CHEMISTRY-FOLIO-2015.docx

7/21/2019 CHEMISTRY-FOLIO-2015.docx

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CHEMISTRY FOLIO 2015

Food Additives andMedicine

Name : Florence Wong

School : SMJK Katholik, PJ

Class : 5S5

IC Number : 9!"#$#%$&"9&

Co'e :

(eacher : Puan Nur )i'a*ah binti Sarani

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ontent Page

1.0 FOOD ADDITIVES

#+# Intro'uction

#+" b-ecti.e

#+/ (*0es o1 1oo' a''iti.es

#+/+# Foo' Preser.ati.e

#+/+" 2ntio3i'ants

#+/+/ Fla.oring 2gents

#+/+% Stabili4ers an' (hickening 2gents

#+/+5 Foo' Coloring

#+/+& abel on Foo' Packs

#+/+6 (he 711ect o1 Foo' 2''iti.es on )ealth

an' 7n.ironment

#+% 8iscussion

#+5 Conclusion

2.0 MEDICINES

"+# Intro'uction

"+" b-ecti.e

"+/ (ra'itional Me'icines

"+% (*0es o1 Mo'ern Me'icine an' (heir ses

"+%+# 2nalgesics

"+%+" 2ntibiotics

"+%+/ Ps*chothera0eutic 8rugs

"+%+% (he Si'e 711ects o1 Me'icine

"+5 8iscussion

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1.0 FOOD ADDITIVES

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1.1 Introduction

What are food additives?

(he* are chemicals ,or ingre'ients ;hich are a''e'

to 1oo' 0ro'ucts 1or maintaining their stabilit*+

2''iti.es are arti1icial or natural chemicals , a''e' to

1oo' , 1or microbial an' chemical stabilit* o1 1oo's or

'ela* or e.en sto0 1oo' ranci'it*+

Functions of food additives:

Im0ro.e the taste or a00earance o1 a 0rocesse' 1oo'

7g: bees;a3


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7nsure nutritional .alue

Maintain uni1orm =ualit* an' to enhance =ualit*

0arameters like 1la.or, color etc+, in large scale

0ro'uction

Classes of food additives:

Antioxidants

Flavoring agents Stabilisers and thickening agents

Food coloring

High intensity / low calorie sweeteners.

Emulsifiers.

Acidulants

Anti-caking agents

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1.2 Objective

State meaning of food additives

State different tyes of food additives and their

functions

!iscuss the ossible side effects of food additives on

health and the environment

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1.3 T!e" o# #ood additive"

#> Foo' a''iti.es can be classi1ie' accor'ing to their

source or 1unction+"> Foo' a''iti.es can be natural or s*nthetic

com0oun's+/> Foo' a''iti.es are a''e' to 1oo' to

a> Su00l* nutrientsb> 7nhance the colorc> 2'' 1la.or'> Im0ro.e the 1oo' te3turee> Preser.e the 1oo'

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1.3.1 FOOD P$ESE$VATIVES

#> (he* 0re.ent s0oilage o1 1oo' 'ue to 1ungi , bacteriaan' other microorganisms

"> In ancient times,a> (able salt ;as use' as a 0reser.ati.e to 0reser.e

1ish, ham an' bacon+b> Sugar has been use' to 0reser.e -ell*, 1ruit -ams

an' 1ruits+

/> 2t 0resent there are more than "5!! 1oo' a''iti.es+%> Commonl* use' in :a> o; 1at s0rea'sb> Cheeses, margarine, ma*onnaisec> ?aker* 0ro'ucts'> 8rie' 1ruit 0re0arations

5> (he chemical com0oun's use' as 0reser.ati.es

to'a* inclu'e :a> ?en4oic aci', C&)5C)b> So'ium ben4oate, C&)5C)Nac> Calcium 0ro0ionate, @C")5C)>"Ca'> So'ium nitrite, NaC"

&> (he 0reser.ati.es are a''e' to a 1oo' so as to inhibit

the gro;th o1 bacteria, *easts, moul's an' other

microorganisms+

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6> With a''e' 0reser.ati.es, 1oo' lasts longer+ (hat is

the* increase or e3ten' the shel1 li1e o1 1oo'+> ther t*0es o1 1oo' 0reser.ati.es are :

a> Ainegar

b> Sul0hur 'io3i'e

c> Sorbic aci'

'> Pro0anoic aci'

e> Postassium sorbate1> So'ium nitrate

9> So'ium nitrate is use' to 0reser.e 1ro4en meat,

tinne' meat, sausages an' burgers+

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a> (his 0reser.ati.e 0re.ents the gro;th o1 bacteria

es0eciall* clostridium botulinum.b> So'ium nitrite also gi.es meat a 1resh re''ish color

making it look 1resh+

#!> So'ium ben4oate is use' to 0reser.ea> Fruit -uiceb> Chili sauce

c> (omato sauce

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So'ium ben4oate is not a ha4ar' to health ;hen small

amount is use'+ ?ut in big amount, so'ium ben4oate ;ill

'amage the ner.ous s*stem+ Some 0eo0le are also

allergic to it+

##> Ainegar is o1ten use' to 0reser.e cut 1ruits,

.egetable an' chili+ (his is because common bacteria

;ill not be able to sur.i.e in an aci' me'ium+#"> Sul0hur 'io3i'e is o1ten use' as a 0reser.ati.e in

so1t 'rinks an' sauces

+

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1.3.2 A%TIO&IDA%TS

#> 3i'ation is a 'estructi.e 0rocess , causing loss o1

nutritional .alue an' changes in chemical com0osition

"> 2ntio3i'ants are a''e' to 1oo' to slo; the rate o1

o3i'ation an' i1 use' 0ro0erl* can e3ten' the shel1 li1e o1

1oo' in ;hich the* ha.e been use'+

/> Aegetable oils contain natural antio3i'ants, such as

.itamin 7+ It 0reser.es the oil+

%> ?* the Foo' 2ct o1 #9/, 1oo' manu1actures can use

ele.en t*0es o1 antio3i'ants in 1oo'+ (hese antio3i'ants

inclu'e :

a> ascorbic aci'

b> ascorbic 0almitate

c> citric aci'

'> iso0ro0*l citrate

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5> 73am0les o1 antio3i'ants,

Antioxidant Functions Examples Side effectAitamin 7

@toco0herols>

Pre.ents oils

1rom turning

ranci'

Palm oil,

sun1lo;er

oil

$

Aitamin C@ascorbic aci'>

Preser.esthe color o1

1ruit -uice

an' the

1ormation o1

nitrosamines

Fruit -uice,cure' meat

$

So'ium citrate Sto0

ranci'it* in

1ats

Ice$cream $

?)2 @?ut*late'

h*'ro3*anisole>

?)( @?ut*late'

h*'ro3*toluene

>

$ 'eri.e' 1rom

Betar'

ranci'it* in

1ats, oils an'

oil$

containing

1oo's

Margarine,

cereal

Carcinogenic

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0etroleum

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1.3.3 F'AVO($I%) A)E%TS

#> Fla.oring agents are 1oo' a''iti.es because the* are

a''e' to 1oo' to make the 1oo' taste better so as to makethem more a00ealing+

"> It restores taste loss 'ue to 0rocessing an' allo;s 1oo'

to be s;eet, sour, salt*, bitter an' so on+

/> (here are more than #65! natural an' s*nthetic arti1icial

1la.orings kno;n+

a> Natural 1la.oring < e3tracte' 1rom natural resources

: orange, 0e00ermints an' scre; 0ine @0an'an> lea.es+

b> S*nthetic arti1icial 1la.orings < substances 'eri.e'

1rom sources other than natural resources, e3am0le,

monoso'ium glutamate

%> (he " most common 1oo' 1la.oring agents are

monoso'ium glutamate an' as0artame+

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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

#> It is a ;hite, cr*stalline 0o;'er ;ith chemical 1ormula o1

Na5C5)N%+

"> It has no 1la.or on its o;n, but enhances the 1la.or o1

1oo's in meats an' 1ishes+

/> It is o1ten use' to increase the 1la.or o1 0ackage' 1oo',

1ast 1oo's an' Chinese cuisine+

%> (here ;ill be some si'e e11ects 1rom the consum0tion o1monoso'ium glutamate+ In 1ace some 0eo0le are .er*

sensiti.e to it+

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5> Monoso'ium glutamate is usuall* 0ro'uce' 1rom ;heat,

corn, so*beans or rice+

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Aspartame

#> It is a non$ carboh*'rate s;eetener+ It is use' to make

1oo' taste s;eeter @an arti1icial s;eetener>+ Its chemical

name is #$meth*l$N$as0artil0henilamina+

"> It is about "!! times as s;eet as natural sugar+

/> It is sol' as 7=ual, Nutras;eet

%> 2s0artame is 1oun' in 1ro4en 'esserts, gelatin 'esserts,

'iet so1t 'rinks, lo; calorie 'rinks, *ogurt, be.erages+

5> 2s0artame is suitable 1or 'iabetic 0atient+ It is also

suitable 1or 0eo0le ;ho ;ant to lose ;eight but en-o* the

s;eetness o1 1oo'+ (his is because as0artame has no

caloric .alue+

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&> 2s0artame breaks 'o;n slo;l* at room tem0erature+ It

breaks 'o;n ra0i'l* at higher tem0eratures+ (hus

as0artame is not suitable 1or use ;hen cooking 1oo'+

6> )o;e.er, it is not suitable 1or 0eo0le ;ho su11er 1rom a

'isease calle' 0hen*lketonuria an' also 0regnant ;omen+

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Asesulfame!

#> It is anarti1icial s;eetener an' is "!! times s;eeterthan sugar+

"> It is 1oun' in so1t 'rinks, bake' 1oo's, che;ing gum,gelatin 'esserts, alcohol, sauce, *ogurt an' chocolate+

/> It contains carcinogen meth*lene chlori'e+

%> nlike as0artame, this asesul1ame$K can be use' at

higher tem0eratures+

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Esters (S"nthetic essences)

#> 7sters ha.e a s;eet 1ruit* smell an' are o1ten use' in

making -am, cakes an' cor'ials+

"> (he 1ollo;ing are the t*0es o1 'i11erent 1la.ors o1 the

ester :

Ester FlavorsMeth*l butanoate 200le

ct*l ethanoate range

Meth*l$"$aminoben4oate

ra0ePent*l ethanoate ?anana

Pent*l 0ro0anoate

20ricot

Isobut*l methanoate

Bas0berr*7th*l butanoate

Pinea00le

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1.3.* STA+I'ISE$S A%D

T,I -E%I%) A)E%TS

#> (hese are a''e' to 1oo' making it tastes smoother an'

1iner+

"> 2 stabili4er 0re.ents the se0aration o1 1oo' into la*ers o1

oil an' ;ater+ 73am0le, oil an' ;ater 1orm an emulsion in

a canne' meat+ (he a''ition o1 stabili4ers into canne'

meat, 0re.ents the oil an' ;ater 1rom se0arating into

'i11erent la*ers o1 oil an' ;ater+

/> ecithin is another common 1oo' stabili4er+ It can be

1oun' in egg *olk an' so* beans

%> ther 1oo' stabili4ers are gelatin an' acacia gum+

5> Stabili4ers are o1ten a''e' to 1oo' emulsion such as ice

cream, sala' sauce, milk, cream* sou0 an' so on+ (he

stabili4er hel0s them to remain as the* are ;ithout

se0arating the 1oo' into la*er o1 oil an' ;ater+

&> 73am0les o1 stabili4ers:

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Sta#ili$ers Functions ExampleMono$gl*ceri'es D

8i$gl*ceri'es o1 1att*

aci's

Mi3 oil an' ;ater Ice$cream, che;ing

gum, be.erages,

;hi00e' to00ingan' margarine

2cacia gum Mi3 " li=ui's that

'o not mi3together+ Forms an

emulsion+

Marshmallo;,

gum'ro0, e'ibleglitter, carbonate'

'rink s*ru0, gumm*

can'ies

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ecithin Be'uces .iscosit*+

Be0laces more

e30ensi.e

ingre'ients+

Controls sugar

cr*stalli4ation an'the 1lo; 0ro0erties

o1 chocolate+ )el0s

in the homogenous

mi3ing o1

ingre'ients+ ses

as a coating

Margarine, 'ough,

can'* bar, cocoa

0o;'er

elatin Mi3ture o1 0e0ti'es

an' 0roteins o1

collagen e3tracte'

1rom the boile'

bones, connecti.e

tissues, organs

an' someintestines o1

animals

Fruit -am, -ell*

babies, shells o1

0harmaceutical

ca0sules,

margarine, *ogurt

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6> (hickening agents are o1ten a''e' into 1oo' to alter the

te3ture o1 1oo'+ It increases the .iscosit* o1 1oo' ;ithout

signi1icantl* altering other 0h*sical or chemical 0ro0erties

an' gi.e the 1oo' 'ense, smooth an' uni1orm te3ture+

> suall* base' on 0roteins such as collagens, gelatins

an' egg ;hites or 0ol*sacchari'es such as 0ectin,

starches an' .egetable gums+

9> Belati.el* s0eci1ic to the t*0e o1 1oo' 'ue to the 'i11erent

res0onses in the 0h*sic$chemical con'itions o1 the 1oo'+

#!> 2cacia gum an' gelatin are e3am0les o1 thickeners as

;ell as stabili4ers+

##> 73am0les o1 thickeners :

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%hic&eners Functions ExamplePectin 8ietar* 1iber Fruit -amStarch (hicken 1oo' Sou0, custar',

0u''ing, noo'les,0asta

Mo'i1ie' starch Increases their

.isco$stabilit*

Instant sou0,

cheese sauce

granules

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Eanthan gum )el0s to

0re.ent oil

se0aration,

increases in the.iscosit* o1

li=ui'

Sauce, sala'

'ressing

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1.3. Food o/oring

#> Foo' coloring can be ma'e 1rom numerous '*es an'

0igments, the* are the most 'angerous a''iti.es+

"> (he* are o1ten use' to make the 1oo' a00ear to be nice

an' 1resh+

/> Coloring ingre'ients in 1oo' coloring inclu'e:

a> .egetable '*es are ma'e 1rom .egetable sources+

b> inorganic 0igments

c> combinations o1 organic an' metallic com0oun's

%> Natural 1oo' has a natural color o1 its o;n+

a> .egetables are gi.en in color 'ue to chloro0h*ll

b> orange carrots are orange in color 'ue to carotene

8uring 1oo' 0rocessing, these natural color ma* be lost

an' ma'e unattracti.e+ (he a''ition o1 a suitable 1oo'

coloring ;ill hel0 to bring back its natural color+

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5> 24o '*es are s*nthetic '*es+

a> (he* are usuall* re', bro;n or *ello;

b> (he* are manu1acture' 1rom an organic grou0 o1com0oun's calle' amines+

c> (artra4ine is an a4o '*e+ It is orange in color an'

o1ten a''e' to orange -uice+

&> (ri0hen*l '*es ha.e green, blue an' 0ur0le color+

?rilliant ?lue@FCF> is a tri0hen*l '*e+ It is bluish in color

an' is use' to gi.e color to s;eets+

6> ther t*0es o1 '*e use' are in'igontine, carmoisince,

0oncean %B, ?rilliant ?lack PN, Fast reen FCF,

Chocolate ?ro;n )( an' 7r*throsine ?s+

> Common 1oo' '*es are :

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Foo'

colorings

Functions 73am0les Si'e 711ect

(artra4ine

7#!"D Sunset*ello; 7##!

@arti1icial '*e>

ello; a4o

'*e

range 'rinks,

s;eet, custar'0o;'er

)*0eracti.e

in chil'ren

?rilliant blue

FCF ?lue #

@arti1icial '*e>

?lue

tri0hen*l

'*e

Ice$cream,

be.erages,

-ellies, blue

ras0berries

1la.ore'

0ro'uct

2llergic

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Carmosine

7#""D

24orubine

@arti1icial '*e>

Be' a4o '*e S;eets,

-ellies,

con1ections

Carcinogenic

, allergic

Carotenoi'sD

sa11ron@natural '*e$

carrots,

s;eet

0otatoes, 0al

oil>

Natural re'

coloring

Cooking oil,

con1ections

$

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2nthoc*anin

@natural '*e$re'

gra0e, re'

cabbages, s;eet0otatoes,

tomatoes>

Natural

re'

coloring

Ice$cream,

s;eets

$

Pa0rika Natural

re'

coloring

8essert 1oo' $

?utter1l* 0ea

@clitoria ternatea>

2 blur

1oo' '*e

8essert 1oo',

con1ections

$

Pan'an

@0an'anusamar*lli1olius>

2 green

1oo' '*e

Noo'les,

con1ections

$

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1.3. 'abe/ on Food Pac"

#> abel on 1oo' 0acks are re=uire' b* la; to gi.e the

1ollo;ing in1ormation :

a> contents o1 the 0ack

b> ;eight o1 the 1oo'

c> 1oo' a''iti.es

'> e30ir* 'ate

e> nutrition contents o1 1oo' such as .itamins an'

minerals

"> I1 ;e rea' the 1oo' labels care1ull*, it ;ill hel0 us to

make a better 'ecision ;hen bu*ing the 1oo'+

/> We shoul' a.oi' 1oo' ;ith labels sho;ing that it has

harm1ul a''iti.es such as coloring agents+

%> We shoul' also a.oi' 1oo' that has 0asse' its e30ir*

'ate+

5> 7$co'es are co'es sometimes 1oun' on 1oo' labels in

the 7uro0ean nion @reat ?ritain, France, erman*,

S0ain, Ital*, Portugal etc+>

(he co'es in'icates an

ingre'ient ;hich is some t*0e o1 1oo' a''iti.es

&> (he G7H in'icates that is a G7uro0ean nion 200ro.e'H

1oo' a''iti.e

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6> ther countries ha.e 'i11erent 1oo' labeling la;s+

Ecodes num#er Groups of food in'redients7$#!! Coloring agents

7$"!! Preser.ati.e7$/!! 2ntio3i'ants

7$%!! (hickeners, Stabili4ers, 7mulsi1iers,

elling 2gents7$5!! 2gents 1or 0h*sical characteristics

7$&!! Fla.or enhancers

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1.3. T,E EFFE TS OF FOOD

ADDITIVES O% ,EA'T, A%D

E%VI$O%E%T

#> (he t*0es o1 1oo' a''iti.es allo;e' an' the =uantit*

0ermitte' are controlle' b* the #9/ Foo' 2ct an' the

#95 Foo' Begulation+

"> (he 0ermissible =uantit* 'e0en's on the t*0e o1 1oo'

an' the 1oo' a''iti.es+ For e3am0le, ben4oic aci' a''e'

must not e3cee' !! mg 0er kg in cor'ial 'rinks, ;hereas

so'ium nitrite+

must not e3cee' #!! mg 0er kg in meat 0ro'uct+

/> (he e3cessi.e intake o1 1oo' a''iti.es 1or a 0rolonge'

0erio' o1 time ;ill ruin our health+ (he si'e e11ects arising

1rom taking 1oo' a''iti.es are allerg*, cancer, brain

'amage an' h*0eracti.it*+%> Foo' a''iti.es that en'anger our health are liste'

belo; :

a>Sodium #en$oate

$ aggra.ates asthma an' sus0ecte' to be a neuroto3in

an' carcinogen , ma* cause 1etal abnormalities +

$ Worsens h*0eracti.it*

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b>Sodium nitrite and nitrate

$ Nitrite is a Carcinogen @0rostate, breast an' stomach

cancer in humans>

$ Nitrate increases risk o1 miscarriages , 1etal 'eaths an'

birth 'e1ects in lab animals

c>en$oic acid

$ Ma* tem0oraril* inhibit 'igesti.e en4*me 1unction +

$ Ma* 'e0lete CIN7 le.els + 2AI8 in asthma ,or

allergies

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'> A*% Aspartame :

$ an3iet*, 'e0ression , 'i44iness , hea'ache , .isionless

an' brain cancer

i> Acesulfame ! :

some stu'ies sho;n that it ma* cause cancer in mice

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1.* Di"cu""ion

Without 0reser.ati.e, 1oo' ;ill turn ba' 1aster+ It ;illbe 'i11icult to trans0ort 1oo' o.er long 'istances+ Foo's

that are seasonall* 0ro'uce' ;ill not be a.ailable

throughout the *ear+ Without 1oo' a''iti.es, 1oo'

com0osition ;ill change ;ith time+ (his ;ill result in 1oo'

color, 1la.or, o'or an' te3ture changes+ Without 1oo'

coloring, 1oo' ;ill not look nice ;hen 0rocesse' or ;hen

ke0t o.er a 0erio' o1 time+ Without 1la.oring, 1oo' ;ill not

taste as nice as ;hen it is 1resh+ Without stabili4er, ;ater

an' oil ;ill not be homogenous in 1oo'+ (he* ;ill se0arate

themsel.es into 'i11erent la*ers+ (his ;ill a11ect the taste

an' the te3ture o1 the 1oo'+

7ating 1oo' a''iti.es such as 0reser.ati.es,antio3i'ants an' 1la.or enhancers is e3cess =uantitieso.er a long 0erio' o1 time is 'etrimental to health+ Some1oo' a''iti.es are use' to make 1oo's look morea00ealing+ (hese a''iti.es ha.e little nutritional .alue+7ating such 1oo's increases the risk o1 health ha4ar'+Some 1oo's are 1orti1ie' ;ith e3cess amounts o1 nutrients,

such as .itamins 2 an' 8, or o1 trace elements, such asco00er an' 4inc+ 7ating 1oo's ;ith e3cessi.e amounts o1

nutrients can ruin our health+

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#+5 Conclusion

We ha.e to be a;are about ;hat ;e are eating+ I1

there are s0ecial treats that *ou -ust cant imagine li.ing;ithout, ha.e them onl* on occasion+ (hink about the

0ossible ;holesome alternati.es that might -ust as goo'

an' ;hich 'ont 0ut *our health at risk+

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2.0 3EDICI%ES

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2.1 Introduction

Me'icines are chemicals that hel0 to cure in1ection

an' maintain our health as ;ell as ;ell being+ Me'icinescan be obtaine' 1rom natural sources or s*ntheticchemicals+ 2n* chemical that is use' as me'icine is calle'a 'rug+ Me'icines that are obtaine' 1rom 0lants an'animals are calle' tra'itional me'icines+ Me'icines can beclassi1ie' as tra'itional me'icines an' mo'ern me'icines+

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2.2 Objective

State e3am0les o1 tra'itional me'icines, their sources

an' uses

State the t*0es o1 mo'ern me'icines an' their

e3am0les

State the 1unction o1 each t*0e o1 mo'ern me'icines

8escribe the 0ossible si'e e11ects o1 using mo'ern

an' tra'itional me'icines

8escribe the correct usage o1 mo'ern an' tra'itional

me'icines

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2.3 Traditiona/ edicine

#> 2 me'icine is a substance use' to 0re.ent or cure'iseases or to re'uce 0ain an' su11ering 'ue to illnesses+

"> (ra'itional me'icines are me'icines 'eri.e' 1rom

natural sources such as 0lants an' animals ;ithout being

0rocesse' chemicall*+

/> Since ancients, mankin' ha' use' .arious t*0es o1

0lants an' roots, minerals, animals an' animal 0art to cure

'iseases+

%> (he e11ecti.eness o1 tra'itional me'icine is 'e0en'ant

on belie1s an' e30eriences+ It is not 'e0en'ant on

scienti1ic kno;le'ge an' the scienti1ic metho' o1

in.estigation+

5> (he kno;le'ge o1 tra'itional me'icine is sel'om

recor'e'+ Most o1 the kno;le'ge are -ust 0asse' 1rom onegeneration to the ne3t generation+

&> Me'icines obtaine' 1rom 0lants are kno;n as herbal

me'icines+ (he sources an' uses o1 some herbal

me'icines are sho;n in table belo; :

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%raditional Medicine Characteristics and usesarlic $ use' to treat col's an' asthma

$ lo;ers the bloo' 0ressure o1

0atients ;ith high bloo' 0ressure$ has antibiotic 0ro0erties

Cocaine $ 0rocesse' 1rom lea.e o1

7r*thro3*lon coca trees

$ use' as local anaesthetic

inseng $ roots are use' to make 'rinksto strengthen the bo'*

uinine $ 0ro'uce' 1rom the bark o1

cinchona trees$ use' to treat malaria

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inger $ lea.es an' rhi4omes can be

use'

$ use' to treat stomach ;in' an'

re'uce belching

$ 0re.ent catching a col'

Mint $ lea.es are use' to increasebo'* metabolism

$ hel0s to s;eat

(ongkat 2li

@7ur*coma longi1olia>

$ act as an a0hro'isiac

$ use' to lessen stomach 0ain

$ use' as a tonic 1or ;omen ;ho

ha.e -ust gi.en birth

$ treat ;oun's an' relie.e

hea'aches

$ lo;er the bo'* tem0erature o1

0atients ;ith high bo'*tem0erature

2loe Aera $ lea.es use' as me'icine

$ -uice use' to treat itch* skin an'

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burns

emons D ranges $ cure abscess an' boils

$ cure skin 0roblems

$ mi3ture o1 lemon -uice, tea an'

hone* hel0s to cure col's

emon grass $ lea.es are use'

$ use' to treat cough an'

e3haustion

Pegaga @Centalla

asiatica>

$ lea.es are use' as a herbal tea

$ 0ro.i'es e3tra .italit*, increases

brain 0o;er an' concentration

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$ im0ro.e bloo' circulation, hel0s

re'ucing ;eight

$ treatment o1 rheumatism an'

arthritis$ treat 'e0ression an' longe.it*

rthosi0hon aristatus

@misai kucing>

$ treat gout, 'iabetes an'

rheumatism

2n'rogra0his0aniculat

a @hem0e'u bumi>

$ treat 'iarrhea, 1e.er an'

'iabetes

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cimum basilicum

@selasih>

$ treat coughs, col's an'

bronchitis

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6> 2nimals that ha.e me'icinal 0ro0erties :

Medical animal FunctionsSea cucumber @gamat>

$ treat Ja0anese

ence0halitis an' hole in

the heart

Centi0e'e $ treat lock-a; an'

con.ulsions

2nt $ treat he0atitis ?

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2.* T!e" o# odern edicine and

T4eir ("e"

#+ ?e1ore the "!th centur*, most me'icines ;ere e3tracte'

1rom 0lants @herbal me'icines>+ Since #9!!+ (housan's o1

mo'ern 'rugs ha.e been s*nthesise' 1rom organic

com0oun'+

"+ Mo'ern me'icines can be classi1ie' as 1ollo;s base'

on their e11ects on the human bo'*+/+ Some e3am0les o1 mo'ern me'icines are analgesics,

antibiotics, 0s*chothera0eutic 'rugs+

%+ Mo'ern 'rugs ha.e a tra'e name an' a generic name+

For e3am0le, the analgesic as0irin @generic name> is sol'

un'er 'i11erent bran' names such as Ca0rin an' 8is0rin+

Similarl*, 0aracetamol @generic name> is sol' un'er the

tra'e name o1 Pana'ol+

5+ Mo'ern me'icines usuall* contain a mi3ture o1 acti.e

ingre'ients 0re0are' in 'i11erent 1orms, such as ca0sules,

0ills, solutions or sus0ensions+ For e3am0le, 2lka$Selt4er

@use' as an antaci'> contains so'ium bicarbonate

@Na)C/>, citric aci' an' as0irin+ It is the so'ium

bicarbonate then neutrali4es the e3cess stomach aci'+

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2.* Ana/ge"ic"

#> 2nalgesics is to relie.e 0ain ;ithout causing numbness

or a11ecting consciousness+ It relie.es 0ain but 'oes not

cure the 'isease+

"> 2nalgesics me'icine can be o0iates or non$o0iates+

/> 0iates are me'icines use' to relie.e internal 0ain+

%> Non$o0iates base' me'icines are use' to relie.e

muscular an' skeletal 0ains+ (he* are 'rugs e11ecti.e in

re'ucing 0ain 1rom in1lammation o1 so1t tissues+

5> For .er* se.ere 0ain o0iate analgesics are re=uire'+

&> In #99&, S researchers 1oun' that some 0ainkillers

;ere more e11ecti.e an' 0ro.i'e longer$lasting relie1 1or

;omen than 1or men+

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Aspirin

#> Its chemical name is acet*lsalic*clic aci'+ It is the

;orl's most ;i'el* use' 'rug+

"> It is a 0o0ular 0ain$relie.ing 'rug @analgesic> 'e.elo0e'

in the late #9thcentur*+ It is use' to lessen aches an'

0ains, re'uce in1lammation an' re'uce 1e.er+

/> 2s0irin is 'eri.e' 1rom the ;hite ;illo; tree calle' Sali3

2lba+

%> (he original salic*clic aci' tastes bitter+ ater a less

bitter as0irin ;as 'e.elo0e'+

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5> Begular use or as0irin is recommen'e' 1or 0eo0le ;ith

a risk o1 heart attack, thrombosis or stroke+

&> 2s0irin is no longer consi'ere' suitable 1or chil'ren

un'er #" *ears ol'+ (his is because o1 its sus0ecte' link

;ith a rare 'isease calle' Be*es S*n'rome+

6> 2 ne; .ersion o1 as0irin ;ithout si'e e11ects has been

0ro'uce'+ (hese mo'i1ie' as0irins are calle'

su0eras0irins+

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Paracetamol

#> Paracetamol ha.e the 1ollo;ing structural 1ormula+

"> It is an analgesic+ It is 0articularl* e11ecti.e 1or relie.ing

musculoskeletal 0ain+

/> It is as e11ecti.e as as0irin in re'ucing tem0erature 1or

high 1e.er+

%> It is less irritating to the stomach+ )o;e.er it has some

anti$in1lammator* action+

5> Paracetamol also re'uces or relie.es 1lu s*m0toms

such as bone aches an' runn* nose+

&> 2n o.er'ose o1 0aracetamol can cause se.ere, li.er

an' ki'ne* 'amage+

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Coeine

#> It is a 0ain killer ma'e 1rom o0ium, o1ten use' to relie.e

mil' to mo'erate 0ain+ Most co'eine is s*nthesi4e' 1rom

mor0hine+

"> It also su00resses the cough centre o1 the brain thus it

is o1ten use' as cough mi3ture+

/> Co'eine is more e11ecti.e than as0irin or 0aracetamol+ It

is less to3ic an' less a''icti.e than mor0hine+

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2.*.2 Antibiotic"

#> 2ntibiotics are chemicals that 'estro* or 0re.ent the

gro;th o1 in1ectious microorganism+"> (he* are ma'e b* li.ing organisms such as 1ungi an'

bacteria+ )o;e.er it is also use' to treat 'iseases cause

b* bacteria+

/> 2ntibiotics are not e11ecti.e against 'iseases cause' b*

.iral in1ections such as in1luen4a, measles, or small 0o3+%> (he earliest antibiotic 'isco.ere' ;as penicillin+

a> Penicillin is 'eri.e' 1rom the moul' Penicillium

notatum+

b> Penicillin are use' to treat 'iseases, cause' b*

bacteria, such as 0neumonia, gonorrhea an' s*0hilis+

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c> Penicillin is onl* e11ecti.e on certain bacteria+ For

e3am0le, it cannot be use' to treat tuberculosis+

5> ater, chloram0henicol, ce0halos0orins, er*throm*cins,tetrac*clines an' aminogl*cosi'es ;ere 'e.elo0e'+

&> Stre0tom*cin is the antibiotic that is e11ecti.e in treating

tuberculosis+ It is 0ro'uce' b* soil bacteria o1 the genus

Stre0tom*ces+

6> ?roa' s0ectrum antibiotics are antibiotics that can kill a;i'e range o1 bacteria+ (hese antibiotics inclu'e

ci0ro1lo3acin+ Some s0ecial antibiotics are 'e.elo0e' to

kill s0eci1ic bacteria+

> ?acteria ha.e the abilit* to 'e.elo0 resistance to

antibiotics ;ith time+ More a'.ance' s*nthetic antibiotics

are nee'e' to be 'e.elo0e' so as to o.ercome them+

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2.*.3 P"c4otera!eutic Drug"

#> Ps*chothera0eutic me'icines are a grou0 o1 'rugs 1or

treating mental or emotional illnesses+

"> Ps*chothera0eutic 'rugs can be 'i.i'e' into a 1e;

grou0s as sho;n in table belo; :

(*0es o1 0s*chothera0eutic

'rugs73am0le

Stimulants

Ca11eine, am0hetamine,cocaine

2nti0ressants

Pro4ac

2nti0s*chotics

Chloro0roma4in

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Stim!lants

#> Stimulants are naturall* occurring or s*nthetic 'rugs

that stimulate @e3cite> the acti.it* o1 the brain an' central

ner.ous s*stem+

"> 2'renaline is a stimulant that the bo'* 0ro'uces ;hen

it nee's to 0re0are 1or 'eman'ing or energetic acti.ities+

/> Stimulants make a 0erson more alert, more energetic,less tire' an' more cheer1ul+

%> 73am0les o1 stimulants are ca11eine an' am0hetamines+

Ca11eine is a ;eek, naturall* occurring stimulant an' is

1oun' on co11ee, tea an' Cola 'rinks+

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5> 2m0hetamines are strong s*nthetic stimulants an'

increase alertness an' 0h*sical abilit*+

&> 2m0hetamines increase the heart an' res0iration rates,

as ;ell as the bloo' 0ressure+ 2s a result, it causes the

bo'* to 0ost0one the nee' o1 slee0 an' can re.erse,

0artiall* an' tem0oraril*, the s*m0toms o1 1atigue+

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Antiepressants

#> 8e0ression is a chronic illness+ Most cases o1

'e0ression are cause' b* a chemical imbalance in the

brain+

"> Peo0le e30eriencing 'e0ression 1eel ho0eless+ (he*

e30erience a loss o1 interest in e.er*'a* acti.ities such as

;ork or hobbies+/> (here is a strong correlation bet;een the amounts o1

s0ecial chemicals @calle' neurotransmitters> in the brain

an' a 0ersons moo'+ I1 these chemicals get too lo;, the

0erson ma* 1eel 'e0resse'+

%> 2nti'e0ressants are me'icines that increase the brainsle.el o1 neurotransmitters, thus im0ro.ing moo'+

5> 2nti'e0ressants make a 0erson 1eel calm an' slee0*+

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Antips"c#otics

#> It is use' to treat the s*m0toms o1 se.ere mental

'isor'ers+

"> 2 0s*chotic 0atient is usuall* not a;are o1 realit*+ )e

ma* hear .oices that instruct him or her to 'o certain

things+ 1ten the* sus0ect someone is able to rea' his or

her min'+

/> (he se.ere 1orm o1 0s*chotic illness is kno;n as

schi4o0hrenia+ (he* cannot think logicall* act

ina00ro0riatel*, become angr* easil*, non$communicati.e+

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%> (here are / ma-or series o1 'rugs that ha.e been use'

success1ull* in the treatment o1 schi4o0hrenia+ (he* are :

a> reser0rine ;hich can be trace' to the In'ian shrub

calle' "auwolfia serentine1or its snakelike a00earance+

b> 0henothia4ines ;hich is a 'rug that is e3tracte' 1rom a

'*e calle' meth*lene blue+ 2 commonl* use' 'rug in this

grou0 is chloro0roma4ine+

5> Prolonge' use o1 anti0s*chotic 'rugs can cause serious

mo.ement 'isor'ers that resemble Parkinsons 'isease+

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2.*.* T,E SIDE EFFE TS OF

EDI I%E

Traitional meicine

#> (aking high 'oses o1 =uinine 1or a 0rolonge' 0erio' ma*

cause hearing loss+ erman health o11icials recentl*

re0orte' %! cases o1 li.er 'amage ;hich ;ere linke' to

the herbal me'icine containing ka.a$ka.a+

"> White the use o1 tra'itional me'icine is rising globall*,

health e30erts ha.e insu11icient 'ata about ho; it a11ects

0atients+

/> (he Worl' )ealth rgani4ation @W)> ho0es to set u0

a global monitoring s*stem to monitor the a'.erse si'ee11ects o1 tra'itional me'icines+

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Moern meicine

8rugs D me'icine Si'e e11ects

2s0irin $ cause blee'ing in stomachbecause it is .er* aci'ic

$ cause allergic reactions,

skin rashes an' asthmatic

attacks

Paracetamol $ o.er'ose or 0aracetamol

can cause se.ere, li.er an'ki'ne* 'amage

Co'eine $ can cause a''iction

Penicillin

$ can cause allergic

reactions

$ can cause 'eath 1or 0eo0le

;ho are allergic to it

Stre0tom*cin $ can cause nausea,

.omiting, 'i44iness, rashes,

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1e.er

$ can cause loss o1 hearing

1ollo;ing long$term use

Stimulants

$ can cause a''iction

2m0hetamine $ 0eo0le ;ho abuse

am0hetamines are

e3citable, talkati.e

$ cause an3iet*, insomnia,

aggressi.e beha.ior,

'ecrease a00etite$ cause enlarge 0u0ils,

hea.ing 0ers0iration,

trembling han's2nti0ressants $ can cause a''iction

$ can cause hea'aches,

grogginess, loss o1 a0etite

?arbiturate $ can cause a''iction

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$ o.er 'osage can cause

'eath

(ran=uilisers $ can cause 'ro;siness,

0oor coor'ination,

lighthea'e'ness

$ o.er'ose ma* lea' to

res0irator* 'i11iculties,

insomnia, coma an' e.en'eath

2nti0s*chotic 'rugs $ can cause 'r* mouth,

blurre' .ision, urinar*

retention, consti0ation

$ can cause tremor,

restlessness

$ se'ation, make 0eo0le

calmer o1 slee0*

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2. DIS (SSIO%

8i11erences bet;een tra'itional me'icines an' mo'ern

me'icines :

(ra'itional me'icines Mo'ern me'icines(he* are usuall* not

0rocesse'

(he* are usuall* 0rocesse'

in laboratories

(he* are 'eri.e' 1rom 0lantor animals

(he* are s*nthesi4e' base

on substances 1oun' in

nature

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Correct ;a*s o1 using me'icines :

In taking an* me'icine, ;e shoul' kno; ;h* the

me'icine is 0rescribe', ho; the me'icine shoul' be use',

;hat s0ecial 0recautions shoul' be 1ollo;e', ;hat s0ecial

'iet shoul' be 1ollo;e', ;hat are the si'e e11ects an' ;hat

storage con'itions are nee'e'+ In a''ition, ;e shoul' note

the 1ollo;ing 0oints :

#> Sel1$me'ication

$ 'o not 0rescribe me'icines 1or *oursel1 or 1or other

0eo0le+ 8iscuss ;ith *our 'octor an' listen to him

concerning the me'icine to be taken+

"> Follo; the instructions gi.en

$ 1ollo; the instructions gi.en b* *our 'octor or 0harmacist

concerning the 'osage an' metho' o1 taking the me'icine+

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/> Me'icines 1or a'ult an' chil'ren

$ me'icines 1or a'ult shoul' not be gi.en to chil'ren an'

.ice .ersa+

%> Si'e e11ects

$ .isit the 'octor imme'iatel* i1 there are s*m0toms o1

allerg* or other e11ects o1 the 'rugs+

5> 730ir* 'ate

$ like 1oo's, me'icines also ha.e e30ir* 'ate+ 8o not take

me'icines a1ter their e30ir* 'ates+

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CHEMISTRY-FOLIO-2015.docx

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