75872767 Folio Chemistry Chapter 9
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Transcript of 75872767 Folio Chemistry Chapter 9
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Name : Muhammad Faiz Syimeer Bin Mohd
Jafri
College Number: 13451
Class : 4Geology(2013)
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INTRODUCTION
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All the objects that exist around us are made up of
chemical substances. Theseobjects exist an element,
compound or mixture. All these objects contribute
benet tohumankind. As time goes on, human has done
many researches to ensure all thesechemical substances
will be enough for the use of themselves.Chapter
of !orm " syllabus introduces the students
with manufacturedsubstances in industry. This is
important for the students to appreciate the knowledge
of chemistry that is still new for themselves. #ersonally,
$ think that this chapter is aninteresting chapter as it
revealed the way of scientist produces the material
around me. $talso gives me new knowledges of the uses
of chemical substances that $ usually found inthe
laboratories.$ hope, by learning this chapter, $ will be
more interested in learning chemistry asit will help me
in the future. All the e%uations from this chapter make
me moreunderstand of the previous chapters
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9.1 Sulphuric Acid
Uses of sulphuric acid
1. Sulhuri! a!id i" u"ed #o manufa!#ure almo"# all rodu!#". Some of #he e$amle are %
Fer#ili"er"
&ain# igmen#
'e#ergen#"
Syn#he#i! fire"
le!#roly#e in !ar a##erie"
*leaning me#al"
&la"#i!"
+#her !hemi!al"
2. Sulhuri! a!id i" al"o u"ed in laora#ory in "!hool a" follo,"%
-" drying agen#
-" dehydra#ing agen#
-" !a#aly"#
-" "#rong a!id
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Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry
CONTACT PROCESS
Stage 1: Combustion of Sulphur
n #he furna!e/ mol#en "ulhur i" urn# in dry air #o rodu!e "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2. he
ga" rodu!ed i" urified and !ooled.
S(l) +2(g) S+2(g)
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Stage 2: Conersion of sulphur dio!ide to sulphur trio!ide in the conerter
n #he !oner#er/ "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2 and e$!e"" o$ygen ga"/ +2 are a""ed oer a
fe, la#e" of anadium () o$ide/ 2+5 !a#aly"# a# 4500* #o rodu!e "ulhur
#rio$ide/ S+3.
2S+2(g) +2(g) 2S+3(g)
-ou# .5 of #he "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2 i" !oner#ed in#o "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3
#hrough #hi" reer"ile rea!#ion.
Stage ": #roduction of sulphuric acid in absorber and diluter
n #he a"orer/ #he "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3 i" fir"# rea!#ed ,i#h !on!en#ra#ed "ulhuri!
a!id/ 62S+4 #o form a rodu!# !alled oleum/ 62S2+7.
S+3(g) 62S+4(l) 62S2+7
he oleum/ 62S2+7 i" #hen dilu#ed ,i#h ,a#er #o rodu!ed !on!en#ra#ed "ulhuri!a!id/ 62S+4 in large 8uan#i#ie".
62S2+7(l) 62+(l) 262S+4(l)
he #,o rea!#ion" in #he #hird "#age are e8uialen# #o adding "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3
dire!#ly #o ,a#er.
S+3(g) 62+(l) 62S+4(l)
$nironmental pollution by sulphuric acid
1. Sulhur dio$ide i" an a!idi! and oi"oinou" ga" #ha# ollu#e" #he enironmen#.
2. he "our!e" of "ulhur dio$ide %
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3. Sulhuri! a!id i" formed y a#mo"heri! o$ida#ion of "ulhur dio$ide in #he
re"en!e of ,a#er. # al"o rodu!e" "ulhurou" a!id.
4. Sulhuri! a!id and "ulhurou" a!id are !on"#i#uen#" of a!id rain.
5. -!id rain !an !au"e many effe!#" "u!h a"%
i. *orrode" !on!re#e uilding" and me#al "#ru!#ure
ii. 'e"#roy" #ree" and lan#"
iii. 'e!rea"e #he 6 of #h "oil and ma9e i# e!ome a!idi!
i. -!id rain flo," in#o #he rier" and in!rea"e" #he a!idi#y of ,a#er and 9ill
a8ua#i! liing #hing".
:. 6en!e/ ,e mu"# redu!e #he "ulhur dio$ide from #he a#mo"here y%
i. ;"e lo, "ulhur fuel" #o redu!e #he emi""ion of "ulhur dio$ide in e$hau"#
ga"e"
ii.
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Manufacture of ammonia in industry
HABER PROCESS
1. &ases mi!ed and scrubbed
6aer ro!e"" !omine" =2 ga" from #he air ,i#h 62 ga" from na#ural ga" #o form
=63. he #,o ga"e" are mi$ed. he mi$#ure i" "!rued #o ge# rid of imuri#ie".
2. Compressor
+ne olume of =2 ga" and #hree olume of 62 ga" i" !omre""ed #o a re""ure of 200
> 500 a#m
=2(g) 362(g) 2=63(g)
". Conerter
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hen/ i# goe" #o #he !oner#er. # i" #hen a""ed #hrough layer" of iron !a#aly"# ,i#h
aluminium o$ide a" a romo#er a# a #emera#ure of 4500* > 5000*
'. Cooler
- mi$#ure of #hree ga"e" leae" #he !oner#er. # i" !ooled un#il #he ammonia
!onden"e". he ni#rogen and hydrogen are umed a!9 #o #he !oner#er for ano#her
!han!e #o rea!#.(. Storage tan)s
=63 i" formed and #hen li8uefy and "eara#ed #o ge# a e##er yield. he =63 i" run
in#o #an9" and "#ored a" a li8uid under re""ure.
Ammonium *ertilisers
1. =i#rogen i" u"ed y lan# #o ma9e ro#ein. &ro#ein i" imor#an# for #he gro,#h of
lan#". +#her nu#rien#" needed y lan#" in!lude ho"horu"/ o#a""ium/ !al!ium and
magne"ium.2. =i#rogenou" !omound" are remoed from #he "oil y #he lan#". Some are rela!ed
na#urally y a!#eria. o re"#ore #he alan!e/ ni#rogenou" fer#ili"er" are added #o #he
"oil.
3. =i#rogenou" fer#ili"er" !on#ain ammonium ion".
4. n #he "oil/ #he ammonium ion" are !oner#ed #o ni#ra#e ion" y #he a!#eria. hi" i"
e!au"e ni#rogen !an only e a"ored y lan#" in #he form of "olule ni#ra#e ion".
5. $amle" of ammonium fer#ili"er" are %
-mmonium ni#ra#e
-mmonium "ulha#e -mmonium ho"ha#e
;rea
:. he effe!#iene"" of ammonium fer#ili"er" i" de#ermined y #he er!en#age of ni#rogen
y ma"" in #hem.
7. he fer#ili"er" ,i#h a higher er!en#age of ni#rogen i" more effe!#ie for gro,#h #han
#ho"e fer#ili"er" ,i#h a lo, er!en#age of ni#rogen.
?. he er!en#age of ni#rogen y ma"" !an e !al!ula#ed from #he formulae of #he
fer#ili"er" u"ing #he follo,ing formula.
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9." Alloys#ure Metal
yi!al ure me#al" hae #he follo,ing hy"i!al roer#ie" %
'u!#ile
Malleale
@u"#rou"
6igh den"i#y
6igh mel#ing and oiling oin#"
Good !ondu!#or" of hea# and ele!#ri!i#y
2. &ure me#al" are ,ea9 and "of# e!au"e #he arrangemen# of a#om" in ure me#al" ma9e
#hem du!#ile and malleale.
3. - ure me#al !on#ain" a#om" of #he "ame "ize arranged in a regular and organized
!lo"edAa!9ed "#ru!#ure.
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4. &ure me#al" are "of# e!au"e #he orderly arrangemen# of a#om" enale"
#he layer" of a#om" #o "lide oer ea!h o#her ea"ily ,hen an e$#ernal for!e
i" alied on #hem. hi" ma9e" #he me#al" du!#ile and !an e
dra,n #o form long ,ire".
5. here are imerfe!#ion" in #he na#ural arrangemen#" of me#al a#om".
m#y "a!e e$i"# in #he "#ru!#ure" of ure me#al". hen hammered or
re""ed/ grou" of me#al a#om" may "lide in#o ne, o"i#ion" in #he
em#y "a!e". hi" ma9e" me#al" malleale/ ale #o e made in#o
differen# "hae" or re""ed in#o #hin "hee#".
:. he "#rong for!e" of a##ra!#ion e#,een me#al a#om" re8uire" high energy #o oer!ome
i#. 6en!e/ mo"# me#al" hae high mel#ing oin#".
7. he !lo"eAa!9ed arrangemen# of me#al a#om" re"ul#" in #he high den"i#y of me#al".
Alloys
1. -n alloy i" a mi$#ure of #,o or more elemen#" ,i#h a !er#ain !omo"i#ion in ,hi!h #he
maCor !omonen# i" a me#al.
2. n #he ro!e"" of alloying/ one or more foreign elemen#" are added #o a mol#en me#al.
hen #he alloy harden"/ #he o"i#ion" of "ome of #he me#al a#om" are rela!ed y #he
a#om of foreign elemen#"/ ,hi!h "ize may e igger or "maller #han #he original me#al
a#om".
3. n an alloy/ #he"e a#om" of foreign elemen#" di"ru# #he orderly
arrangemen# of #he me#al a#om" and al"o fill u any em#y "a!e in #he
me#al !ry"#al "#ru!#ure.
4. 6en!e/ #he layer" of me#al a#om" are reen#ed from "liding oer ea!h
o#her ea"ily. hi" ma9e" #he alloy harder and "#ronger/ le"" du!#ile and le""
malleale #han i#" ure me#al".
5. he roer#ie" of a ure me#al are #hu" imroed y ma9ing #hem in#o alloy".
:. here are #hree aim" of alloying a ure me#al%
a) o in!rea"e #he hardne"" and "#reng#h of a me#al
) o reen# !orro"ion or ru"#ing
!) o imroe #he aearan!e of #he me#al "urfa!e
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+he Composition, #roperties and Uses of Some Alloys
Alloy Composition #roperties Uses
-rone?0 !oer
20 #in
6ard/ "#rong/ doe" no#!orrode ea"ily/ "hiny
"urfa!e
Medal"/ "#a#ue"/ monumen#"/
ar#"/ma#erial"
-rass70 !oer
30 zin!6arder #han !oer
Mu"i!al in"#rumen#/
9i#!hen,are/ door 9no"/
ulle#" !a"e"/ de!ora#ie
ornamen#"/ ele!#ri! ar#"
Cupro/nic)el
75 !oer
25 ni!9el
Beau#iful "urfa!e/
"hiny/ hard/ doe" no#
!orrode ea"ily
*oin
Steel iron
1 !aron6ard/ "#rong
Building"/ ridge"/ ody of
!ar"/ rail,ay #ra!9
Stainless steel
74 iron
? !aron
1? !hromium
Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#
ru"#
*u#lery/ "in9"/ ie"/ "urgi!al
in"#rumen#"
0uralumin
3 aluminium
3 !oer3 magne"ium
1 mangane"e
@igh#/ "#rong Body of air !raf#"/ ulle# #rain"/ra!ing i!y!le"
#eter
: #in
3 !oer
1 an#imony
Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#
!orrode-r# oCe!#"/ "ouenir"
Solder50 #in
50 lead
6ard/ "hiny/ lo,
mel#ing oin#
Soldier for ele!#ri! ,ire" and
me#al
9/carat gold 37.5 gold51.5 !oer
Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#!orrode
Je,ellery
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11 "iler
9.' Synthetic #olymers#olymers1. &olymer" !an e defined a" large mole!ule" !omo"ed of numerou" "maller/ reea#ing
uni#" 9no,n a" monomer" ,hi!h are Coined y !oalen# ond".
2. &olymeri"a#ion i" #he !hemi!al ro!e"" y ,hi!h #he monomer" are Coined #oge#her #o
form #he ig mole!ule 9no,n a" #he olymer".
3. here are #,o #ye" of olymeriza#ion ro!e""%
a) -ddi#ion olymeriza#ion
nole" monomer" ,i#h #he !aronA!aron doule ond" e#,een #he !aron
a#om" "maller and "imle mole!ule" "u!h a" ,a#er.
) *onden"a#ion olymeriza#ion
nole" #he Coining u of monomer" ,i#h #he forma#ion of o#her
4. - olymer i" a ery ig mole!ule (ma!romole!ule). 6en!e/ #he rela#ie mole!ular
ma"" of a olymer i" large.
5. he roer#ie" of olymer are differen# from i#" monomer".
:. &olymer" !an e diided in#o #,o #ye"%
Naturally occurring polymers
hi" #ye of olymer e$i"#" in liing #hing" in na#ure li9e #he lan#" and
animal".
$amle" of na#urally o!!urring olymer" are%
&ro#ein
*arohydra#e
=a#ural ruer
=a#urally o!!urring olymer" are formed y #he Coining of monomer" y
olymeriza#ion.
Synthetic polymers
he"e #ye" of olymer are manAmade y !hemi!al ro!e"" in #he laora#orie".
he ra, ma#erial" for "yn#he#i! olymer" are o#ained from e#roleum.
he #ye" of "yn#he#i! olymer" in!lude%
&la"#i!"
Fire"
=ylon
#lastic
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1. &la"#i!" are made from #he rodu!#" of !ra!9ing of e#roleum fra!#ion" "u!h a"
al9ene" mole!ule" #hrough addi#ion olymeri"a#ion.
2. &la"#i!" are #he large"# grou of "yn#he#i! olymer" ,i#h #he follo,ing roer#ie" %
*an e ea"ily moulded and !oloured
@o, den"i#y S#rong
ner# #o !hemi!al"
n"ula#or" of hea# and ele!#ri!i#y
mermeale
=onAiodegradale
Monomers, #roperties and Uses of Some Commonly #lastic
Name of polymer Monomers #roperties Uses
#olythene #hane
'urale/ ligh#/
imermeale/ iner# #o
!hemi"#ry/ ea"ily mel#/
in"ula#or
Shoing ag"/ la"#i!
!u" and la#e/ #oy"
#olypropene &roene
'urale/ ligh#/
imermeale/ iner# #o
!hemi"#ry/ ea"ily mel#ed/
in"ula#or/ !an e moulded
and !oloured
Bo##le"/ furni#ure/ a##ery
!a"ing/ ie"/ #oy"
#olystyrene &henyle#hene6ea# in"ula#or/ ligh#/ !an
e moulded/ imermeale
'i"o"ale !u" and
la#e"/ a!9aging
ma#erial"/ #oy"/ hea#
in"ula#or
#erspe!Me#hyl
me#ha!ryla#eran"aren#/ "#rong/ ligh#
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*an e made #o hae "e!ial roer#ie"
$nironmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers -" mo"# of olymer" are nonAiodegradale/ #hey ,ill no# de!ay li9e o#her organi!
garage.
Burning of olymer" relea"e harmful and oi"onou" ga"e".
Methods to oercome the enironmental pollution caused by synthetic
polymers
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*an e ea"ily !leaned
@o, !o"# of rodu!#ion
3. 'ifferen!e" e#,een gla"" and !eremen# are/ gla"" i" #ran"aren#/ ,hile !erami! i"
oa8ue. *erami! !an ,i#h"#and a higher #emera#ure #han normal gla"".
4. ye" of gla"" are %a) Fu"ed gla""
# i" !on"i"# mainly of "ili!a or "ili!on dio$ide
# ha" high hea# re"i"#an!e
) Soda lime gla""
# !anno# ,i#h"#and high #emera#ure"
!) Boro"ili!a#e gla""
# !an ,i#h"#and high #emera#ure
d) @ead gla""
6igh refra!#ie inde$
5. ;"e" of imroed gla"" for "e!ifi! uro"ea) &ho#o!hromi! gla""
# i" "en"i#ie #o ligh# in#en"i#y
) *ondu!#ing gla""
# !ondu!#" ele!#ri!i#y
:. *erami! i" a manufa!#ured "u"#an!e" made from !lay/ ,i#h #he main !on"#i#uen# of
alumino"ili!a#e ,i#h "mall 8uan#i#y of "and and feld"ar.
7. Suer!ondu!#or i" one imroed !erami!" for "e!ifi! uro"e".
&lass
1. Gla"" i" made u from "and.
2. he maCor !omonen# of gla"" i" Si+2.
3. here are four #ye" of gla"" ,hi!h are a" follo," %
Fu"ed gla""
SodaAlime gla""
Boro"ili!a#e gla""
@ead !ry"#al gla""
Composition, #roperties and Uses of 0ifferent +ypes of &lass
Name of glass #roperties Composition Uses
*used glass 6igh mel#ing
oin#
6igh#emera#ure
Sili!on dio$ide @aora#ory
gla"",are
-r! #ue" in lam" @en"e"
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6igh !hemi!al
duraili#y
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ead crystal glass
Sof# and ea"y #o
mel#
ran"aren# #o
i"ile ligh#
6igh den"i#y
6igh refra!#ie
inde$
Sili!on dio$ide
@ead(11) o$ide
Sodium o$ide
ale,are
-r# oCe!#"
*ry"#al
&ri"m
@en"e"
Ceramics
1. *erami!" are made from !lay and !omo"ed of aluminium "ili!a#e mi$ed ,i#h "and.
2. he ,hi#e !lay u"ed #o !erami!" i" 9aolin ,hi!h i" in ri!h in 9aolini#e or hydra#ed
alumino"ili!a#e.
3.
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Uses of Ceramics
#roperty Uses $!amples
6ard and "#rong Building ma#erial"ile"/ ri!9"/ roof"/ !emen#/
ara"ie for grinding
-##ra!#ie/ ea"ily moulded
and glazed
'e!ora#ie ie!e" and
hou"ehold i#em"
a"e"/ or!elain ,are/ "in9"/
a#h#u"
*hemi!ally iner# and nonA
!orro"ie Di#!hen,are *oo9ing o#"/ la#e"/ o,l"
ery high mel#ing oin# and
good in"ula#or of hea#n"ula#ion
@ining of furna!e/ engine
ar#"
le!#ri!al in"ula#or"n"ula#ing ar#" in ele!#ri!al
alian!e"
Sar9 lug"/ in"ula#or" in
oen" and ele!#ri! !ale"
ner# and nonA!omre""ile Medi!al and den#al aara#u" -r#ifi!ial #ee#h and one"
9.4 Composite Materials1. *omo"i#e ma#erial i" a "#ru!#ure ma#erial #ha# i" formed y !omining #,o or more
differen# "u"#an!e" li9e me#al"/ alloy"/ gla""/ !erami!" and olymer". ;"ually/ #he
ne, !omo"i#e ma#erial" formed hae roer#ie" #ha# are "uerior #o #ho"e of #he
original !omonen#".
2. he !omo"i#e ma#erial" rodu!ed are harder/ "#ronger/ ligh#er/ more re"i"#an# #o hea#
and !orro"ion and al"o for "e!ifi! uro"e".
3. hen !omo"i#e ma#erial i" formed/ #he ,ea9ne"" of #he !omonen#" ,ill no# e$i"#
anymore.
Comparison of the #roperties beteen Composite Materials ith +hose of
+heir 5riginal Components
Composite
materials
5riginal
components
#roperties
5riginal Composite
6einforced
concrete
*on!re#e 6ard/ lo, #en"ile "#reng#h/
doe" no# ru"h/ high
6igh #en"ile "#reng#h/
#ough/ doe" no# !ra!9
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!omre""ion "#reng#h/
ri##le/ fireroof/
,a#erroof/ ea"y #o
main#ain and !hea
ea"ily/ rela#iely !hea/
!an e moulded ea"ily/
ery lo, uilding !o"#
and need" ery li##le
main#enan!eS#eelGood #en"ile "#reng#h/ ru"#/
e$en"ie
Superconductor
Ei#rium o$ide/
arium !arona#e/
!oer() o$ide
=onA!ondu!#or ,i#h high
re"i"#an!e #o ele!#ri!i#y
ery good !ondu!#or
,i#h ery li##le
re"i"#an!e
*ibre optic
Gla""6igher refra!#ie inde$/
nonA!ondu!#or
ran"aren#/ !heaer in
ma#erial" !o"#/ mu!h
#hinner/ ea"ily end and
ligh#er/ le"" "u"!e#ile
#o in#erferen!e/ mu!h
grea#er and,id#h/ !arry
more da#a/ !hemi!ally
more "#ale #han me#al
,ire" and da#a i"
#ran"mi##ed digi#ally
&la"#i!@o,er refra!#ie inde$/
nonA!ondu!#or
*ibreglass &la"#i! Sof#/ fle$ile/ lo, den"i#y 6ard/ "#rong/ den"i#yGla"" Bri##le/ "#rong/ hard
#hotochromic
glass
Gla""ran"aren#/ no# "en"i#ie #o
ligh#ran"aren# and
"en"i#ie #o in#en"i#y of
ligh#Siler !hloride/
Siler romide
Sen"i#ie #o in#en"i#y of
ligh#
C5NCUS%5N
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We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of
the way is bydoing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to
produce better materials used toimprove our standard of living. As we
live in a changing world our society is getting more comple!. "ew
materials are re#uired to overcome new challenges and problems weface
in our daily lives. $ynthetic material are developed constantly due to the
limitationand shortage of natural materials. "ew technological
developments are used by scientiststo ma%e new discoveries. "ew
materials for clothing shelter tools and communication to improve our
dailylife are developed continuously for the wellbeing of man%ind. "ew
needs and new problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic
materials. 'or e!ample the newuse of plastic composite material will
replace metal in the ma%ing of a stronger andlighter car body. his will
save fuel and improve speed. lastic composite materials mayone day
used to ma%e organs for organ transplant in human bodies. his will
becomenecessity with the shortage of human organ donors.he
understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important
for both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of
such syntheticmaterials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of
handling the waste of syntheticmaterials and their byproduct is
important to prevent environmental pollution. herecycling and
development of environmental friendly synthetic material shouldbeenforced
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