Chapter Seven - Part Two The Trace Minerals & Water Food & Nutritional Health NUT SCI –242 Karen...
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Transcript of Chapter Seven - Part Two The Trace Minerals & Water Food & Nutritional Health NUT SCI –242 Karen...
Chapter Seven - Part Two
The Trace Minerals & Water
Food & Nutritional Health NUT SCI –242Karen Lacey, MS, RD, CD © Spring 2005
The Trace Minerals
Trace mineral: an essential mineral nutrient found in the human body in amounts less than 5 grams
A. Iron
Functions:– Hemoglobin formation
The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
– Part of myoglobin– Carries oxygen in the body– Energy utilization
Deficiency Symptoms
Anemia: a reduction of the number & size of RBC’s and a loss of their color– Characterized by weakness,
paleness, headaches, reduced immunity, inability to concentrate, cold intolerance
Blood loss
Toxicity Symptoms
Iron overload– Infections– Liver injury– Acidosis– Shock
Food Sources
Red meatPoultryFish & shellfishEggs LegumesDried fruitsFortified cereals
B. Zinc
Functions:– Needed for protein & enzyme
function– Immunity & wound healing– Vitamin A transport– Taste– Fetal development
Deficiency Symptoms
Growth failure in childrenLoss of tastePoor wound healingPoor appetite
Toxicity Symptoms
FeverNauseaVomitingDiarrheaKidney failure
Food Sources
Protein-containing foods:– Meat– Fish & shellfish– Poultry– Grains– Vegetables
C. Iodine
Amount of iodine in food is reflected in the soil
Functions:– Part of thyroxine, which regulates
metabolism
Deficiency symptoms Goiter: decreased blood iodine causes
thyroid cells to enlarge Cretinism: severe mental & physical
retardation of an infant caused by severe iodine deficiency in the mother during pregnancy
Iodization of salt has all but eliminated goiter & cretinism
In some parts of the world, these deficiency diseases still exist
Toxicity Symptoms:
Depressed thyroid activity accompanied by an enlarged thyroid gland
D. Fluoride
Functions:– Formation of bones & teeth– Helps make teeth resistant to
decay– Helps make bones resistant to
mineral loss
Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms:– Tooth decay
Toxicity Symptoms: (rare in humans)– Fluorosis: discoloration of teeth
The first symptom of excess fluoride– Nausea– Vomiting– diarrhea
Food Sources
Drinking waterTeaSeafood
E. Copper
Functions:– Helps make hemoglobin– Part of several enzymes
Food Sources:– Meats– Drinking water
Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms: (rare in humans)– Anemia – Bone changes
Toxicity Symptoms:– Nausea – Vomiting– Diarrhea
F. Manganese
Functions:– Along with enzymes, facilitates
many cell processesFood Sources:
– Widely distributed in foods
Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms:– Poor growth– Nervous system disorders– Abnormal reproduction
Toxicity Symptoms:– Poisoning– Nervous system disorders
G. Chromium
Functions:– Works with insulin– Required for release of energy from
glucoseFood Sources:
– Meat– Unrefined foods– Vegetable oils
Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms:– Abnormal glucose metabolism
Toxicity symptoms:– Occupational exposures damage
skin & kidneys
H. Selenium
Functions:– Protects body from oxidation– Works with vitamin E
Food Sources:– Seafood– Meats– Grains– Vegetables (depends on soil conditions)
Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms:– Fragile red blood cells– Cataracts– Growth failure– Heart damage
Toxicity Symptoms
NauseaAbdominal painNail & hair changesLiver & nerve damage
I. Molybdenum
Functions:– Along with enzymes, facilitates
many cell processedFood Sources:
– Legumes– Cereals– Organ meats
Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms– Unknown
Toxicity Symptoms– Enzyme inhibition
Water
The most essential nutrientMakes up about 60% of the body’s
weight85 – 95% of fruits and vegetablesFunctions:
– Transports nutrients & waste– Moistens & hydrates eyes, mouth, nose,
skin– Participates in energy formation
Cont’d
Ensures adequate blood volumeMain component of body’s fluidsMedium for chemical reactionsHelps maintain normal body
temperatureActs as a joint lubricantShock absorption inside the spinal
cord & amniotic sac around the fetus