Child Trends-2005!10!14 SP ion
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Transcript of Child Trends-2005!10!14 SP ion
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Family Process Measures
Kristin A. Moore, Ph.D.
Elizabeth C. Hair, Ph.D.
October 14, 2005
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Overview of Presentation
1. Child Trends
2. NLSY 97 sample and structure
3. Available variables from NLSY97 data
4. Family Process Measures5. Child Trends work using NLSY97
Family Process Measures
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What is Child Trends?
A nonpartisan, nonprofit research center dedicated toproviding science-based information for the purpose of
improving decisions, programs, and policies that affectchildren
Is NOT an advocacy organization
Disseminates research through a variety of vehicles
Monitors and develops new indicators of child, youth,and family well-being
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Child Trends Areas of Research
Welfare and poverty
Fertility and family structure
Indicators
Data and measurement Early childhood development
Emerging issues- Fathers - Health
- Immigrants - Research to results
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Child Trends and the NLSY97
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 97)
Sponsored by the BLS NORC
Child Trends Family Processes
Fertility & Marriage
Peers
Fatherhood
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NLSY97 Sample
About 9,000 youths born 1980 to 1984
and living in U.S. households in 1997
Nationally representative
All living sample members are eligible
each year
Over 90 % of Round 1 participants have
participated in Rounds 6 or 7
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Structural Features of the NLSY97
Youth Interview Event history-style rather than point-in-time
reports permits full dating of key events
Rostering permits unique identification of
jobs, household members, schools and
other elements despite discontinuity in
youths life
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Sources of NLSY97 data
Annual youth interviews
Household Screener information from
initially sampled household (1997)
Parent Interview (1997)
Household Income Update from parentsthrough Round 5
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Sources of NLSY97 data
(continued)
ASVAB scores (1997) (available after Round 3+)
High school transcript records (BLS only)
Geo-code file NLSY97 (available at county levelthrough contract; below county level available at BLS only)
School Surveys (1996 and 2000) for allhigh schools in original sampling units (BLSonly)
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NLSY97 Youth Interview Topics
Employment and Job Training
Schooling, School-to-Work, College Financing,
College Choice
Household Composition and Family
Relationships
Marriage and Cohabitation, Dating, SexualBehavior
Fertility, Child Care
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Family Process Items in
the NLSY97
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Relationship of Residential ParentsDescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe the extent to which their parents weresupportive of each other.
Scale 6 questions 5 point scale with response categories ranging from Never to
Always
Available Data
Round 1: 12-14 year olds; mothers Round 5: 17-18 year olds Round 2/3: 14-15 year olds Round 6: 18 year olds
Cronbachs alpha Youth Report Residential mother is supportive of father = .74 Youth Report Residential father is supportive of mother = .81
Maternal Report Residential father is supportive of mother
= . 83
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Estranged Parents RelationshipDescriptionQuestions asked youth to evaluate how often their residentialparents were in contact with their estranged parents, and how well
these two got along.
Scale 3 questions, 2 response sets:
- 1 question has a 9 point scale with response categories rangingfrom Never to Almost every day
- 2 questions have a 8 point scale with response categories rangingfrom Very Friendly to As hostile you can imagine
Available Data Round 1: 12-14 year olds, mothers Round 2/3: 14-15 year olds
Round 5: 17-18 year olds Round 6: 18 -22 year olds
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Youth Contact with Absent Parent
DescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe how often they are in contactwith an absent parent.
Scale 5 questions, 2 response sets:
- 2 questions have a response categories of Yes or No
- 3 questions have an 8 point scale with response categoriesranging from Never to Everyday
Available Data
Rounds 1, 2/3, 6: all youth
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Communication with ParentsDescriptionThe question asked youth to describe how often they had
contact with her parents.
Scale
1 question
9 point scale with response categories ranging fromNever to Everyday
Available Data
Round 4: 19-20 year olds Round 5: 19-21 year olds
Rounds 6 & 7: all youth
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Advice from ParentsDescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe how often they seek out aparent for advice on vocational or personal matters.
Scale 2 questions 4 point scale with response categories ranging from Often to
Never
Available Data Round 4: 19-20 year olds
Round 5: 19-21 year olds Rounds 6 & 7: all youth
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Index of Family RoutinesDescriptionQuestions asked youth how often they participated in variousactivities with their family.
Scale 4 questions 8 point frequency scale response categories ranging from 0
times a week to 7 days a week
Available Data Round 1: 12-14 year olds
Round 2/3: 14-16 year olds Round 4: 16-18 year olds
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Family Events and HolidaysDescriptionQuestions asked youth to explain how often their family gathersfor events and holidays, and how important these gatherings are
to the youth.
Scale 2 questions, 2 response sets:
- 1 question has a 6 point scale with response categoriesranging from Never to About once a week or more
- 1 question has a 4 point scale with response categoriesranging from Not at all important to Very important
Available Data Round 5: 19-21 year olds Round 7: all youth
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Parent-Youth RelationshipDescriptionQuestions measure parenting behaviors, and the closeness of the parent-adolescent relationship.
Scale 8 questions, 2 response sets:- 3 questions have a 5 point scale with response categories ranging
from Strongly Disagree to Agree- 5 questions have a 5 point scale with response categories ranging
from Never to Always
Available Data Round 1: 12-14 year olds Round 5: 17-18 year olds
Round 2: 14-16 year olds Round 7: all youth
Cronbachs alphaParent-Youth Relationship (Residential Mother) = .75
Parent-Youth Relationship (Residential Father) = .82Parent-Youth Relationship (Non-Residential Father) = .83Parent-Youth Relationship (Non-Residential Mother) = .85
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Parent Closeness/Caring/Conflict
with YouthDescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe the extent to which they feltclose with their parent, and how much the youth felt that his/her
parent cared about him/her.
Scale 4 questions
10 point scale with response categories ranging from Notclose at all to Very close
Available Data
Round 5 & 7: All youth
Similar questions were asked in regards to other people in the youthslife, such as the dating partner, spouse, parent of the youths child (if not
the dating partner or spouse), and the youths best friend
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Parent StrictnessDescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe how strict their parents weretowards them.
Scale 1 questions 2 point scale with response categories of Strict or
Permissive
Available Data
Round 1: all youth Round 2: 14-16 year olds Round 4: 16-18 year olds
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Parent SupportivenessDescriptionQuestions asked youth to describe how supportive their parentswere towards them.
Scale 1 questions 3 point scale with response categories ranging from Not very
supportive to Very supportive
Available Data Rounds 1, 4, 6 & 7: all youth
Round 2/3: 14-16 year olds
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Parental Monitoring of YouthDescription
Questions asked youth how much their parents knew about their friends,
teachers, and way they spend their time when theyre away from home.
Scale
4 questions, 5 point scale with response categories ranging from Knows
nothing to Knows everything
Available Data
Round 1: 12-14 year olds Round 5: 17-18 year olds
Round 2/3: 14-16 year olds Round 7: all youth
Round 4: 16-18 year olds
Cronbachs alpha
Residential Mother Monitoring =.71
Residential Father Monitoring = .81Non-Residential Mother Monitoring = .85
Non-Residential Father Monitoring = .85
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Parent Knowledge of YouthDescriptionQuestions asked youth how much their parents knew about theiraspirations, values and friends.
Scale
4 questions
5 point scale with response categories ranging from Knowsnothing to Knows everything
Available Data
Round 5: 19-21 year olds Round 7: all youth
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Conflict/Autonomy
DescriptionQuestions asked youth who made rules for them regardingtelevision viewing, curfews and with whom they could spend their
time. Questions also asked youth how often they had broken theserules, and who dealt with their rule breaking and how.
Scale
10 questions
4 different response sets
Available Data Round 1: 12-13 year olds, parents
Round 2: 14-15 year olds
Round 4: 16-17 year olds
Round 5: 17-18 year olds
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Social Support of Youth
Description
The question asked youth who they would first turn to for help with
a personal problem.
Scale
1 question
14 possible choices ranging from biological parent to otheradults
Available Data
Round 1: 12-14 year olds Round 2/3: 14-16 year olds
Round 4 & 6: All youth
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Religiosity Scale
DescriptionQuestions asked youth about their attitudes and beliefs towards
spirituality, as well as how often they have attended a worshipservice in the past year.
Scale
6 questions, 2 response scales- 5 questions have response categories of True or False:- 1 question has an 8 point scale with response categories ranging
from Never to Everyday
Available Data Round 4, 5, 6 & 7: all youth
Questions on religious beliefs were asked only of youth in Round 6
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Related Measures
MOS General mental health
Youth dispositions Agreeableness Conscientiousness
Ecology of the youths neighborhood and home
Domains of Influence Friendships
Money Management Education/Job Training
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Family Process Measures
Analyzed by Child Trends
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Descriptive AnalysesThe Continued Importance of Quality Parent-Teen
Relationships & Interactions: Far More Positive Than Not
Measures Used
Parent-Youth Relationship (3 question scale)
Major Findings
Adolescents reported high esteem for their biological, residentialparents. Though adolescents attitudes towards their parents did dipas they aged (from 12-13 to 16-17), the dip was modest (from 70 to
61 percent) and evened out over time.
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Person Year Analyses
Disconnected Youth: Family, Program and Youth Influenceson Becoming Disconnected and on Re-connecting
Measures Used Parent-Youth Relationship
Parental Monitoring
Parental Involvement in School
Parental Religiosity Family Routines Index
Social Supports
Major Findings
Parental school involvement and maternal monitoring protect againstyouth disconnecting.
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The Continued Importance of Quality Parent-AdolescentRelationships During Late Adolescence
Hypothesis
Parenting practices will mediate the relationship between high-qualityparent-early adolescent relationships and adolescent delinquency andmental well-being.
Measures Used
Parent-Youth Relationship
Parental Monitoring / Awareness
Parental Supportiveness Parental Strictness
Family Routines Index
Path Analyses/ Structural Modeling
M di t M d lControls
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Quality
Parent-
Adolescent
Relationship
Youth
Outcomes
2001
Strictness
Monitoring/
Awareness
of
Adolescent
Routine
Family
Activities
Supportiveness
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinEarly
Adolescence 1997
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinLater
Adolescence(1999)
YouthOutcomesEarly
Adulthood
(2000/2001)
Mediators ModelControls
Race-ethnicityAge
GenderFamily Structure
Poverty levelParentalEducation
Prior DelinquentBehavior
D li t B h i
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Quality
Parent-
Adolescent
Relationship
Delinquent
Behaviors
2001
Strictness
Monitoring/
Awareness
of
Adolescent
Routine
Family
Activities
Supportiveness
.31***/.30***
.51***/.4
0***
.07*/-.01
.42***/.44***
-.01/.01
-.05*/-
.10*
-.03/-.03
-.06/-.02
-.12*/-.12*
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinEarly
Adolescence 1997
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinLater
Adolescence(1999)
YouthOutcomesEarly
Adulthood
(2000/2001)
Delinquent Behaviors
D li t B h i
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Quality
Parent-
Adolescent
Relationship
Delinquent
Behaviors
2001
Strictness
Monitoring/
Awareness
of
Adolescent
Routine
Family
Activities
Supportiveness
.31***/.30***
.51***/.4
0***
.07*/-.01
.42***/.44***
-.01/.01
-.05*/-
.10*
-.03/-.03
-.06/-.02
-.12*/-.12*
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinEarly
Adolescence 1997
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinLater
Adolescence(1999)
YouthOutcomesEarly
Adulthood
(2000/2001)
Delinquent Behaviors
M t l W ll B i
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Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinEarly
Adolescence(1997)
Parent-Adolescent
RelationshipinLater
Adolescence(1999)
YouthOutcomesEarly
Adulthood
(2000/2001)
Quality
Parent-
Adolescent
Relationship
Strictness
MentalWell-
Being
2000
Monitoring/
Awareness
of
Adolescent
Routine
Family
Activities
Supportiveness
.33***/.29***
.52***/.3
9***
.44***/.44***
.07*/.01
.12*/.11*
.11*/.08*
.02/.04
.10**/.11
*
-.05*/-.06
Mental Well Being
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The Family Religious Practices, Parental Religiosity and
Risk Behavior Among Adolescents
Hypothesis Higher levels of family religiosity will be associated with lower levels
of adolescent risk-taking behavior. The parent-adolescent relationship and parental awareness and
monitoring of adolescent activities will partially mediate theassociation between parental religiosity and adolescent risk taking.
Measures Used
Parent-Youth Relationship Parental Monitoring Parental Religiosity Family Routines Index
Path Analyses/ Structural Modeling
ControlsReligiosity Model
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Negative
Peer
behaviors
Parental
Awareness
Routine
Family
Activities
Adolescent
Outcomes
Positive
Peer
behaviors
Parent
Youth
Relations
Parental
Religious
beliefs/
activities
OutcomesinLate
Adolescence(2000)
ReligiosityinEarly
Adolescence(1997)Parentingandpeersin
Adolescence(1997/1998)
Controls
Race-Ethnicity
Age
Gender
FamilyStructure
PovertyLevel
Neighborhood
Characteristics
Religiosity Model
PositiveSexual Activity
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ReligiosityinEarly
Adolescence(1997)Parentingandpeersin
Adolescence(1997/1998)
OutcomesinLate
Adolescence(2000)
Negative
Peer
behaviors
1997
Parental
Awareness
1998
Routine
Family
Activities
1998
Outcome:
Sex
2000
Positive
Peer
behaviors
1997
Parent
Youth
Relations1997
Parental
Religious
beliefs/
activities
1997
.02
.09*
-.03
.21*
**.01
.19**
-.09**
-.06*.50***
.09**
.07*
.05
-.11*
.77***
-.15***
Sexual Activity
PositiveSubstance Use
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Negative
Peer
behaviors
1997
Parental
Awareness
1998
Routine
Family
Activities1998
Outcome:
Substance
Use
2000
Positive
Peer
behaviors
1997
Parent
Youth
Relations1997
Parental
Religious
beliefs/
activities
1997
.09*
-.03+
.21***
.03
.18***
-.12**
.03.10**
-.12
***
.49***.07*
.02
.76***
-.13**
-.15*
OutcomesinLate
Adolescence(2000)
ReligiosityinEarly
Adolescence(1997)Parentingandpeersin
Adolescence(1997/1998)
Substance Use
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Parent-youth relationships: Are quality relationships in
early adolescence related to better educational and labor
force outcomes?
Hypothesis
Positive parent-child relationships will be significantly and positively
associated with favorable educational and employment outcomes andwill be negatively associated with unfavorable educational and
employment outcomes.
Measures Used
Parent-Youth Relationship
Logistic Regression
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Logistic Regression
Dependent Variables
Dropped out of HS and has no GED 0.70 *** 0.77 *
Delayed academic progress 0.57 * 0.64 +
Jobless because of incarceration 0.67 * 0.81In college prep or specialized
academic program 1.24 * 1.30 **
Believes s/he will have a collegedegree by age 30 1.44 * 1.19
Received income in the past year 1.05 0.99
Relationship with:
Mother Father
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Conclusion
The family process measures in the
NLSY97 work Both psychometrically and substantively
A valuable addition to a labor force study
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