Chapter2b
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Transcript of Chapter2b
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Carbohydrates
• Commonly known as sugars & starches
• Function: Provides energy to the cell, some structural purposes
• Monomers: Monosaccharides or simple sugars
• Dimers: Disaccharides
• Polymers: Polysaccharides
• Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Starch
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• Starch: Formed by plants
• Glycogen: Formed by animal tissues
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Lipids
• Triglycerides (fats)– Function: Energy source/ storage, insulation
• Phospholipids (main component of cell membranes)– Function: Structural integrity
• Steroids (cholesterol, hormones, bile salts)– Function: Chemical messaging
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• Composition: glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
• Saturated Fats (“Bad” Fat)
• Unsaturated Fats (“Good” Fat)
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• Composition: Phosphorus-containing group + glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains
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Phospholipids
• Structure: Water soluble “head” and water insoluble “tail”
• Function: Major component of cell membranes
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• Structure: 4 interconnected carbon rings• Function: Chemical messaging/ Hormones• Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone,
bile salts, vitamin D
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Proteins
• Functions: Structure, Transport, Movement, Defense, Catalysts
• Monomers: amino acids (w/ different R groups)• Polymers: peptides, polypeptides• Examples: Hair, Hemoglobin, Actin & Myosin,
Antibodies, Enzymes
Cysteine Phenylalanine
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Amino Acids
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Peptides & Proteins
• Dipeptide, Tripeptide: 2-3 amino acids• Polypeptide: 10 or more amino acids• Protein: 50 or more amino acids
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Protein Structure
Primary structure: “chained” polypeptides
Secondary structure: β-pleated sheet or α-helix coil
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Protein Structure
Tertiary structure: “3D”, unique folding pattern
Quaternary structure: 2 or more “3D” structures combined
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Protein Denaturation
Loss of 3D conformation = Loss of function
Some causes:• Extreme pH• Extreme temperatures• Radiation• Harsh chemicals
Example: Frying an egg, High fevers
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Enzymes
• Enzymes are globular, protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical (metabolic) reaction without being consumed by the reaction
• Enzymes regulate and coordinate metabolic reactions within the cell.
• Basic reactions: building and breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Typically end in –ase (hydrolase, oxydase, peptidase)
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Enzymes
• Some enzymes are holoenzymes (composed of two parts), an apoenzyme (protein itself) + a cofactor
• Some enzymes remain inactive until activated by a cofactor or a coenzyme
• Cofactors: Metal ions (iron, zinc)• Coenzymes: Vitamins
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Enzyme Activity
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Enzyme Action
E+S E-S P+ E
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Denatured Enzymes
All enzymes are proteins.
Not all proteins are enzymes.
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Nucleic Acids
• Commonly known as DNA and RNA• Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate)• Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine,
Uracil
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Sugar: Deoxyribose• Bases: A-T, G-C• Structure: Double
stranded helix• Function: Information
storage, directs protein synthesis…DNA contains all necessary information needed to sustain and reproduce life!
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Sugar: Ribose
Bases: A-U, G-C
Structure: Single stranded
Function: Carries out code for the synthesis of proteins
A
G
U
C
U
A
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Function: Immediate energy source that drives cellular work
• Structure: Adenine, Ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP ADP + P
H2O
H2O
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Organic Compounds: Review
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Common Name
Sugars & Starches
Fats Protein DNA & RNA
Main Function
Energy source Energy storage
Structural materials
Genetic material
Building Blocks
Monosaccharides Depends Amino acids Nucleotides
Example Lactose, Starch Fats Phospholipids Steroids
Hair Hemoglobin
Antibodies
DNA & RNA