CHECK YOUR CLICKERS. About Clickers You may discuss all of your answers with your neighbors before...

CHECK YOUR CLICKERSCHECK YOUR CLICKERS

About ClickersAbout Clickers You may discuss all of your answers with your neighbors before you enter your You may discuss all of your answers with your neighbors before you enter your

answer into the clicker program.answer into the clicker program.

You may not bring anyone else’s clicker into class and answer for them. Anyone You may not bring anyone else’s clicker into class and answer for them. Anyone caught with more than one clicker will fail and so will the student whose clicker you caught with more than one clicker will fail and so will the student whose clicker you are using.are using.

Worth 50 pts. Worth 50 pts. There will be several hundred clicker questions asked during the semester. How There will be several hundred clicker questions asked during the semester. How

many points you receive will be determined by taking the percentage of correct many points you receive will be determined by taking the percentage of correct answers that you got and multiplying it times the 50 possible points.answers that you got and multiplying it times the 50 possible points.

So, if you got 20% of the clicker questions correct, thenSo, if you got 20% of the clicker questions correct, then 0.20 x 50 pts. = 10 points0.20 x 50 pts. = 10 points

If you got 50% correct, you would get 0.50 x 50 pts = 25 pts.If you got 50% correct, you would get 0.50 x 50 pts = 25 pts.

During the semester a student will occasionally forget his/her clicker or not come to class or During the semester a student will occasionally forget his/her clicker or not come to class or the battery will die or some problem will develop. To compensate for such problems, I will the battery will die or some problem will develop. To compensate for such problems, I will add 10% additional pts to your score at the end of the semester.add 10% additional pts to your score at the end of the semester.

Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionWhich is an example of inductive reasoning?Which is an example of inductive reasoning?

A) Planets have an elliptical orbit; they are round A) Planets have an elliptical orbit; they are round in shape and are large. Pluto has these in shape and are large. Pluto has these characteristics and so it is a planet.characteristics and so it is a planet.

B) I dissected two squid and noticed there were B) I dissected two squid and noticed there were

3 chambers in the heart. I think that it is likely 3 chambers in the heart. I think that it is likely that all squid have 3 chambered heats.that all squid have 3 chambered heats.

C) Hybrid cars get more miles/gallon than C) Hybrid cars get more miles/gallon than conventional cars. I just bought a Prius hybrid. I conventional cars. I just bought a Prius hybrid. I expect to get great gas mileage.expect to get great gas mileage.

Which is an example of deductive Which is an example of deductive reasoning?reasoning?

A)A) The population of the USA is over 300 million.The population of the USA is over 300 million.

B)B) I measured the body temperature of hundreds I measured the body temperature of hundreds of Mexican free-tailed bats and concluded that of Mexican free-tailed bats and concluded that they do not hibernate.they do not hibernate.

C)C) Webster’s dictionary says that birds are warm Webster’s dictionary says that birds are warm blooded, have feathers and wings. blooded, have feathers and wings. ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx is a fossil vertebrate and has is a fossil vertebrate and has wings & feathers. Based on the definition, I wings & feathers. Based on the definition, I would guess that it probably was warm would guess that it probably was warm blooded.blooded.

And now the lecture.And now the lecture.

DARWIN’S EVIDENCE IDARWIN’S EVIDENCE I

QUESTIONSQUESTIONSHOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR THEHOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR THE

ORIGIN?ORIGIN?DIVERSITY?DIVERSITY?ADAPTATIONADAPTATIONSCALA NATURAE?SCALA NATURAE?

of organismsof organisms

HYPOTHESES:HYPOTHESES:

DEVINE CREATIONDEVINE CREATION EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION1.Sudden creation from nothing1.Sudden creation from nothing 1. No information on the Origin1. No information on the Origin

2. Young Earth (2. Young Earth (~ 6,000 years)~ 6,000 years) 2. Old Earth (millions of years) 2. Old Earth (millions of years)

3. Fixity of species3. Fixity of species 3. Species change over time3. Species change over time

4. Separate ancestry for4. Separate ancestry for 4. Common ancestry for4. Common ancestry for

humans & apeshumans & apes humans & apes humans & apes

5. The “Deluge” explains the5. The “Deluge” explains the 5. The “Deluge” doesn’t explain the5. The “Deluge” doesn’t explain the

presence & distribution ofpresence & distribution of presence & distribution of presence & distribution of

fossilsfossils fossilsfossils

Shift towards evolution….becauseShift towards evolution….because

Religious dogmatism began to weakenReligious dogmatism began to weakenProtestant Reformation occurredProtestant Reformation occurred

Catholic Church

Shift towards evolution….becauseShift towards evolution….because

Religious dogmatism began to weakenReligious dogmatism began to weaken

Shift from religious to secular reasoningShift from religious to secular reasoningScience began to explain things that used to be Science began to explain things that used to be

inexplicableinexplicable

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCESSCIENTIFIC ADVANCES

Telescope:Telescope: Earth is NOT the center of the Earth is NOT the center of the UniverseUniverse

MicroscopeMicroscope: Microbes exist & cause : Microbes exist & cause diseasedisease

SCIENTFIC ADVANCESSCIENTFIC ADVANCES

FossilsFossilsShow change over timeShow change over timeShow extinctionShow extinction

Voyages of DiscoveryVoyages of DiscoveryMany species found that were not mentioned Many species found that were not mentioned

in the Bible e.g. kangaroos, giant moa birdsin the Bible e.g. kangaroos, giant moa birds

SCIENTFIC ADVANCESSCIENTFIC ADVANCES

GeologyGeology

Evidence of an old EarthEvidence of an old Earth

Lamarck & Darwin came up with Lamarck & Darwin came up with evolutionary mechanisms that could be evolutionary mechanisms that could be tested.tested.

DARWIN’S HYPOTHESISDARWIN’S HYPOTHESIS

Individuals varyIndividuals varyPopulations tend to over-breedPopulations tend to over-breedStruggle for existenceStruggle for existenceSurvival of the fittestSurvival of the fittestVariations are inheritedVariations are inheritedNew species developNew species develop

Deduction (Prediction) 1:Deduction (Prediction) 1:

IfIf the hypothesis of evolution is correct the hypothesis of evolution is correct

thenthen variations should exist among organisms variations should exist among organisms

Test: look at domestic animalsTest: look at domestic animals

How does the variation occur?How does the variation occur?

Humans do it by Humans do it by selecting which selecting which animals breed animals breed together—Artificial together—Artificial selection.selection.

Arguing by analogy Arguing by analogy nature could produce nature could produce variation the same variation the same way—Natural way—Natural selection. selection.



thenthen variations should exist among organisms variations should exist among organisms

Test: look at wild populationsTest: look at wild populations


Data:Data:

Evaluation: Data support the hypothesis—Evaluation: Data support the hypothesis—

Variation exists among organismsVariation exists among organisms

Deduction (Prediction) 2Deduction (Prediction) 2


then then more offspring are born than will more offspring are born than will survive to reproducesurvive to reproduce

Test: Compare number born & their survivalTest: Compare number born & their survival


Data: Many are born Data: Many are born but few survivebut few survive

Evaluation:Evaluation:Data support the hypothesisData support the hypothesis

SPORES



then then differences should exist among differences should exist among offspring that survive & breedoffspring that survive & breed

& those that don’t.& those that don’t.

Test: Look for differencesTest: Look for differences

Deduction (Prediction) 3Deduction (Prediction) 3Data: Difficult to obtain—natural selection is slowData: Difficult to obtain—natural selection is slow

Evaluation: Natural selection is probable (Darwin)Evaluation: Natural selection is probable (Darwin)

Natural selection in certain (Today)Natural selection in certain (Today)

Data support the hypothesisData support the hypothesis

Clicker QuestionClicker Question What was the most compelling argument What was the most compelling argument

Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the causative agent for evolution?causative agent for evolution?

A)A) He argued mutation could not do it aloneHe argued mutation could not do it alone

B)B) He used the analogy of artificial selectionHe used the analogy of artificial selection

C)C) He used the fossil record as evidenceHe used the fossil record as evidence

D)D) He used pesticide resistance in insects as He used pesticide resistance in insects as evidence of natural selectionevidence of natural selection

E)E) He argued that Thomas Malthus said that He argued that Thomas Malthus said that over- population could cause evolutionover- population could cause evolution

Deduction (Prediction) 4Deduction (Prediction) 4 IfIf the hypothesis of evolution is correct the hypothesis of evolution is correct

then then variations important to survival must be variations important to survival must be inherited.inherited.

Test: No good test available (Darwin’s time)Test: No good test available (Darwin’s time)

Inheritance not understood, butInheritance not understood, but

Look at artificial selection in the farmyard. Look at artificial selection in the farmyard. Are traits passed on?Are traits passed on?

Yup!Yup!


Evaluation: Traits are usually passed on.Evaluation: Traits are usually passed on.

Data are inconclusive Data are inconclusive

Data support the hypothesis…….Data support the hypothesis…….But……..But……..

But……But……There is the Fleeming Jenkin’s argumentThere is the Fleeming Jenkin’s argument

Good traits will be swamped out by breeding


then then the Earth must be old so that evolution had the Earth must be old so that evolution had time to occur.time to occur.

Test: Look at the geological recordTest: Look at the geological record


Data: Depth Data: Depth

of the canyonsof the canyons

suggests agesuggests age


Data: ThicknessData: Thickness

ofof thethe

rock stratarock strata

suggests agesuggests age


then then the Earth must be old so that evolution had the Earth must be old so that evolution had time to occur.time to occur.

Evaluation: Earth’s age is unknown (Darwin)Evaluation: Earth’s age is unknown (Darwin)

Appears to be old Appears to be old

Data support hypothesis Data support hypothesis but………but………

BUT ……..BUT ……..

THERE IS SO MUCH MORE TO LEARN:THERE IS SO MUCH MORE TO LEARN:

As Huxley said: As Huxley said:

““It matters not what you would preferIt matters not what you would prefer

but what is true.”but what is true.”

It is a question of evidence!It is a question of evidence!

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