Chapter One Working Safely in the Shop. Objectives Understand the importance of safety and accident...

Chapter One

Working Safely in the Shop

Objectives• Understand the importance of safety and accident

prevention in an automotive shop.• Explain the basic principles of personal safety,

including protective eye wear, clothing, gloves, shoes, and hearing protection.

• Explain the precautions that need to be followed to safely raise a vehicle on a lift.

Objectives (Cont’d)• Explain what should be done to maintain a safe

working area in a shop, including running the engines of vehicles in the shop and venting the exhaust gases.

• Describe the purpose of the laws concerning hazardous wastes and materials, including the right-to-know laws.

• Describe your rights, as an employee and/or student, to have a safe place to work.

Personal Safety

• Eye protection must always be worn in the shop. (Z-87 Rating)

• Caution should be taken when working with components containing asbestos or other toxic substances. Clutches and brakes

• Exhaust fumes (carbon monoxide) are poisonous and can be deadly.

First Aid for Eye Injury

• Eye injury is one of the most common

• Steps that must be followed:– Do not rub the eye – Flush the eyes with water – Uninjured eye should be immobilized – Seek medical attention– Metal debris must be positively removed

Personal Safety (Cont’d)

• Professional appearance and proper dress are important.

• Long hair, baggy clothes, and dangling jewelry can get caught in rotating objects.

• Proper shoes must be worn at all times.

• Using improper lifting techniques can cause serious injury.

Personal Safety (Cont’d)

• Gloves should be worn during certain operations.

• Ear protection should be worn in environments that are constantly noisy.

• Respiratory masks should be worn when working with chemicals that contain toxic fumes.

Hazardous Materialand Waste Control

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)– Formed in 1970s

• To reduce air pollution• To also included disposal of hazardous waste

– 2009 Results Show• Cleaner air• Less ground and water pollution

– http://www.epa.gov

http://www.epa.gov/

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)– To protect employees and employers– Accidents from unsafe work environments

have been reduced– Productively has increased– http://www.osha.gov/


http://www.osha.gov/

Personal and Co-Worker Safety

• Clothing, Hair, and Jewelry– Wear uniforms if available– Loose clothing can become

entangled in moving parts– Long hair can be a hazard– Jewelry can catch on parts

and can conduct electricity

Lifting and Carrying

• Be sure your path is free of parts or tools.

• Be sure the container is in good condition.

• Straighten your legs to lift the object.

• If necessary, turn your whole body, don’t twist your body.

• Bend your legs to lower the object.

• Place suitable blocks under the object.

Professional Behavior

• Never smoke while working on a vehicle.• Keep your skin away from hot metal parts.• Always disconnect electric cooling fans

when working around a radiator.• Adhere to all hydraulic press safety

precautions.• Properly store tools and equipment when

not in use.

Hand Tool Safety

• Keep tools in good condition.

• Use the proper tool for the job.

• Do not put tools in your pocket.

• Keep tools with cutting edges sharp.

• Keep tools clean and free from grease.

Vehicle -Lift Safety

• Be sure the lift is completely lowered.

• Do not run into or over the lift arms.

• Be sure the lift pads contact the specified vehicle lift points.

• Close the doors and trunk lid.

• After the vehicle is raised, be sure the safety mechanism is engaged.

Hydraulic Jack and Safety Stand Safety

• Be sure the jack lift pad is under the specified vehicle lift point. (Owners Manuel, All Data etc.

• Position the safety stands under a strong chassis member.

• The safety stand legs must contact the floor evenly.• Remove the jack after the vehicle is sitting on the

safety stands.

Power Tool Safety

• Repair frayed electrical cords immediately.

• The cord must have a good ground connection.

• Do not stand on a wet floor while operating power tools.

• Do not hold components to be drilled in your hand.

Power Tool Safety (Cont’d)

• Keep fingers and clothing away from rotating equipment.

• Sanding and buffing wheels must be securely attached.

• Protective guards must be in place.

• Wear safety glasses and a face shield.

• Follow the tool manufacturer’s directions.

Compressed Air Equipment Safety

• Be sure an air chisel is properly retained to the actuating tool.

• Do not direct compressed air against human flesh or eyes. May cause death

• Keep air hoses and fittings in good condition.

• Do not blow debris off clothing or hair.

• Do not use air pressure to spin bearings.

Cleaning Equipment Safety

• Do not dump residue from steam cleaning in sewers.

• Keep floors clean and dry.

• Wear protective gloves and a face shield.

• Use only approved cleaning solutions.

• Observe all environmental regulations.

Fire Extinguisher Training

http://www.fireextinguisher.com/

The Fire TriangleThe Fire Triangle

Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate.

The Fire TriangleThe Fire Triangle

1. Enough OXYGENOXYGEN to sustain combustion

2. Enough HEATHEAT to reach ignition temperature

3. Some FUELFUEL or combustible material

Together, they produce the CHEMICALCHEMICAL REACTIONREACTION that is fire

Three things must be present at the same time to produce fire:

Take away any of these things and Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguishedthe fire will be extinguished

Fuel ClassificationsFuel Classifications

• Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning.

• If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.

• Its very important to understand the four different fire (fuel) classifications…

FuelFuel ClassificationsClassifications

Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids that are not metals.

Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. Includes flammable gases.

Class C: Electrical—energized electrical equipment. As long as it’s “plugged in.”

Class D: Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other special extinguishing agents.

Fuel ClassificationsFuel Classifications

Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which types of fire the extinguisher is designed to fight.

For example, a simple water extinguisher might have a label like this…

…which means it should only be used on Class A fires.

Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire Extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire.

The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (APW)

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire Extinguishers1.1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall and weigh about 25 pounds when full.

APW stands for “Air-Pressurized Water.”

Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt guns.


APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat” element of the Fire Triangle.


APW’s are designed for Class A fires only:Wood, paper, cloth.

Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.

Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is un-plugged or de-energized.


APWs will be found in older buildings, particularly in public hallways, as well as in Residence Halls.

They will also be found in computer laboratories. It is important to remember, however, that computer equipment must be disconnected from its electrical source before using a water extinguisher on it.

Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire Extinguishers2.2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.

The pressure in a CO2

extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!


CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage areas.

CO2’s are designed for Class B and C(Flammable Liquids and Electrical Sources)fires only!

In accordance with NFPA regulations (and manufacturers’ recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers at OSU undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.


CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire.


Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.

A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out.

Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire Extinguishers3.3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.


At OSU, “ABC” fire extinguishers are filled with a fine yellow powder. The greatest portion of this powder is composed of monoammonium phosphate. The extinguishers are pressurized with nitrogen.

ABC extinguishers are red. On campus, they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs.


You may see them labeled:

• DC (for “Dry Chemical”)• ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)• BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…


An “ABC” extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating it may be used on Class A, B and C fires.

It is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!

You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC” extinguisher.


Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for Class B and C fires (“BC” extinguishers) may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with flammable liquids.

On campus, you will find ABC’s in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories, break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, University vehicles, etc.

How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire ExtinguisherIt’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:

PPull AAim SSqueeze SSweep

How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher

PPull the pin…

This will This will allow you allow you to to discharge discharge the the extinguisheextinguisherr

Operating a Fire Extinguisher

• Secure fire extinguisher• Approach fire from upwind• Remove safety pin and extend nozzle towards base

of fire• Squeeze trigger handle • Direct output to base of fire (cuts off oxygen supply)• Continue until fire is extinguished, extinguisher is

empty, or relieved by 1st responders• If fire is uncontrollable or can not be extinguished,

evacuate the area

How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire ExtinguisherAAim at the base of the fire…

Hit the fuel.Hit the fuel.

If you aim at If you aim at the flames...the flames... … the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.

How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher

SSqueeze the top handle…

This depresses This depresses a button that a button that releases the releases the pressurized pressurized extinguishing extinguishing agent. agent.

How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire ExtinguisherSSweep from side to side…

.. until the fire .. until the fire is completely is completely out. out. Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then slowly move forward.Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.

Rules for Fighting FiresRules for Fighting FiresFires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that you will not endanger yourself or others when attempting to put out a fire.

For this reason, when a fire is discovered…

1. Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be accomplished without risk to yourself.

2. Call 911 or activate the building fire alarm. The fire alarm will notify the fire department and other building occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent the spread of smoke.

If the fire is small (and Only after having done these 2 things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it out. However . . . .However . . . .

Rules for Fighting FiresRules for Fighting Fires. . . before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:

1. Know what is burning. If you don’t know what’s burning, you won’t know what kind of extinguisher to use.

2. Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may be something in the fire that is going to explode or produce toxic fumes.

Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if you don’t, let the fire department handle it.

Rules for Fighting FiresRules for Fighting Fires. . . before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:

3. Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it started? The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire.

4. If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building.

As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows behind you as you leave. This will help to slow the spread of smoke and fire.

Rules for Fighting FiresRules for Fighting FiresDo not fight the fire if:

You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment. If you don’t have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not to try fighting the fire.

You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and ammonia in addition to carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.

Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the fire department do their job.

Rules for Fighting FiresRules for Fighting Fires

The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire.

In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly. You don’t want to become trapped.

Quiz Quiz An example of two "Class B" An example of two "Class B"

fuels would be:fuels would be:

A Cardboard, newspapers A Cardboard, newspapers B Lamp, hot plateB Lamp, hot plateC Grease, paint thinnerC Grease, paint thinner

An APW (water extinguisher) is safe to use on an electrical fire

• A- true

• B- False

Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are designed for which types

fuels?

• Class B and C

• Class A, B, and C

• Class A and C

• Class A and B

Which type of extinguisher has a hard horn on the end of a flexible hose or metal arm

• APW (Air Pressurized Water)

• CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

• ABC (Dry Chemical)

As a general rule, you should not attempt to fight a fire if it is

spreading rapidly

• True

• False

ABC fire extinguishers extinguish fire by cooling it

down

• True

• False

Water will not extinguish most flammable liquid fires

• True

• False

You should always keep an exit or means of escape at your

back when trying to fight a fire.

• True

• False

The three elements of the fire triangle are:

• A-Water, a heat source, and fuel

• B-Oxygen, water, and fuel

• C- Oxygen, fuel, and a heat source

• D- Fuel, oxygen, and earth

Do you know where the nearest fire extinguisher is in your

work area• Yes

• No

Right-to-Know Laws

• Right-to-Know laws are intended to provide a safe working place.

• All employees must be trained in:– Their rights under the law.– The nature of hazardous chemicals in the

workplace.– The contents of the labels on the chemicals.

• MSDS sheets must be available.


• Right-to-Know– Laws requiring employers to notify employees

of dangerous materials in work areas– Requires training of all new employees and

annual refresher courses for existing employees


• Container Label – Every chemical must be labeled with the same

items found on a Material Safety Data Sheet

• MSDS – Material Safety Data Sheet– Provided by chemical manufacturer– Information on specific hazards and first aid– Must be readily available to all employees

Hazardous Material and Waste Control

• Hazardous Material Inventory Roster– Not readily available, but know its location– Lists every chemical stored on the property– Must be in a protected area so that it is

available for first responders

Hazardous Materials

• Always read the label and MSDS before using unfamiliar substances.

• Be familiar with the dangers of various substances used in the shop.

• Follow all environmental policies for proper disposal.

SECTION 1 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Components are listed in this section if they present

a physical or health hazard and are present at or above 1% in the mixture. Components identified as

carcinogens by NTP, IARC, and OSHA are listed if they are present at or above 0.1% in the mixture.

Other components are listed if deemed appropriate. Identities of components listed generically are

declared trade secrets by the raw material suppliers.

Exposure recommendations are for individual components. Unless specifically listed as an OSHA

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) and/or an American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygenists Threshold Limit Value (TLV), all exposure limits are those on which OSHA and ACGIH concur.

SECTION 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Boiling Point - Of product, if known. If unknown, the lowest value of the component is listed for

mixtures.Vapor Pressure - Of product, if known. If unknown,

the lowest value of the component is listed for mixtures.

Vapor Density - Compared to Air=1. If specific vapor density of product is not known, the value is

expressed as lighter or heavier than air.Evaporation Rate - Indicated as faster or slower

than Ethyl Ether or Butyl AcetateSpecific Gravity - Compared to water=1. If

specific gravity of product is not known, the value is expressed as less than or greater than water.

Appearance and Odor - Describes the physical appearance, color and smell of the product.

SECTION 3 FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Flash Point - Method IdentifiedFlammability Limits - For product, if known. The

lowest and highest value of the components is listed for mixtures.

Extinguishing Media - Following National Fire Protection Association criteria.

Special Fire Fighting - Minimum equipment to protect firefighters from toxic products of

vaporization, combustion, or decomposition in fire situations.

Unusual Fire Hazard - Known or expected hazardous products resulting from heating, burning,

or other reactions.D.O.T. Category - Describes the classification for

shipping by road.

SECTION 4 REACTIVITY HAZARD DATA Stability - If known, conditions to avoid to prevent

hazardous or violent decomposition.Conditions to avoid - If known, conditions to

avoid to prevent hazardous reactions.Hazardous Polymerization - If known, conditions

to avoid to prevent hazardous polymerization resulting in a large release of energy.

SECTION 5 HEALTH HAZARD DATA Primary Route(s) of Entry - Based on properties

and expected use.Effects of Overexposure (Acute) - Potential local

and systemic effects due to single or short term overexposure to the eyes and skin, or through

inhalation or ingestion.Signs and Symptoms of Exposure - If known,

warning signs which may indicate exposure to the skin or eyes, or through inhalation or ingestion.

Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Overexposure - If known, peexisting conditions

which may contribute to the effects of overexposure to the eyes and skin, or through

inhalation or ingestionEmergency and First Aid Procedures -

Procedures to be followed when dealing accidental overexposures.

SECTION 6 CONTROL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Protective equipment which may be needed when handling the product.

Ventilation - Describes the need for forced mechanical ventilation if

required.

SECTION 7 SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES Reasonable precautions to be taken and methods of containment,

cleanup, and disposal. RCRA hazardous wastes and CERCLA hazardous substances are listed in this section.

SECTION 8 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION Hazardous materials identification system rating, based on ratings of individual components, and D.O.T. emergency response code are

provided in this section.

SECTION 9 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND COMMENTS Covers any relevant points not previously mentioned, or reinforces those previously covered.

Summary

• Tool and equipment safety rules must always be followed when working in an automotive shop.

• Hazardous materials and fire safety rules and regulations must be understood and followed.

• Right-to-know laws are designed to protect employees who must handle hazardous materials and wastes on the job.

Summary (Cont’d)

• Material safety data sheets (MSDS) contain important chemical information.

• All hazardous and asbestos waste should be disposed of according to OSHA and EPA regulations.

Chapter One Working Safely in the Shop. Objectives Understand the importance of safety and accident...

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Transcript of Chapter One Working Safely in the Shop. Objectives Understand the importance of safety and accident...