Chemistry For Life Matter - occupies space and has mass Elements - C,H,O,N,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,K; make up...
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Transcript of Chemistry For Life Matter - occupies space and has mass Elements - C,H,O,N,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,K; make up...
Chemistry For Life• Matter - occupies space and has mass
• Elements - C,H,O,N,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,K; make up matter and can’t be decomposed by ordinary chemical means
• Atoms
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
location weight charge
• Protons - nucleus 1 +
• Neutrons - nucleus 1 none
• Electrons - orbit 0 -
• Atomic number - number of protons
• Atomic weight - protons + neutrons
• Ions - cations (+ ions that have lost an electron), anions (- ions that have gained an electron)
• Isotope - same atomic number, different atomic weight - thus the number of neutrons differs
• Radioisotopes - break down and emit radiation that may be of clinical value
Covalent - sharing of a pair of electrons
Ionic - giving and taking electrons
• Hydrogen - weak attraction between the positive part of one polar molecule and the negative part of another polar molecule; provides stability to large molecules
Atomic Combinations• Molecules - stable combination of 2 or
more elements
• Polar - electrons are unequally shared
• Nonpolar - electrons are equally shared
• Compounds - stable combination of 2 or more different kind of elements
• Synthesis - anabolism - building molecules
• Decomposition - catabolism - breaking molecules down
• Exchange - buffers
• Reversible - goes in both directions depending on the conditions
• Oxy-Redox - leo the lion goes ger
Factors Influencing Reactions
• Temperature - rises increase speed of reactions to a point and vice versa
• Concentration - same as temp.
• Particle size - smaller ones act faster
• Catalysts - speed up reactions
• Kinetic energy (being used) and potential energy (being stored)
• Chemical - in bonds• Mechanical - muscles moving body• Radiant - heat or light• Electrical - flow of electrons in
nerve impulses
Inorganic Compounds• Lack carbons bonded to hydrogens
• Water - 60-80% of our weight
• Acids - release H ions when dissociating in water; tastes sour
• Bases - release OH ions when dissociating in water; tastes bitter
• pH - a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. It runs from 0, which is most acidic, to 14, which is most basic. 7 is neutral.
• Buffers - maintain the pH of a particular region by forming weaker acids or bases
• Salts - dissociates into cations and anions, which are not H or OH ions, when in water
Organic Compounds• Compounds containing carbon
bonded to hydrogen and oxygen
• C, H, O
• Monosaccharides
• Glucose - blood sugar
• Fructose - the sweetest sugar
• Ribose - part of RNA
• Disaccharides
• Lactose - milk sugar
• Sucrose - table sugar
• Maltose - in beer
• Polysaccharides
• Starch - our most abundant dietary carbohydrate
• Glycogen - our stored carbohydrate in our muscle and our liver
• Cellulose - a fiber that keeps us regular
• C, H, O
• Fats and oils - glycerol + 3 fatty acids, a triglyceride; SFA, MUFA, PUFA
• Eicosanoids such as prostaglandins which influence the cells that produce them
• Phospholipids - build cell membranes
• Sterols - cholesterol, sex hormones
• Vitamins - A, D, E, K
• C, H, O, N• Amino acids - amino, carboxyl, hydrogen
and radical around a C; they bind by peptide bonds to make polypeptides
• Enzymes are all proteins – they catalyze reactions and often require coenzymes (vitamins or minerals); work like a lock and key
Other Organic Compounds
• Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA
ATP Structure
• ATP - the energy compound
• Cyclic AMP - involved in hormone and neurotransmitter action