C H A P T E R 2 The Integumentary System

• From the Home screen, clickthe drop-down box on the Selectsystem menu.

• From the systems listed, click onIntegumentary and you willsee the following image:

• This is the opening screen for theIntegumentary System.

H E A D S U P !

There are only three sections available for the

Integumentary System: DISSECTION,

HISTOLOGY, and SELF-TEST. There are no

ANIMATION or IMAGE sections for this

system.

33

C H A P T E R 2

The Integumentary System

Overview: The Integumentary System

Your skin (or integument) is your body’s largestorgan, weighing in at around 15 percent of yourbody weight. The Integumentary Systemconsists not only of your skin, but also your hair,nails, sweat, and sebaceous glands—the so-calledaccessory organs. In our exploration of theIntegumentary System, we will focus ourattention on the nails and the layers of the skin inthe dissection views and the detailed structure ofthe skin and its accessory organs in the histologyviews.

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• From the opening screen for theIntegumentary System,click the DISSECTION buttonon the menu at the top of thescreen, and you will see the imageto the right:

• Click on the Select topic menuto view the choices available:

EXERCISE 2.1:

Finger Nail: Sagittal View

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• Choose Finger nail from themenu, and you will see the imageto the right:

H E A D S U P !

The View menu displays Sagittal. This indicates that this is the only view

available for the f ingernail. Otherwise, as you will recall from Chapter 1, the

Select view menu would have a drop-down box with different views to

choose from.

• Click the GO button, and youwill see the image to the right:

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• Click on LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

AA

BBCC

AA BBCC

DDEE

FF GGHH

II JJKKLL

MM NN

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks.

A. _____________________________________________

B . _____________________________________________

C. _____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Finger Nail

• left-click the pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to answer the followingquestions:

1. Name the structures that are scalelikemodifications of epidermis.

2. What are the two functions of thesestructures?

3. What is the name for the distal edge ofthese structures?

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

• Click on LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

H E A D S U P !

Some of the structures in the dissections are not

part of the integumentary system, but are

important structures in the vicinity. These

nonintegumentary structures are tagged with blue

pins to distinguish them from the green pins of

the integumentary system.

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C H E C K P O I N T :

Finger Nail, cont’d

4. Name the structure that consists of thestratum corneum of the proximal nailfold.

5. What is another name for this structure?

6. What structure does this structure overlie?

Nonintegumentary System Structures (Blue Pins):

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

What Have I Learned?

The following questions cover the material that you justlearned—the Integumentary System. Use the informationin the STRUCTURE INFORMATION window for thesestructures to answer the following questions:

1. Name the structures that are scale-like modifica-tions of the epidermis.

2. What are the two functions of these structures?

3. What is the name for the distal edge of these struc-tures?

4. Name the part of the nail plate that consists of lay-ers of compacted, highly keratinized epithelialcells.

5. What layer of the epidermis does this structurecorrespond to?

6. What is the name for the epidermal fold along thelateral edge of the nail plate?

7. Name the structure that consists of the stratumcorneum of the proximal nail fold.

8. What is another name for this structure?

9. What structure does this structure overlie?

10. What is the name for the proximal part of the nailplate?

11. What is its function?

12. Name the growth zone of the nail that containsmitotic cells.

I N R E V I E W

Continued

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EXERCISE 2.2:

Integumentary System—Thin Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

• From the opening screen for the IntegumentarySystem, select the DISSECTION button, or, ifyou are already in the DISSECTION section,click on the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW buttonabove the LAYER CONTROLS window.

• Select Thin skin and subcutaneous tissuesfrom the Select topic menu.

• Layers appears in the Select view menu, andthe GO button flashes green.

• Click the GO button, and you will see the image atthe right:

13. Normal nail growth is __________ mm/day.

14. Which grow faster, finger nails or toe nails?

15. Where do the muscles of facial expression insert?

16. Name the four functions of this structure.

17. Name the skin layer deep to the epidermis.

18. Name the two functions of the epidermis.

19. Name the five epidermal layers of thick skin, fromdeep to superficial.

20. Which of these five layers is absent in thin skin?

21. Name the structure that provides nutrients for theepidermis.

I N R E V I E W (Continued)

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• Click on LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

• Click on LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

AA

BB AA

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. _____________________________________________

B. _____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Thin Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

1. Name the two layers of the epidermisconsisting of cells without nuclei.

2. Name the major cell type of the epidermis.3. Name the accessory organ of the skin that

consists of a filament of keratinized cells.

• Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblank:

A. _____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Thin Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues, cont’d

4. Name the skin layer that lies deep to theepidermis.

5. What tissue-type does this layer consist of?6. This layer consists of two structural layers.

What are they?

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• Click on LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

• Click on LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

AA AA BB

• Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to findthe information necessary to fill in the followingblank:

A. _____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Thin Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues, cont’d

7. Name the integumentary layer locateddeep to the skin.

8. What tissue types are found in this layer?

• Mouse-over the blue pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

Non-Integumentary System Structures:

A. _____________________________________________

B. _____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Thin Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues, cont’d

9. What structures are located in this layer?

10. Name the deep fascia of the thigh.

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• Click on LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the image to the right:

• Mouse-over the blue pin on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblank:

Nonintegumentary System Structure:

A. _____________________________________________

AA

What Have I Learned?

The following questions cover the material that you justlearned—the Integumentary System. Use the informationin the STRUCTURE INFORMATION window for thesestructures to answer the following questions:

1. Name the two layers of the epidermis consisting ofcells without nuclei.

2. Name the major cell type of the epidermis.

3. Other than the cells listed in question 2, what othercells are found in the epidermis?

4. Name the accessory organ of the skin that consistsof a filament of keratinized cells.

5. What skin type contains these structures?

6. What is the name of the oblique tube in the skinwhere these structures are located?

7. Where on the body surface are these structures notfound?

8. Name the skin layer that lies deep to the epidermis.

9. What tissue type does this layer consist of?

10. This layer consists of two structural layers. What arethey?

I N R E V I E W

Continued

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Histology Section

EXERCISE 2.3:

Histology: Hair Follicle

• From the opening screen for the IntegumentarySystem, select the HISTOLOGY button, or, ifyou are in the DISSECTION section, click on theHISTOLOGY button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Hair follicle.

• Click the flashing GO button, and you will see theimage to the right:

11. What fibers located in the dermis give strength tothe skin?

12. What general sensory reception occurs through thedermis?

13. How are these stimuli received?

14. Name two other functions of the dermis not men-tioned in these questions.

15. Name the integumentary layer located deep to theskin.

16. What tissue types are found in this layer?

17. What structures are located in this layer?

18. Name three functions of this integumentary layer.

19. What are two other names for this layer?

20. Name the deep fascia of the thigh.

I N R E V I E W (Continued)

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• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to findthe information necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

C H A P T E R 2 The Integumentary System

43

• Click the TURN TAGS ON button in theSTRUCTURE LIST panel, and you will see thefollowing image:

AABB

CC

DD

EE

EXERCISE 2.4:

Histology: Thick Skin—Low Magnification

• From the opening screen for the IntegumentarySystem, click the HISTOLOGY button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in theHISTOLOGY section, click the CHANGETOPIC button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Thickskin.

• Click the flashing GO button, and you will see theimage to the right:

C H E C K P O I N T :

Histology: Hair Follicle

1. Name the structure responsible for hairgrowth.

2. Where is this structure located?3. Name the filamentous, pigmented, and

keratinized structure that projects fromthe epidermal surface.

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• In the IMAGE VIEW panel, click on the Selectmagnification drop-down menu.

• Select Low magnification, and you will seethe following image:

EXERCISE 2.5:

Histology: Thick Skin—High Magnification

• From the opening screen for the IntegumentarySystem, click the HISTOLOGY button on themenu at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Thickskin.

• Click the flashing GO button.

• In the IMAGE VIEW panel, click on the Selectmagnification drop-down menu.

• Select High magnification, and you will seethe following image:

AA

BB

CC

DD

• Click the TURN TAGS ON button located in theSTRUCTURE LIST panel, and you will see thefollowing image:

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to findthe information necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Histology: Thick Skin—Low Magnification

1. Where on the body surface would you findthick skin? Thin skin?

2. Name the structures found at the interfacebetween the dermis and the epidermis.

3. What is the function of these structures?

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• Click the TURN TAGS ON button located in theSTRUCTURE LIST panel, and you will see thefollowing image:

AA

BBCC

DDEEFF

GG

HH

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

C H E C K P O I N T :

Histology: Thick Skin—High Magnification

1. Name the layer of the epidermis that cre-ates a barrier to liquids.

2. What relationship does your skin havewith household dust?

3. Where do the replacement cells for thesloughed stratum corneum cells originate?

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 2.6:

Histology: Thin Skin—Low Magnification

• From the opening screen for the IntegumentarySystem, select the HISTOLOGY button, or, ifyou are already in the HISTOLOGY section, clickon the CHANGE TOPIC button at the top-left ofthe screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Thin skin.

• Click the flashing GO button, and you will see thefollowing image:

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• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to fill in the followingblanks:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

• Click the TURN TAGS ON button located in theSTRUCTURE LIST panel, and you will see thefollowing image:

AA

BBCC

DD

EEFF

What Have I Learned?

The following questions cover the material that you justlearned—Histology of the Integumentary System. Usethe information in the STRUCTURE INFORMATION win-dow for these structures to answer the following questions:

1. Name the structure responsible for hair growth.

2. Where is this structure located?

3. Name the filamentous, pigmented, and keratinizedstructure that projects from the epidermal surface.

4. What is the function of this structure?

5. Name the angulated tubular invagination of theepidermis containing an inner epidermic and anouter dermic coat.

6. What is its function?

7. List the characteristic parts of this structure.

8. What structures are associated with a hair follicle?

9. What is another name for the arrector muscle of thehair?

I N R E V I E W

Continued

C H E C K P O I N T :

Histology: Thin Skin—Low Magnification

1. Name the layer of the skin consisting ofstratified squamous epithelium.

2. The cells from which epidermal layers lacknuclei?

3. Name the two types of sweat glands. Whatis the difference between the two?

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10. What is included with the apocrine gland secretions?

11. Name the simple, saccular holocrine gland withducts opening into the hair follicle or onto the skin.

12. Name two locations where these glands are not found.

13. Where on the body surface would you find thickskin? Thin skin?

14. Name the structures found at the interface betweenthe dermis and the epidermis.

15. What is the function of these structures?

16. Describe these structures.

17. Define “avascular.”

18. Name the layer of the epidermis that creates a bar-rier to liquids.

19. What relationship does your skin have with house-hold dust?

20. What is the meaning of the Latin word “cornu”?

21. Where do the replacement cells for the sloughedstratum corneum cells originate?

22. The stratum corneum consists of __________ layersof cornified dead cells.

23. Name the layer of the epidermis present only inthick skin.

24. What is keratohyalin? Where is it located?

25. What is the function of the stratum spinosum?

26. The cells from which two layers of the epidermis areresponsible for the turnover of epidermal cells.

27. Name the deepest layer of the epidermis.

28. What is another name for this layer?

29. What is the function of this layer?

30. Name the layer of the skin consisting of stratifiedsquamous epithelium.

31. The cells from which epidermal layers lack nuclei.

32. Name the two types of sweat glands. What is thedifference between the two?

33. In severe heat stress, the body may sweat __________per hour.

I N R E V I E W (Continued)

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SELF-TESTTake this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking theSELF-TEST.

• Click the SELF-TEST button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select test topic menu select Skin andsubcutaneous tissues.

• From the Select region menu select Thin skin andsubcutaneous tissues.

• Take the SELF-TEST. After completing this SELF-TEST, repeat the tests for each of the other optionsavailable in the Select test topic and Selectregion menus.

H E A D S U P !

The Select test type menu will not always

have the option to choose between Click to

identify and Multiple choice tests.

Sometimes, as is the case for the previous

scenario, only one test option will be available.

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