m a t e r i a l f o r r e s e a r c h into t h e o j i g i n an<J d e v e l o p -r r i e n t o f a n c i e n t C h i n e s e c i ­t i e s .

T h e X i a D y n a s t y w a s t h e f i r s t d y n a s t y i n C h i n e s e h i s t o ­r y . I t i s t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t a t w h i c h C h i n e s e s o c i e t y d e v e l ­o p e d f r o m p r i m i t i v e s o c i e t y t o s l a v e r y . S o t h e d i s c o v e r y i s e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .

A t p r e s e n t Z h a n g a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s a r e c o n t i n u i n g e x ­

c a v a t i o n o f t h e c i t y r u i n s . by Hong Lanxing

Photos Depicting Frontier Life

In 1 9 8 6 , r e p o r t e r s o f t h e Nationalities Pictorial s t a r t e d t o e n c i r c l e C h i n a ,

se t o f f f r o m t h e t o w n o f W u s u i n H e i l o n g j i a n g P r o v i n c e . F o r f o u r y e a r s t h e y t r a v e l l e d c o u n t e r - c l o c k w i s e a l o n g t h e b o r d e r s o f C h i n a i n r e l a y s c o v e r i n g o v e r 2 0 , 0 0 0 k i l o ­m e t r e s , a n d t a k i n g t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f p h o t o s . T h e i r c o l l e c t i o n i s a l l - i n c l u s i v e : m o u n t a i n s , r i v e r s , l a n d f o r m a -t i o n s , p e o p l e , l o c a l c u s t o m s a n d d i f f e r e n t l i f e - s t y l e s .

R e c e n t l y t h e y h e l d a n e x ­h i b i t i o n o f t h e i r b e s t w o r k s . S i n c e 1 9 8 7 , Nationalities Pic­torial h a s b e e n p u b l i s h i n g t h e i r p h o t o s i n s e r i e s a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t i l l 1 9 9 2 . I t w a s o n l y b y o v e r c o m i n g m a n y d i f f i c u l ­t i e s t h a t t h e p h o t o g r a p h e r s w e r e a b l e t o b r i n g o u t t h e s e v a l u a b l e p h o t o s s o r i c h i n c o n t e n t a n d so i n t e r e s t i n g t o p e o p l e b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d . • Largest Photo Exhibition. T h e P h o t o E x h i b i t i o n o f C h i n a ' s M a j o r C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t s , t h e g r a n d e s t i n s c a l e e v e r h e l d s i n c e t h p f o u n d i n g o f N e w C h i n a i ^ i 1 9 4 9 , w a s o p e n e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t t h e C h i n a A r t s a n d C r a f t s E x h i b i t i o n H a l l a t t h e e n d o f A u g u s t .

T h e e x h i b i t i o n s h o w s t h e b u i l d e r s a n d t h e scenes o f t h e m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 m a j o r c o n ­s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s b u i l t s i n c e 1 9 8 2 . T h e s e p r o j e c t s h a v e m a r k e d l y i n c r e a s e d C h i n a ' s e c o n o m i c s t r e n g t h . M o s t o f t h e 1,800 p h o t o s w e r e t a k e n b y t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s t h e m s e l v e s . •

34 B E I J I N G REVIEW, OCTOBER 1-7,1990

Birds Amidst Snow (woodblock print).

Engravings by Shao IVIingjiang

B o r n i n S h a n d o n g P r o v i n c e i n 1 9 5 6 , S h a o 4 M i n g j i a n g n o w w o r k s i n t h e a r t o f f i c e u n d e r t h e

H e i l o n g j i a n g G e n e r a l F a r m B u r e a u . M o s t o f h i s

Sky, Flying Birds and River (comprehensive engraving).

Plum Blossom Glass Tulip

Helps to beautify your home and create a comfortable feeling.

i

I

TIANJIN LIGHT INDUSTRLU. PRODUCTS IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION 1 6 4 L i a o n i n g R o a d , T i a n j i n , C h i n a F a x : ( 2 2 ) 7 0 0 1 9 6 T e l e x : 2 3 2 0 3 , 2 3 1 4 2 T J L I P C N