Chapter VII: Bibliographyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17801/7/16_bibliography.pdf ·...

22
204 Chapter VII: Bibliography

Transcript of Chapter VII: Bibliographyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17801/7/16_bibliography.pdf ·...

204

Chapter VII: Bibliography

205

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Aller, A.I., Martin-Mazuelos, E., Lozano, F., Gomez-Mateos, J., Steele-Moore, L. and

Holloway, W.J. (2000). Correlation of fluconazole MICs with clinical outcome in

cryptococcal infection. Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother. 44:1544–1548.

2. Ananthanarayan, R. and Paniker, C.K.J. (2000). Textbook of Microbiology. 6th ed.

Mumbai: Orient Longman publishers. 178-199.

3. Aoki, S., Ito Kuwa, S., Nakamura, K., Ninomiya, K. and Vidotto, V. (1994). Extracellular

proteolytic activity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol. 128:143-150.

4. Averbuch, D., Boekhout, T., Falk, R., Engelhard, D., Shapiro, M., Block, C. and

Polacheck, I. (2002). Fungemia in a cancer patient caused by fluconazole-resistant

Cryptococcus laurentii. Med. Mycol. 40:479-484.

5. Banerjee, U. (2005). Progress in diagnosis of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS. Ind.

J. Med. Res. 121:395-406.

6. Barnard, J.P. and Stinson, M.W. (1996). The alpha-hemolysin of Streptococcus gordonii

is hydrogen peroxide. Infect. Immun. 64:3853–3857.

7. Baro, T., Torres-Rodriguez, J.M., Mendoza, M.H., Morera, Y. and Alia, C. (1998). First

identification of autochronous Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isolated from goats

with predominantly severe pulmonary disease in Spain. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:458-461.

8. Barrett-Bee, K., Hayes, Y., Wilson, R.G. and Ryley, J.F. (1985). A comparison of

phospholipase activity, cellular adherence and pathogenicity of yeasts. J. Gen. Microbiol.

131:1217-1221.

9. Bauters, T.G., Swinne, D., Boekhout, T., Noens, L. and Nelis, H.J. (2002). Repeated

isolation of Cryptococcus laurentii from the oropharynx of an immunocompromised

patient. Mycopathol. 153:133-135.

206

10. Benham, R.W. (1935). Cryptococci-their identification by morphology and by serology. J.

Infect. Dis. 57:255-274.

11. Benham, R.W. (1950). Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

50:12991314.

12. Bergey, D.H., Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R. and Sneath, P.H.A. (1994). Bergey's Manual of

Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

13. Bernal-Martinez, L., Gomez-Lopez, A., Castelli, M.V., Mesa-Arango, A.C., Zaragoza, O.

and Rodriguez-Tudela, J.L. (2010). Susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of

nonCryptococcus neoformans/non-Cryptococcus gattii Cryptococcus species and

literature review. Med. Mycol. 48:90–96.

14. Boddy, L. and Frankland, J.C. (2008). Ecology of saprotrophic basidiomycetes. British

Mycological Society Symposium Series. London: Elsevier Science.

15. Bowles, D.B. and Fry, D.R. (2009). Nasal cryptococcosis in two dogs in New Zealand. N.

Z. Vet. J. 57:53-57.

16. Breen, J.F., Lee, I.C., Vogel, F.B. and Friedman, H. (1982). Cryptococcal capsular

polysaccharide-induced modulation of murine immune response. Infect. Immun. 36:47-51.

17. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (CDC-2008). BC Cryptococcus gattii

Surveillance Summary. 1999-2006.

18. Brueske, C.H. (1986). Proteolytic activity of a clinical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans.

J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:631-633.

19. Casadevall, A. and Perfect, J.R. (1998). Cryptococcus neoformans. Washington, D.C.:

ASM Press.

207

20. Casali, A.K., Goulart, L. and Silva, L.K.R. (2003). Molecular typing of clinical and

environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul.

FEMS Yeast Res. 33: 405–415.

21. Cazin, J.R., Kozel, T.R., Lupan, D.M. and Burt, W.R. (1969). Extracellular

deoxyribonuclease production by yeasts. J. bacteriol. 100:760-762.

22. Chakrabarti, A., Jatana, M., Kumar, P., Chatha, L. and Padhye, A.A. (1997). Isolation of

Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in India. J. Clin.

23. Microbiol. 35:3340-3342.

24. Chakrabarti, A., Singh, K. and Jatana, M. (1998). Medical Mycology Laboratory

Procedures: International Workshop on Medical Mycology. Department of Medical

Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

25. Chander, J. (2009). A text book of Medical Mycology. 3rd ed. Delhi: Mehta Publishers.

231-249.

26. Chaskes, S. and Tyndall, R.L. (1978a). Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans

and other Cryptococcus species from aminophenols and diaminobenzenes. J. Clin.

Microbiol. 7:146-152.

27. Chaskes, S. and Tyndall, R.L. (1978b). Pigmentation and auto fluorescence of

Cryptococcus species after growth on tryptophan and anthranilic acid media. Mycopathol.

64:105–112.

28. Chaskes, S., Edberg, S.C. and Singer, J.M. (1981). A DL-DOPA drop test for the

identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol. 74:143–148.

29. Chaskes, S., Frases, S., Cammer, M., Gerfen, G. and Casadevall, A. (2008). Growth and

pigment production on D-Tryptophan medium by Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus

neoformans and Candida albicans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 255-264.

208

30. Chayakulkeeree, M. and Perfect, J.R. (2006). Cryptococcosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am.

20: 507-544.

31. Chen, S.C.A., Muller, M., Zhou, J.U., Wright, L.C. and Sorell, T.C. (1997). Phospholipase

activity in Cryptococcus neoformans: a new virulence factor? J. Infect. Dis. 175:414-420.

32. Chen, S.C.A., Wright, L.C., Golding, J.C. and Sorrell, T.C. (2000). Purification and

characterization of secretory phospholipase B, lysophospholipase and lysophospholipase/

transacylase from a virulent strain of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

33. Biochem. Jour. 347:431–439.

34. Cheng, M.F., Chiou, C.C., Liu, Y.C., Wang, H.Z. and Hsieh, K.S. (2001). Cryptococcus

laurentii fungemia in a premature neonate. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1608-1611.

35. Cherniak, R. and Sundstrom, J.B. (1994). Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of

Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:1507-1512.

36. Colom, M.F. and Ferrer, C. (2005). First case of human cryptococcosis due to

Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Spain. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3548-3550.

37. Costa, A.K., Sidrim, J.J., Cordeiro, R.A., Brilhante, R.S., Monteiro, A.J. and Rocha, M.F.

(2010). Urban pigeons (Columba livia) as a potential source of pathogenic yeasts: a focus

on antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus strains in Northeast Brazil. Mycopathol.

169:207–213.

38. Cox, L.B. and Tolhurst, J.C. (1946). Human Torulosis. Melbourne University Press,

Melbourne, Australia.

39. Currie, B.P. and Casadevall, A. (1994). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans from environmental and clinical sources in New

York City. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1188-1192.

40. Donlan, R.M. (2002). Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:881–890.

209

41. Dromer, F., Moulignier, A. and Dupont, B. (1995). Myeloradiculitis due to Cryptococcus

curvatus in AIDS. AIDS. 9:395–396.

42. Drouhet, E. (1997). Milestones in the history of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis. J.

43. Mycol. Md. 7:10-27.

44. Dufait, R., Velho, R. and Vroey, C. (1987). Rapid identification of the two varieties of

Cryptococcus neoformans by D-proline assimilation. Mykosen. 30:483.

45. Duncan, C., Schwantje, H., Stephen, C., Campbell, J. and Bartlett, K. (2006a).

Cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. J. Wild. L.

Dis. 42:175-178.

46. Duncan, C.G., Stephen, C. and Campbell, J. (2006b). Evaluation of risk factors for

Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 228:377-382.

47. Edwards, P.R. and Ewing, W.H. (1972). Identification of enterobacteriaceae. 3rd ed.

48. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co.

49. Eisenman, H.C., Mues, M., Weber, S.E., Frases, S., Chaskes, S., Gerfen, G. and

Casadevall, A. (2007). Cryptococcus neoformans laccase catalyses melanin synthesis from

both D and L-DOPA. Microbiol. 153: 3954–3962.

50. Eissenberg, L.G., Poirier, S. and Goldman, W.E. (1996). Phenotypic variation and

persistence of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts in host cells. Infect. Immun. 64:5310–5314.

51. Ellis, D.H. and Pfeiffer, T.J. (1990). Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var.

52. gattii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1642-1644.

53. Emmons, C.W. (1955). Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with

the pigeon (Columba livia). Am. J. Hyg. 62:227.

54. Emmons, C.W. (1960). Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon habitats. Public

Health Report. 75:362-364.

210

55. Emmons, C.W. (1951). Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. National

Microbiological Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.

56. Ergin, C. and Lkit, M. (2004). Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in

honeybee colonies. Mycoses. 47:431-434.

57. Escandon, P., Sanchez, A., Martinez, M., Meyer, W. and Castaneda, E. (2006). Molecular

epidemiology of clinical and environmental isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans

species complex reveals a high genetic diversity and the presence of the molecular type

VGII mating type a in Colombia. FEMS Yeast Res. 6:625-635.

58. Fazekas, G. and Schwarz, J. (1958). Histology of experimental murine cryptococcosis. Am.

J. Pathol. 34:517–529.

59. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap.

Evolution. 39:783-791.

60. Feng, X., Yao, Z. and Ren, D. (2008). Simultaneous identification of molecular and mating

types within the Cryptococcus species complex by PCR-RFLP analysis. J. Med. Microbiol.

57:1481-1490.

61. Findley, K., Rodriguez-Carres, M., Metin, B., Kroiss, J., Fonseca, A., Vilgalys, R. and

Heitman, J. (2009). Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic

Cryptococcus species and closely related saprobic taxa in the tremellales. Eukar. Cell.

8:353–361.

62. Franzot, S., Hamdan, J., Currie, B.P. and Casadevall, A. (1997). Molecular Epidemiology

of Cryptococcus neoformans in Brazil and the United States: evidence for both local

genetic differences and a global clonal population structure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2243-

2251.

63. Franzot, S., Mukherjee, J., Cherniak, R., Chen, L., Hamdan, J. and Casadevall, A. (1998).

Microevolution of a standard strain of Cryptococcus neoformans resulting in differences

in virulence and other phenotypes. Infect. Immun. 66:89–97.

211

64. Freeman, W. (1931). Torula infection of the central nervous system. J. Psycho. Neurol.

43:236-345.

65. Fromptling, R.A., Shadomy, H.K. and Jacobson, E.S. (1982). Decreased virulence in stable

acapsular mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol. 79:23–29.

66. Fyfe, M., MacDougall, L., Romney, M., Starr, M., Pearce, M. and Mak, S. (2008). C. gattii

infections on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: emergence of a tropical fungus

in a temperate climate. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 34:1-13.

67. Galanis, E. and MacDougall, L. (2010). Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii, British

Columbia, Canada, 1999-2007.Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:251-257.

68. Garelick, J.M., Khodabakhsh, A.J., Lopez, Y., Bamji, M. and Lister, M. (2004). Scleral

ulceration caused by Cryptococcus albidus in a patient with acquired immune deficiency

syndrome. Cornea. 23:730-731.

69. Gluck, J.L., Myers, J.P. and Pass, L.M. (1987). Cryptococcemia due to Cryptococcus

albidus. South. Med. J. 80:511-513.

70. Goerke, I. (1974). Lung surfactant. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 344:241-261.

71. Goldman, D., Lee, S.C. and Casadevall, A. (1994). Pathogenesis of pulmonary

Cryptococcus neoformans infection in the rat. Infect. Immun. 62:4755–4761.

72. Granados, D.P. and Castaneda, E. (2005). Isolation and characterization of Cryptococcus

neoformans varieties recovered from natural sources in Bogota, Colombia and study of

ecological conditions in the area. Microb. Ecol. 49:282-290.

73. Grover, N., Nawange, S.R., Naidu, J., Singh, S.M. and Sharma, A. (2007). Ecological niche

of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii in decaying wood of trunk

hollows of living trees in Jabalpur City of Central India. Mycopathol.164:159170.

212

74. Guerrero, A., Jain, N., Goldman, D.L. and Fries, B.C. (2006). Phenotypic switching in

Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiol. 152:3–9.

75. Halliday, C. and Carter, D.A. (2003). Clonal reproduction and limited dispersal in an

environmental population of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isolates from Australia.

J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:703-711.

76. Hillis, D.M. and Dixon, M.T. (1991). Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and

phylogenetic inference. Quart. Rev. Biol. 66: 411-453.

77. Himachal Pradesh State AIDS Control Society. Available from: http://hpsacs.org/aids.asp

78. Hopfer, R.L. and Blank, F. (1975a). Caffeic acid-containing medium for identification of

Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2: 115-120.

79. Hopfer, R.L. and Groschel, D. (1975b). Six-Hour pigmentation test for the identification

of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:96-98.

80. Horowitz, I.D., Blumberg, E.A. and Krevolin, L. (1993). Cryptococcus albidus and

mucormycosis empyema in a patient receiving hemodialysis. South. Med. J. 86:10701072.

81. Hull, C.M. and Heitman, J. (2002). Genetics of Cryptococcus neoformans. Ann. Rev.

Genet. 36:557-615.

82. Huppert, M., Harper, G., Sun, S.H. and Delanerolle, V. (1975). Rapid methods for

identification of yeasts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:21-34.

83. Ibrahim, A.S., Mirbod, F. and Filler, S.G. (1995). Evidence implicating phospholipase as

a virulence factor of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 63: 1993-1998.

84. Ikeda, R. and Maeda, T. (2004). Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of a non-

neoformans Cryptococcus species identified as C. laurentii, which was reclassified as

Cryptococcus flavescens, from a patient with AIDS. Carbohydr. Res. 339:503-509.

213

85. Irokanulo, E.A.O., Akueshi, C.O. and Makinde, A.A. (1994). Differentiation of

Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes A and D using creatinine dextrose bromothymol blue

thymine medium.Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 51:100-103.

86. Jacobson, E.S. and Tinnell, S.B. (1993). Antioxidant functions of fungal melanin. J.

Bacteriol. 175:7102-7104.

87. Jain, M., Keller, M., Ragan, M.A. and Fries, B.C. (2005). Molecular epidemiology of

clinical C. neoformans strains from India. Ind. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5733-5742.

88. Jaiswal, S.P., Hemwani, N., Sharma, N., Athale, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2002). Prevalence

of fungal meningitis, among HIV positive and negative subjects. Ind. J. Med. Sci.

56:325329.

89. Kabasawa, K., Itagaki, H., Ikeda, R., Shinoda, T., Kagaya, K. and Fukazawa, Y. (1991).

Evaluation of a new method for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans which uses

serologic tests aided by selected biological tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2873-2876.

90. Kantarcioglu, A.S., Boekhout, T., Hoog, G., Theelen, B., Yucel, A., Ekmekci, T.R., Fries,

B.C., Ikeda, R., Koslu, A. and Altas, K. (2007). Subcutaneous cryptococcosis due to

Cryptococcus diffluens in a patient with sporotrichoid lesions case report features of the

case isolate and in vitro antifungal susceptibilities. Med. Mycol. 45:173–181.

91. Katzu, M., Kidd, S., Ando, A., Moretti-Branchini, M.L., Mikami, Y., Nishimura, K. and

Meyer, W. (2003). The internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene show extensive

diversity among isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. FEMS Yeast

Res. 4: 377-388.

92. Kaufman, L. and Blumer, S. (1977). Cryptococcosis: the awakening giant, abstr. 176182.

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Mycoses. PAHO Scientific

Publication No. 356.

214

93. Khan, Z.U., Ahmad, S., Mokaddas, E. and Chandy, R. (2004). Simplified sunflower seed

agar for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. Clin. Microbiol.

Infect. 10:590–592.

94. Kidd, S.E. and Hingston, O. (2007a). Cryptococcus gattii dispersal mechanisms, British

Columbia, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 51-57.

95. Kidd, S.E. and Mak, S. (2007b). Characterization of environmental sources of the human

and animal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada and the Pacific

Northwest of the United States. App. Env. Microbiol. 73: 1433-1443.

96. Kidd, S.E., Hagen, F., Tscharke, R.L., Huynh, M., Bartlett, K.H., Fyfe, M. and Meyer, M.

(2004). A rare genotype of C. gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver

Island (BC, Canada).PNAS USA. 101:17258-17263.

97. Klein, K.R., Hall, L., Dem, S.M., Rysavy, J.M., Wohlfiel, S.L. and Wengenack, N.L.

(2009). Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by use of L-Canavanine Glycine

Bromothymol Blue medium and DNA sequencing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 3669–3672.

98. Knoke, M. and Schwesinger, G. (1994). One hundreds years ago: the history of

cryptococcosis in Greifswald. Medical mycology in the nineteenth century. Mycoses.

37:229-233.

99. Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1975). A new genus, Filobasidiella, the perfect state of Cryptococcus

neoformans. Mycologia. 67:1197-1200.

100. Kwon-Chung, K.J. and Rhodes, J.C. (1986). Encapsulation and melanin formation as

indicators of virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 51:218–223.

101. Kwon-Chung, K.J., Bennett, J.E. and Theodore, T.S. (1978). Cryptococcus bacillisporus

sp. Nov.: serotype B-C of Cryptococcus neoformans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:616-620.

102. Kwon-Chung, K.J., Polacheck, I. and Bennett, J.E. (1982). Improved diagnostic medium

for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and

Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C). J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 535537.

215

103. Kwon-Chung, K.J., Wickes, B.L., Booth, J.L., Vishniac, H.S. and Bennett, J.E. (1987).

Urease inhibition by EDTA in the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect.

Immun. 55:1751-1754.

104. Laboratory methods (University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada). Available from:

http://cryptogattii.spph.ubc.ca/cryptococcus-gattii/labratory-methods.

105. Landlinger, C., Willinger, B. and Racil, Z. (2009). Species-specific identification of wide

range of clinical relevant fungal pathogens by use of Luminex xMAP technology. J. Clin.

Microbiol. 47:1063-1073.

106. Larone, D.H. (1987). Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 2nd ed.

Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.53-84.

107. Leck, A. (1999). Corneal Ulcer. Community Eye Health. 12:24.

108. Linares, C.E.B., Loreto de, S.E., Silveira, C.P., Pozzatti, P., Scheid, L.A., Santurio, J.M.

and Alves, S.H. (2007). Enzymatic and hemolytic activities of Candida dubliniensis

strains. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 49:203-206.

109. Littman, M.L. (1947). A culture medium for the primary isolation of fungi. Science.

106:109-111.

110. Litvintseva, A.P., Vilgalys, R. and Mitchell, T.G. (2005). Comparative analysis of

environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol.

43:556-564.

111. Liu, G.Y. and Nizet, V. (2009). Color me bad: microbial pigments as virulence factors.

Trend. Microbiol. 17: 406–413.

216

112. Loperena, A. and Bopp, D.J. (2010). Genotypic characterization of environmental

isolates of Cryptococcus gattii from Puerto Rico. Mycopathol. 170: 279-285.

113. Luo, G., Samaranayake, L.P. and Yau, J.Y. (2001). Candida species exhibit differential

in vitro hemolytic activities. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2971-2974.

114. MacDougall, L., Fyfe, M., Romney, M., Starr, M. and Galanis, E. (2011). Risk factors

for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17:

193199.

115. Malik, R. and Cross, G. (2003). Avian cryptococcosis. Med. Mycol. 41:115-124.

116. Manfredi, R., Fulgaro, C., Sabbatani, S., Legnani, G. and Fasulo, G. (2006). Emergence

of amphotericin B-resistant Cryptococcus laurentii meningoencephalitis shortly after

treatment for Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a patient with AIDS. AIDS Patient

Care STDs. 20:227–232.

117. McCarty, M. (1948). The occurrence of nucleases in culture of group A hemolytic

Streptococci. J. Exp. Med. 88:181–188.

118. Melo, J.C., Srinivasan, S., Scott, M.L. and Raff, M.J. (1980). Cryptococcus albidus

meningitis. J. Infect. 2:79-82.

119. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved

Guidelines. 2nd ed. 29(17); 2009. CLSI document M44-A2.

120. Meyer, W., Diaz, M.R. and Trilles, L. (2009). Consensus multilocus sequence typing

scheme for C. neoformans and C. gattii. Med. Mycol. 47:561-570.

121. Meyer, W., Huynh, M. and Castaneda, E. (2003). Molecular typing of Ibero American

Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:189-195.

122. Meyer, W., Lieckfeld, E., Kuhls, K., Freedman, E.Z., Borner, F. and Mitchell, T.G.

(1993). DNA and PCR fingerprinting in fungi. EXS. 67:311-320.

217

123. Meyer, W., Marszewska, K., Amirmostofina, M., Igreja, R.P., Hardtke, C., Methling, K.,

Viviani, M.A., Chindanporn, A., Sukroongreung, S., John, M.A., Ellis, D.H. and Sorrell,

T.C. (1999). Molecular typing of global isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var.

neoformans by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and randomly amplified

polymorphic DNA - a pilot study to standardize techniques on which to base a detailed

epidemiological survey. Electroph. 20: 1790-1799.

124. Meyers, D.J., Palmer, K.C. and Bale, L.A. (1992). In vivo and in vitro toxicity of

phospholipase C from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Toxicon. 30: 161-169.

125. Misra, V.C. and Randhawa, H.S. (2000). Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus

neoformans in vegetables and fruits. Ind. J. Chest. Dis. All. Sci. 42:317-321.

126. Montenegro, H. and Paula, C.R. (2000). Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus

neoformans var. gattii and C. neoformans var. neoformans in the city of Sao Paulo,

Brazil. Med. Mycol. 38:385-390.

127. Morgan, J., Fan, K. and Brandt, M.E. (2006). Cryptococcus gattii infection:

characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a South African province with

high HIV seroprevalence, 2002- 2004. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:1077-1080.

128. MTCC (Microbial Type Culture Collection) catalogue, IMTECH, Chandigarh. Available

from: http://mtcc.imtech.res.in/catalogue.php

129. Mukamurangwa, P., Wuytack, C. and Vroey, C. (1995). Cryptococcus neoformans var.

gattii can be separated from var. neoformans by its ability to assimilate D-tryptophan. J.

Med. Vet. Mycol. 33:419–420.

130. Muller, H.E. and Sethi, K.K. (1972). Proteolytic activity of Cryptococcus neoformans

against human plasma proteins. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 158:129-134.

131. Muller, T., Philippi, N., Dandekar, T. and Schultz, J. (2007). Distinguishing species.

RNA. 13: 1469-1472.

218

132. Murray, P.A. (1999). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: ASM

Press.

133. Narayan, S., Batta, K., Colloby, P. and Tan, C.Y. (2000). Cutaneous Cryptococcus

infection due to C. albidus associated with Sezary syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol.

143:632634.

134. Nishikawa, M.M., Lazera, M. and Wanke, B. (2003). Serotyping of 467 Cryptococcus

neoformans isolates from clinical and environmental sources in Brazil: analysis of host

and regional patterns. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:73-77.

135. Nosanchuk, J.D. (2000). Evidence of Zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus

neoformans from a pet cockatoo to an immunocompromised patient. Ann. Internal.

Med.132:205-208.

136. Odom, A., Muir, S., Lim, E. and Perfect, J. (1997). Calcineurin is required for virulence

of Cryptococcus neoformans. EMBO J. 16:2576-2589.

137. Olszewski, M.A., Noverr, M.C. and Chen, G.H. (2004). Urease expression by

Cryptococcus neoformans promotes microvascular sequestration, thereby enhancing

central nervous system invasion. Am. J. Path. 164:1761–1771.

138. Park, B.J., Wannemuehler, K.A., Marston, B.J., Govender, N., Pappas, P.G. and Chiller,

T.M. (2009). Estimation of the current global burden of Cryptococcal meningitis among

persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 23:525–530.

139. Pedroso, R.S., Ferreira, J.C. and Candido, R.C. (2006). In vitro susceptibility to

antifungal agents of environmental Cryptococcus spp isolated in the city of Ribeirao

Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mem. d. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 101:239-243.

140. Perfect, J.R. and Casadevall, A. (2002). Cryptococcosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Amer.

16:837-874.

219

141. Perfect, J.R. (2006). Cryptococcus neoformans: a sugar coated killer. In: Heitman, J., Eds.

Molecular principles of fungal pathogenesis. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. 281– 303.

142. Polacheck, I. (1991). The discovery of melanin production in Cryptococcus neoformans

and its impact on diagnosis and the study of virulence. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 276:120-

123.

143. Polacheck, I. and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1980). Creatinine metabolism and Cryptococcus

neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillisporus. J. Bacteriol. 142:15-20.

144. Polacheck, I., Platt, Y. and Aronovitch, J. (1990). Catecholamines and virulence of

Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 58:2919-2922.

145. Polak, A. (1990). Melanin as a virulence factor in pathogenic fungi. Mycoses. 33:215–

224.

146. Price, M.F., Wilkinson, I.D. and Gently, L.O. (1982). Plate method for detection of

phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia. 20: 7-14.

147. Pulverer, G. and Korth, H. (1971). Cryptococcus neoformans: Pigment bildung aus

verschiedenen Polyphenolen. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 157:46-51.

148. Radford, D., Challacombe, S. and Walter, J. (1994). A scanning electron microscopy

investigation of the structure of colonies of different morphologies produced by

phenotypic switching in Candida albicans. J. Med. Microbiol. 40:416–423.

149. Ramchandren, R. and Gladstone, D.E. (2004). Cryptococcus albidus infection in a

patient undergoing autologous progenitor cell transplant. Transplantation. 77:956.

150. Randhawa, H.S., Kowshik, T. and Khan, Z.U. (2003). Decayed wood of Syzygium cumini

and Ficus religiosa living trees in Delhi metropolitan area as natural habitat of

Cryptococcus neoformans. Med. Mycol. 41:199-209.

220

151. Randhawa, H.S., Kowshik, T., Chowdhary, A., Khan, Z.U. and Xu, J. (2008). The

expanding host tree species spectrum of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus

neoformans and their isolations from surrounding soil in India. Med. Mycol. 46:823-833.

152. Randhawa, H.S., Mussa, A.Y. and Khan, Z.U. (2001). Decaying wood in tree trunk

hollows as a natural substrate for Cryptococcus neoformans and other yeast-like fungi of

clinical interest. Mycopathol. 151:63-69.

153. Rex, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., Walsh, T.J., Chaturvedi, V., Espinel-Ingroff, A. and Ghannoum,

M.A. (2001). Antifungal susceptibility testing: practical aspects and current challenges.

Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 643–658.

154. Rhodes, J.C. and Roberts, G.D. (1975). Comparison of four methods for determining

nitrate utilization by Cryptococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:9-10.

155. Rimek, D. (2004). First report of a case of meningitis caused by Cryptococcus adeliensis

in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:481–483.

156. Rippon, J.W. (1988). Medical Mycology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.

157. Roberts, G. (1985). Fungi. In J.A. Washington (ed.), Laboratory procedures in Clinical

Microbiology.2nd Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag. 419-500.

158. Ruiz, A., Fromtling, R.A. and Bulmer, G.S. (1981). Distribution of Cryptococcus

neoformans in a natural site. Infect. Immun. 31: 560–563.

159. Saitou, N. and Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for

reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Bio. Evol.4:406-425.

160. Salkowski, C.A. and Balish, E. (1991). Cutaneous cryptococcosis in athymic and

beigeathymic mice. Infect. Immun. 59:1785-1789.

221

161. Saluja, P. and Prasad, G.S. (2007). Cryptococcus rajasthanensis sp. Nov., an anamorphic

yeast species related to Cryptococcus laurentii, isolated from Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Syst.

Evol. Microbiol. 57:414–418.

162. Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W. (2001). Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual.

Volume 3. CSHL Press.

163. Schoch, C.L., Seifert, K.A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J.L., Levesque, C.A.,

Chen, W. and Fungal Bar-coding Consortium. (2011). Nuclear ribosomal internal

transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. PNAS

USA. 1-6 (Early edition).

164. Scorzetti, G., Fell, J.W., Fonseca, A. and Tallman, A. (2002). Systematics of

basidiomycetous yeasts: a comparison of large subunit D1/D2 and internal transcribed

spacer rDNA regions. FEMS Yeast Res. 2:495-517.

165. Seeliger, H.P.R. (1956). Use of a urease test for the screening and identification of

Cryptococci. Hygiene-Institut der Rheinischen Friedrich Wilhelms-Universitat.

52:127131.

166. Sharp, S.E. (2009). Cryptococcus gattii. Clin. Microbiol. NewsL. 31:84-86.

167. Shi, M., Li, S.S., Zheng, C., Jones, G.J., Kim, K.S., Zhou, H., Kubes, P. and Mody, C.H.

(2010). Real-time imaging of trapping and urease dependent transmigration of

Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain. J. Clin. Invest. 120:1683–1693.

168. Shinde, S.M., Vanarse, K.S. and Pandit, A.N. (2004). Systemic humicolus

cryptococcosis. Ind. Pediat. 41:1162-1164.

169. Sinha, H., Pain, A. and Johnstone, K. (2000). Analysis of the role of recA in phenotypic

switching of Pseudomonas tolaasii. J. Bacteriol. 182:6532–6535.

170. Slutsky, B., Buffo, J. and Soll, D.R. (1985). High-frequency switching of colony

morphology in Candida albicans. Science. 230:666–669.

222

171. Slutsky, B., Staebell, M., Anderson, J., Risen, L., Pfaller, M. and Soll, D.R. (1987).

“White-opaque transition‟‟: a second high-frequency switching system in Candida

albicans. J. Bacteriol. 169:189–197.

172. Sorrell, T.C. (2001). Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med. Mycol. 39:155-168.

173. Sorrell, T.C., Chen, S.C. and Brownlee, A.G. (1996). Concordance of clinical and

environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification

of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1253-1260.

174. Springer, D.J. and Chaturvedi, V. (2010). Projecting global occurrence of Cryptococcus

gattii. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:14-20.

175. Staib, F., Seibold, M., Frolich, A.B., Weber, S. and Blisse, A. (1987). The brown colour

effect (BCE) of Cryptoccocus neoformans in the diagnosis, control and epidemiology of

C. neoformans infections in AIDS patients. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Microbiol. Hyg. 266:167–

177.

176. Stoddard, J.L. and Cutler, E.C. (1916). Torula infection in man. Waverly press, The

Williams and Wilkins co., Baltimore.

177. Sugita, T., Saito, M., Ito, T., Kato, Y., Tsuboi, R., Takeuchi, S. and Nishikawa, A. (2003).

The basidiomycetous yeasts Cryptococcus diffluens and C. liquefaciens colonize the skin

of patients with atopic dermatitis. Microbiol. Immunol. 47:945-950.

178. Sumby, P., Barbian, K.D., Gardner, D.J., Whitney, A.R., Welty, D.M. and Long, R.D.

(2005). Extracellular deoxyribonuclease made by group A Streptococcus assists

pathogenesis by enhancing evasion of the innate immune response. PNAS USA.

102:1679–1684.

179. Tamura, K., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2004). Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies

by using the neighbour-joining method. PNAS USA. 101:11030-11035.

223

180. Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2011).

MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood,

Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol. Bio. Evol.

181. Tintelnot, K. and Lostert, H. (2005). Isolation of Cryptococcus adeliensis from clinical

samples and the environment in Germany. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:1007.

182. Trilles, L., Lazera, M. and Theelen, B. (2003). Genetic characterization of environmental

isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from Brazil. Med. Mycol.

41:383-390.

183. UNAIDS. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available from:

http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/

184. Verma, A. and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (2010). Heteroresistance of Cryptococcus gattii to

fluconazole. Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother. 54:2303–2311.

185. Vidotto, V., Melhem, M., Pukinskas, S., Aoki, S., Carrara, C. and Pugliese, A. (2005).

Extracellular enzymatic activity and serotype of Cryptococcus neoformans strains

isolated from AIDS patients in Brazil. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 22: 29-33.

186. Vilcins, I., Krockenberger, M., Aguand, H. and Carter, D.A. (2002). Environmental

sampling of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from the Blue Mountains National

Park, Sydney, Australia. Med. Mycol. 40:53-60.

187. Vilgalys, R. and Hester, M. (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of

enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J.

Bacteriol. 172:4238-4246.

188. Viviani, M.A. and Cogliati, M. (2006). Molecular analysis of 311 Cryptococcus

neoformans isolates from a 30 month ECMM survey of cryptococcosis in Europe. FEMS

Yeast Res. 6:614-619.

224

189. Vlchkova-Lashkoska, M., Kamberova, S., Starova, A., Goleva-Mishevska, L.,

TsatsaBiljanovska, N., Janevska, V. and Petrovska, M. (2004). Cutaneous Cryptococcus

laurentii infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative subject. J. Eur. Acad.

Dermatol. Venereol. 18:99-100.

190. Wan, R., Wang, M., Zhao, S., Li, G., Zhou, Y., Li, J. and Du, J. (2011). A new

costeffective staining method for rapid identification of Cryptococcus. Afr. J. Microbiol.

Res. 5:1420-1427.

191. Wang, Y. and Casadevall, A. (1994). Growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in presence

of L-DOPA decreases its susceptibility to Amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agent.

Chemother. 38:2648-2650.

192. Watson, K. (2002). Cryptococcus statzelliae sp. Nov. and three novel strains of

Cryptococcus victoriae, yeasts isolated from Antarctic soils. Int. J. Sys. Evol. Microbiol.

52:2303-2308.

193. Weather Report. Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry. Dr YS

Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni (Solan), H.P. India.

194. White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing

of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to

Methods and Application (Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. and White, T.J.,

Eds.). 315-322. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

195. Wickes, B.L., Mayorga, M.E., Edman, U. and Edman, J.C. (1996). Dimorphism and

haploid fruiting in Cryptococcus neoformans: association with the alpha-mating type.

PNAS USA. 93:7372-7381.

196. Williamson, P.R. (1994). Biochemical and molecular characterization of the diphenol

oxidase of Cryptococcus neoformans: identification as a laccase. J. Bacteriol.

176:656664.

225

197. Xu, J., Luo, G., Vilgalys, R.J., Brandt, M.E. and Mitchell, T.G. (2002). Multiple origins

of hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with serotype AD. Microbiol. 148:203212.

198. Yamamoto, Y., Kohno, S., Koga, H., Kaku, M. and Hara, K. (1995). Random amplified

polymorphic DNA analysis of clinically and environmentally isolated Cryptococcus

neoformans in Nagasaki. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3328-3332.