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CHAPTER IV

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF

CHILD LABOUR IN SOLAPUR DISTRICT

An attempt has been made in this chapter to sketch out the socio-

economic development of child labour in solapur district, it deals with

the various aspects like profile of solapur district, historical background

of the district, geographical conditions, areas and population, climate,

rainfall, socio-cultural background, city of textile industry and child

labour with role of NGO`s in the district.

India is a country of many beautiful destinations; and one of these

destinations is the beautiful city of Solapur. Solapur is a city and and

municipal corporation that is found in the south eastern part of

Maharashtra, near the Karnataka border. Solapur is the administrative

headquarter of North and South Solapur district, which consists of

eleven talukas. Solapur was once famous as a textile capital and was

even known as the labour city in ancient times.

Solapur is also an important junction situated on the north-south

railway line. It provides connectivity between Maharashtra, Andhra

Pradesh and Karnataka with it being connected by both road and rail to

most cities and districts. This provides easy access to Solapur and the

reason for its flourish in industries. Solapur is famous for its small and

medium scale industries, mainly for cotton mills and power looms.

Being famous as the Textile Capital, it is sure to have heard of Solapur

bed sheets which have become famous and reputed for their novel

designs and durability. Shri Siddeshwar, of the Lake Temple of Shri

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Siddharameshwar, is the chief deity of the city while the Nandidhwaj is

a great procession that is held on Makar Sankranti, and attended by

millions of devotees. On reaching Solapur , you can also make a trip to

the religious place Tuljapur, which is 48 km from Solapur and to

Bijaour, another famous historical place that is located 98km from

Solapur.

Solapur is also famous for being the leading manufacturer of

beedis in Maharashtra because of it being a leader in the production of

tobacco. Solapur is a city that offers a confluence of Marathi, Telugu

and Kannada languages. There is a Matrys’ Memorial found here that is

saluted by thousands of visitors everday in respect for the once

revolutionaries of Solapur .

Kudalsangam, Barshi and Karmala located here have developed

greatly along the lines of education and industry. it is these strides in

literature, culture and rural prosperity that has made Solapur a very

important part of Maharashtra.

Solapur is also considered a religious place with the famous places like

Akkalkot and Pandharpur found located here. This is why you find a

huge number of people from Maharashtra and Karnataka visiting the

Akkalot of Akkalot Swami Maharaj Math every year, one of the more

important localities of Solapur , the Bhagwant Mandir of Barshi is

famous here and if you take the importance of personalities into mind,

Sant Damaji of Mangalwdha is a very important personality of the

district.

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Table No: - 4.1

Profile of Solapur district

Source :- District gazette of solapur (2011)

CityArea 180 Sq. Km

Population 8,73,009

Corporation Establish 1 May 1964

Election Wards 98

Corporator 98 & Elected

Members 5

No. Of Zones 6

11 villages are included into City Limits

Road Length 551 km

Road Lamps 17,500

Water Tanks 35

No. Of Fire Brigades Vehicle 10

Water Purification Centers Samples are taken

daily from 25-30

places

Daily Water Supply 128 To 135 Liter

Water Supply Hours 8 Hours (3 Steps)

Public taps 2607

Bore wells 2750

Sanitation Ward 40

Public Toilets 5042

Daily Waste Disposal 300 tones

Garbage 1600

Laundry mgt. 13

Waste Carrying Vehicles 37

Container 186

Corporation Clinics 13

Maternity Center 10

Vegetarian Markets 14

Non Vegetarian Markets 6

Major Shopping Center 16

Mini Shopping Center 52

Society Temples 69

Gardens 30

Animal Zone 01

No. Of Buses 91

Bus Way 34

Corporation Schools 6

Corporation Tax Collection Ward 40

Water Tax Rate (Annual)

House 1764

Non House 7111

Historical Places Bhuikot Fort

Walter Lakes 02

Drama Centers 01

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History of Solapur District

Solapur District was ruled by various dynasties such as Andhrabhratyas,

Chalukyas, Rashtrkutas, Yadavas,Kalachuri and Bahamanis. 'Solapur' is

believed to be derived from two words 'Sola' meaning sixteen and 'pur'

meaning village. The present city of Solapur was considered to be

spread over sixteen villages viz. Aadilpur, Ahmedpur, Chapaldev,

Fatehpur, Jamdarwadi, Kalajapur, Khadarpur, Khandervkiwadi,

Muhammadpur, Ranapur, Sandalpur, Shaikpur, Solapur, Sonalagi,

Sonapur and Vaidakwadi.But this is not justified by any historical

researches.

Recent research work however shows that the name SOLAPUR is

derived NOT from the congregation of sixteen villages. It is evident

from the inscriptions of Shivayogi Shri. Siddheshwar of the time of the

Kalachuristis of Kalyani, that the town was called Sonnalage which

came to be pronounced as Sonnalagi. The town was known as Sonnalagi

even up to the times of Yadavas. A Sanskrit inscription dated Shake

1238, after the downfall of the Yadavas found at Kamati in Mohol

shows that the town was known as Sonalipur. One of the inscriptions

found in Solapur fort shows that the town was called Sonalpur while

another inscription on the well in the fort shows that it was known as

Sandalpur

One kannada inscriptions Of Mahamandaleshwar Kalachuri whos

capital was mangalwedha, preserved at D.B.F.Dayanand College of Arts

& Science,Ravivar Peth,Solapur shows that Kalachuri's also ruled

Solapur for long time.Inscription is in Hale Kannada(Old

kannada)slightly different from today's kannada language.Rather similar

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kannada inscriptions was collected at Mohol Taluka which is North

West to Solapur city. Indicative of Kannada was the only language of

Sonnalagi (Rightnow solapur) atlast upto 16th to 17th century. It seems

from the data analysis of lingual transformations that,city of solapur was

Loved by british very much.And Marathi was nearer to Hindi so British

might have promoted Marathi language,which sacrificed the ONLY use

of KANNADA language in solapur.Also Adilshah & Bahamanshah

used urdu as ruling language again it is nearer to marathi compared to

kannada.

The Solapur District was ruled by various dynesties such as

Andhrabhratyas, Chalukyas, Rashtrkutas, Yadavas and Bahamanis.

'SOLAPUR' is believed to be derived from two words 'SOLA' meaning

sixteen and 'PUR' meaning village. The present city of Solapur was

considered tp be spread over sixteen villages viz. Aadilpur, Ahmedpur,

Chapaldev, Fatehpur, Jamdarwadi, Kalajapur, Khadarpur,

Khandervkiwadi, Muhammadpur, Ranapur, Sandalpur, Shaikpur,

Solapur, Sonalagi, Sonapur and Vaidakwadi. Recent research work

however shows that the name SOLAPUR is derived not from the

congregation of sixteen villages. It is evident from the inscriptions of

Shivayogi Shri.Siddheshwar of the time of the Kalachuristis of Kalyani,

that the town was called 'Sonnalage' which came to be pronounced as

'Sonnalagi'. The town was known as Sonnalagi even upto the times of

Yadavas. A sanskrit inscription dated Shake 1238, after the downfall of

the Yadavas found at Kamati in Mohol shows that the town was known

as Sonalipur. One of the inscriptions found in Solapur fort shows that

the town was called Sonalpur while another inscription on the well in

the fort shows that it was known as Sandalpur. During the Muslim

period, the town was known as Sandalpur. It is therefore most probably

159

that that during the course of time the name Solapur was evolved by

dropping 'na' from the name Sonalpur. Subsequently the British rulers

pronounced Solapur as Sholapur and hence the name of the district. The

present Solapur district was previously part of Ahmednagar, Pune and

Satara districts. In 1838 it became the Sub-district of Ahmednagar. It

included Barshi, Mohol, Madha, Karmala, Indi, Hippargi and

Muddebihal Sub-divisions. In 1864 this Sub-district was abolished. In

1871 this district was reformed joining the Sub-divisions viz. Solapur,

Barshi, Mohol, Madha and Karmala and two Subdivisions of Satara

district viz. Pandharpur, Sangola and in 1875 Malshiras Sub-division

was also attached. After the State reorganisation in 1956 Solapur was

included in Mumbai State and it became a full fledged district of

Maharashtra State in 1960. The importance of Solapur is unique in the

history of India in the sense that this district enjoyed the freedom even

before independence. The citizens of Solapur enjoyed the Independence

for three days from 9th to 11th May 1930. The brief history runs like

this. After the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi in May 1930, protests and

demonstrations against the British Rule were held throughout the India.

Large scale rallies and protests were done at Solapur also. Many citizens

lost their lives in the Police firings. Due to this the irate mob attacked

the Police Stations. Out of fear the Police and other officers ran out of

Solapur. During this period the responsibility of law, order and security

of citizens was on the shoulders of congress party leaders. Then city

congress President Shri.Ramkrishna Jaju, with his other congressmen

maintained the law and order for a period of

three days from 9th to 11th May 1930. Secondly, the Solapur Municipal

Council was the first Municipal Council of India to host the National

Flag on the Municipal Council building (Now Municipal Corporation)

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Solapur in 1930. The brief history runs like this. Taking the spirit of

Dandi March from

Mahatma Gandhi, the freedom fighters of Solapur decided to host the

National Flag on the Solapur Municipal Council. Accordingly, senior

freedom fighter from Pune Shri.Annasaheb Bhopatkar hosted the

National Flag on 6th April 1930 on Municipal Council. This was the

first and the unique incidence of such kind throughout the country. The

British rulers, due to irritation declared the Marshall Law at Solapur and

arrested many leaders and innocent citizens on false charges. The

freedom fighters Shri.Mallappa Dhanshetti, Shri.Kurban Hussain,

Shri.Jagnnath Shinde and Shri.Kisan Sarda were arrested on charges of

killing two Policemen of Mangalwar Police Station. The lower court

sentenced the punishment of hanging till death for these freedom

fighters. The High Court also confirmed the same decision and these

four freedom fighters were hanged till death on 12th

January 1931. As a

mark of respect to these freedom fighters, the Statues of these freedom

fighters have been installed in the heart of the City and the location has

been named as Hutatma Chowk.

Languages: Solapuri Kannada (Vhagad/Hogad) Even though Kannada

is the Historical language of Solapur.Todays Solapur Kannada (Pure

Solapur people never call KANNADA as KANADI as other

maharashtra people pronounce,may be due to respect of Historical &

Traditional Language of Solapur) is blend of languages having lots

urdu,hindi & marathi some of telugu words also. It is sometimes called

as Solapuri Vhagad or Hogad(Kannada).This type of Vhagad Kannada

is not only used in Solapur city but also surrounding North

Solapur,South Solapur,Akkalkot Some parts of mohol,Mangalwedha of

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Solapur District Also Indi ,Chadchan taluka of Bijapur,Aland ,Afjalpur

taluka of Gulbarga & Omarga ,Lohara Taluka of Osmanabad district.All

these places are having 60 to 70 Kms atmost from the City of Solapur.

Solapuri urdu Solapuri urdu is many ways similar to Hyderabadi

Urdu.The ascent is different Solapuri urdu is having Kannada ascent but

Hyderabadi Urdu is Having telugu ascent. Solapuri marathi Solapuri

marathi is significant and most widely used language in Solapur &

totally distinct from rest of maharashtra according to the tonning Such

kind of tonning of marathi language is only seen in South Solapur,North

Solapur,Akkalkot,Mohol & Magalwedha as well as Omarga & Lohara

taluka from Osmanabad.Such ascent of marathi is also seen in

Ganagapur,Aland in Gulbarga District. Solapur marathi is not having

history before about 150-200 years but still it is greatly used by people

of the region told above. Solapur person quickly judges the outsider

whatever would be language of communication kannada,marathi or even

telugu or urdu .As the ascent of all these languages is SAME.

Solapuri Telugu Solapuri Telugu is basically associated with

Padmashali's.It is said that Solapur Padmashali's had came from

Telangana (NIZAM STATE of that time)region of Andhra Pradesh In

the British Time about 1840 to 1850 & got setteled here.Which are

majorly loomers.This language is also blended with Urdu,Marathi then

kannada.

Due to great blend of languages whichever is seen only in Metro Cities

BHASHA BHAVAN was proposed at Solapur by the Central

Government but Still it hasn't been in reality due to Lack of Political

influence.

Solapur passed from the Bahmani to the Bijapur kings and from them to

the Marathas. In 1818, on the fall of the peshwa, it was ceded to the

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British, when it formed part of Ahmednagar, Pune and Satara districts.

In 1838 it became the Sub-district of Ahmednagar. It included Barshi,

Mohol, Madha, Karmala, Indi, Hippargi and Muddebihal Sub-divisions.

In 1864 this Sub-district was abolished. In 1871 this district was

reformed joining the Sub-divisions viz. Solapur, Barshi, Mohol, Madha

and Karmala and two Sub-divisions of Satara district viz. Pandharpur,

Sangola and in 1875 Malshiras Sub-division was also attached. After the

State reorganisation in 1956 Solapur was included in Mumbai State and

it became a full fledged district of Maharashtra State in 1960.

Solapur is one of the biggest city in the state of Maharashtra, situated

near the borders with Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is an ancient

historical and religious place with Shri Siddharameshwar as its

"Gramadaiwata". Shri Siddharameshwar was a historical figure of the

12th century whose "Karmayoga" on his own native land-Solapur,

turned him into a God-figure over the course of time. There was a great

saint Shri. Siddarama, who preached the teachings of Shri.

Basaweshwara. A young girl, inspired by the teachings of this saint

wished to marry the saint. Shri. Siddaram being a brahamachari denied

to marry her and gave permission to marry with his Yogadanda. The

same marriage function is celebrated every year on the Makar Sankranti

for three days on Bhogi, Sankrant and Kinkrant. The Nandi Dhwajas are

presumed to be Bride and Groom for the marriage. This festival falls

around 14 January every year. A fair popularly known as Gadda Jatra is

arranged for fifteen days during this period.

The importance of Solapur is unique in the history of India in the sense

that this district enjoyed freedom even before independence. The

citizens of Solapur enjoyed independence for three days from 9 to 11

May 1930. The brief history runs like this: After the arrest of Mahatma

163

Gandhi in May 1930, protests and demonstrations against British rule

were held throughout India. Large scale rallies and protests were also

held at Solapur. Many citizens lost their lives in police firings. Due to

this an irate mob attacked the police stations. Out of fear the police and

other officers ran out of Solapur. During this period the responsibility of

law, order and security of citizens rested on the shoulders of Congress

Party leaders. Then city congress leader Tulsidas Jadhav along with

other congressmen maintained the law and order for a period of three

days from 9 to 11 May 1930.In February 2009 a statue of Shri Tulsidas

Jadhav was erected at Mechanic chowk to acknowledge his brave act.

The unveiling ceremony was performed by Shri Sharad Pawar.

Secondly, the Solapur Municipal Council was the first Municipal

Council of India to hoist the national flag on the Municipal Council

building (Now Municipal Corporation) Solapur in 1930. The brief

history runs like this: Taking the spirit of Dandi March from Mahatma

Gandhi, the freedom fighters of Solapur decided to hoist the national

flag on the Solapur Municipal Council building. Accordingly, senior

freedom fighter from Pune Shri. Annasaheb Bhopatkar hoisted the

National Flag on 6 April 1930 on Municipal Council building. This was

the first and the unique incidence of such kind throughout the country.

The British rulers, were irritated and declared martial law at Solapur and

arrested many leaders and innocent citizens on false and trumped up

charges. The freedom fighters Shri. Mallappa Dhanshetti, Shri. Kurban

Hussain, Shri. Jagnnath Shinde and Shri. Kisan Sarda were arrested on

charges of killing two policemen of Mangalwar police station. The

lower court sentenced the accused freedom fighters to be hanged until

dead. The High Court also confirmed the same decision and these four

freedom fighters were hanged till death on 12 January 1931. As a mark

164

of respect to these freedom fighters, the statues of these freedom fighters

have been installed in the heart of the city and the location has been

named 'Hutatma Chowk'.

During the Indian independence movement, the people of Solapur

enjoyed full freedom on 9, 10 and 11 May 1930. However, this resulted

in the executions of Mallappa Dhanshetti, Abdul Rasool Qurban

Hussein, Jagannath Bhagwan Shinde and Shrikisan Laxminarayan

Sarada who were hanged on 12 January 1931, in the prison at Pune. This

resulted in the city becoming recognized as "The City of Hutatmas".

Civic administration

The civic administration of the city is managed by the Solapur

Municipal corporation, which was established on 1 May 1964. The

corporation oversees the engineering works, health, sanitation, water

supply, administration and taxation in the city. It is headed by a Mayor

who is assisted by Municipal Commissioner and elected representatives

. The city is divided into 98 wards and 6 zones. The corporation

members also known as corporators are elected by the citizens of

Solapur every five years. The corporators in turn elect the Mayor. Its

activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and

land acquisition. The electrical supply to the city is managed by the

Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited

(MAHADISCOM).

Economy

The Major contribution to the economy in Solapur is agricultural

produce, fruits like grapes, pomegranate etc. The district also consists of

medium and small scale industries. Solapur is also the leading centre for

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handlooms, power looms and cotton mills producing chaddars, (Solapur

bed sheets), bath-towels having great durability and novel designs.

The industrial empire of the Kirloskars expanded to Solapur way back in

1900. They set up their factory near Tikekarwadi, thus announcing the

industrialisation of Maharashtra to the world. The Foundry with an

annual capacity of 40000 MT is a major supplier to Mahindras, Toyota,

Piaggio, Escorts, TAFE etc. The company is spread over 74 acres and is

home to many species of birds, animals and insects. There are 2 lakes

within the premise and is home to the migratory birds all round the year.

The company employs more than 500 employees and is a major revenue

earner in the city. It contributes its might to the development of the city.

The company is a part of KIRLOSKAR FERROUS INDUSTRIES

LIMITED, with its head office at Koppal in Karnataka. The regd office

of the company is at Pune.

The Solapur district has the largest industry in Maharashtra for Beedi

production. Solapur is also known for its oilseed-market. The other

leading industries include: Precision Camshafts Limited, Smruthi

Organics Limited., CIMCCO, Balaji Amines Ltd., Laxmi Hydraulics

Pvt. Ltd.,

The dissolution of giant textile mills like Lakshmi Vishnu, Yeshwant,

Juni-mill, Solapur etc. had a great set-back on the economy of the city as

well as district. In recent development BF-NTPC Energy Systems Ltd

(BFNESL), a JV between forgings maker Bharat Forge Ltd and power

generation company NTPC Ltd, has begun work on its manufacturing

plant at Solapur in south-eastern Maharashtra. The foundation stone for

the new plant was laid on 15th Mar by the Union Power Minister, Mr

Sushilkumar Shinde. It is expected to become operational by mid-2012

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and involves an investment of Rs 300–350 crore. Solapur is an under-

developed city is due to lack of local and "political" will power.

SOLAPUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Solapur district, famous for its Chadder , Handloom, Powerloom and

Beedi Industries, covering an area of 14844.6 sq.kms., it is one of the

important districts in Maharashtra State of India. It is situated at a

distance of 410 Kms. from the Maharashtra State Capital of Mumbai by

road and train. It falls on the Mumbai-Chennai and Mumbai-Hyderabad

railway track. The nearest domestic Air-Port is Pune and the iternational

Air-Port is Mumbai. Solapur is at a distance of 245 kms. from Pune, 305

Kms. from Hyderabad

(Andhra Pradesh). The national highways viz. NH-9, NH-13 and NH-

211 pass through the city making Solapur on the frontline of the

commercial map of India. The district is having 11 Talukas and is

surrounded by Ahmednagar and Osmanabad districts in the north,

Osmanabad and Gulbarga (Karnataka State) in the East, Sangli and

Bijapur (Karnataka State) in the South and Pune, Satara districts in the

West. Shrikshetra Pandharpur, considered as 'Southern Kashi' of India

and Kuldaivat of Maharashtra State is the honour of this district.

Recently Solapur University has been established since August 2004. It

is known as SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY SOLAPUR. The jurisdiction of

the university at present is Solapur district. 65 Colleges in the district are

attached to the Solapur University.

The brief facts of the district are as below.

_ Geographical Location - 17.10 to 18.32 degrees North Latitude and

74.42 to 76.15 degrees East Longitude.

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_ Geographical Area - 14844.6 Sq.Kms.

_ Temperature - Max. 46 degrees celcius and Min. 9 degrees celcius.

_ Average Rainfall - 545.4 mms. ( Min.415.3 mms and Max.1128.4

mms. in last 10 years ) Solapur stands last in rainfall in Maharshtra state.

_ Population – 38,49,543 as per 2001 census.

_ Total Net Cultivated Area - 1069 Hectares

_ Major Crops - Jawar, Wheat, Chana, Tur, Groundnut.

_ Major Cash Crop - Sugarcane.

_ Total Co-operative Societies - 8119.

_ Total Rail Length – 375.40 kms.

_ Total Road Length – 14087.12 kms.

_ Registered Small Scale Industries - 8516.

_ Total Primary Schools - 2886.

_ Total Talukas - 11.

_ Total Villages - 1150

_ Total Village Panchayats - 1027

_ Total Panchayat Samitis - 11.

_ Municipal Corporation - 1.

_ Municipal Councils - 9.

_ Police Commissionerate - 1.

_ Total No.of Police Stations - 26.

_ Electricity - 220/132/33 KV Sub-Centres - 05, 132/110 KV Sub-

Centres - 9, 110/33 KV Sub-Centres -3, 33/11 KV Sub-Centres - 98.

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_ Major Irrigation Project - 1, Medium Irrigation Projects - 2, Lift

Irrigation Projects - 8, Minor Irrigation Projects - 86.

_ Major Religious Places - Pandharpur, Akkalkot.

_ Places of Interests - Maldhok Wild Life Sanctuary Nannaj

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Geographically Solapur is located between 17.10 to 18.32 degrees north

latutude and 74.42 to 76.15 degrees east longitude. The district is

situated on the south east fringe of Maharashtra State and lies entirely in

the Bhima and Seena basins. Whole of the district is drain either by

Bhima river or its tributories. The district is bounded on the north by

Ahmednagar and Osmanabad distritcs, on the east by Osmanabad and

Gulbarga (Karnataka

State) districts, on the south by Sangli and Bijapur (Karnataka State) and

on the west by Satara and Pune districts. There is no important hill

system in the district. Only in the north of Barshi Taluka several spurs

of Balaghat range pass south for a few kilometres. There are also a few

scattered hills in Karmala, Madha and Malshiras Talukas. The district in

general has flat or undulating terrain.

The low table land and small separate hills in Karmala and Madha

Talukas act as a Watershed between Bhima and Sina rivers The district

covers geographical area of 14844.6 sq.kms. which is 4.82% of the total

area of Maharashtra State. Out of the total area of the district 338.8

sq.kms (2.28%) is Urban area whereas remaining 14505.8 sq.kms.

(97.72%) is Rural area. Areawise Karmala taluka is biggest covering an

area of 1609.7 sq.kms and North Solapur is smallest covering an area of

736..3 sq.kms.

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Table No:- 4.2

Taluka-wise Area of Solapur District

Sr.No Name of Taluka

No. of Villages

Sq.Kms.

Area in

1 North Solapur 54 736.3

2 South Solapur 90 1195.3

3 Akkalkot 135 1390.3

4 Barshi 138 1483.1

5 Mangalwedha 81 1140.9

6 Pandharpur 95 1303.6

7 Sangola 103 1549.9

8 Malshiras 112 1522.2

9 Mohol 104 1408.4

10 Madha 117 1544.9

11 Karmala 118 1609.7

Source: - District gazette of solapur (2011)

The soils of the district can broadly be classified into three types.

• Black

• Coarse Gray

• Reddish

According to topography the dirtsict is divided in three natural zones.

• Eastern Zone : This comprises of Barshi, North Solapur, South

Solapur and Akkalkot Talukas. The soil is medium to deep

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black and of rich quality. Jawar, Bajra and Pulses are the main crops of

this zone.

• Central or Tansitional Zone : Mohol, Mangalwedha, eastern part of

Pandharpur and Madha Taluka are covered by this

zone. Like to moderate soil and uncertain rainfall marks this zone. Both

Kharip and Rabbi crops are grown in this part.

• Western Zone : Karmala, Sangola and Malshiras Talukas and western

parts of Pandharpur comes under this zone. Shallow

and poor type of soil, not retentive of moisture marks this part. Scanty

and uncertain rainfall. Rabbi crops mainly grown in

Karmala, Pandharpur and Madha Talukas while Kharip crops like Bajra

and Groundnut are grown in Sangola and parts of

Malshiras talukas.

LAND USE PATTERN

_ Agricultural Area - 11480 sq.kms.

_ Cultivable not in use - 380 sq.kms.

_ Non-agricultural - 690 sq.kms.

_ Grass Lands and Herbs - 720 sq.kms.

_ Forest Cover - 350 sq.kms.

_ Wastelands - 1260 sq.kms.

_ Draught prone areas (All eleven talukas) - 14844.6 sq.kms.

Agroclimatically entire district comes under rain shadow area. Rainfall

is uncertain and scanty. The monsoon period is from second

fortinght of June to end of September bringing rains from south-west

monsoon. The average rainfall for the district is 545.4 mms.

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Table No:- 4.3

Taluka-wise average rainfall in Solapur District

Sr.No

Name of Taluka Rainfall in mms.

1 North Solapur 617.3

2 South Solapur 617.3

3 Akkalkot 643.6

4 Barshi 594.8

5 Mangalwedha 519.8

6 Pandharpur 523.0

7 Sangola 462.4

8 Malshiras 422.8

9 Mohol 573.9

10 Madha 519.0

11 Karmala 506.0

Source :- District gazette of solapur (2011)

Due to scanty and nonuniform rains scarcity conditions prevail in the

district. This has adversely affected the socio-economic condition of

peoples. In order to face this situation, the Ujani dam is built to provide

water to the draught prone areas. The major river in the district is Bhima

and Sina, Nira, Mann and Bhogawati are its tributories. The Bhima and

Sina run south-east. The Nira and Mann nearly east. During the dry

season all the rivers are nearly dry. The length of Bhima river in Solapur

district is 289 kms. An area of 296107 hectares is under irrigation in the

district from various sources.

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DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

According to 2001 census the demographic features in Solapur district

are as follows.

• Total number of households - 735092

• Total population - 3849543

• Total Male population – 1989623

• Total female population - 1859920

• Sex ratio – 935

• Urban population - 1225284

• Rural population - 2624259

• Literacy rate – 71.2%

• Male literacy rate – 82.0%

• Female literacy rate – 59.8%

• Solapur stands fourth in terms of size and ranks seventh in the

Maharashtra State

• Solapur is one of the urbanised district in the State having about one

third population in urban areas whereas about two fifth of

State's population lives in urban areas.

173

Table No:- 4.4

Population of Solapur District

Description 2011 2001

Actual Population 4,315,527 3,849,543

Male 2,233,778 1,989,623

Female 2,081,749 1,859,920

Population Growth 12.10% 19.14%

Area Sq. Km 14,895 14,895

Density/km2 290 258

Proportion to Maharashtra Population 3.84% 3.97%

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 932 935

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 872 895

Average Literacy 77.72 71.25

Male Literacy 86.35 81.99

Female Literacy 68.55 59.84

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 519,781 569,609

Male Population (0-6 Age) 277,726 300,628

Female Population (0-6 Age) 242,055 268,981

Literates 2,950,155 2,336,825

Male Literates 1,689,027 1,384,746

Female Literates 1,261,128 952,079

Child Proportion (0-6 Age) 12.04% 14.80%

Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) 12.43% 15.11%

Girls Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.63% 14.46%

Description Rural Urban

Population (%) 67.60 % 32.40 %

Total Population 2,917,088 1,398,439

Male Population 1,522,647 711,131

Female Population 1,394,441 687,308

Sex Ratio 916 966

Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 861 897

Child Population (0-6) 364,371 155,410

Male Child(0-6) 195,788 81,938

Female Child(0-6) 168,583 73,472

Child Percentage (0-6) 12.49 % 11.11 %

Male Child Percentage 12.86 % 11.52 %

Female Child Percentage 12.09 % 10.69 %

Literates 1,905,128 1,045,027

Male Literates 1,114,374 574,653

Female Literates 790,754 470,374

Average Literacy 74.63 % 84.07 %

Male Literacy 83.99 % 91.33 %

Female Literacy 64.51 % 76.63 %

Source :- District gazette of solapur (2011)

174

Chart No:- 4.1

Population of Solapur District

Source :- District gazette of solapur 2011

In census enumeration, data regarding child under 0-6 age were also

collected for all districts including Solapur. There were total 519,781

children’s under the age of 0-6 against 569,609 of 2001 census. Of total

519,781 male and females were 277,726 and 242,055 respectively.

Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 872 compared to 895 of census

2001. In 2011, Children under 0-6 formed 12.04 percent of Solapur

District compared to 14.80 percent of 2001. There was net change of -

2.76 percent in this compared to previous census of India. Solapur

District population constituted 3.84 percent of total Maharashtra

population. In 2001 census, this figure for Solapur District was at 3.84

percent of Maharashtra population. All details regarding Solapur District

have been processed by us after receiving from Govt. of India. We are

not responsible for errors to population census details of Solapur

District.

175

Educational institutions

Schools

Solapur has several schools to cater the educational need.

The famous, notable and oldest schools are

• Shree Neelkantheshwar Prashala

• DAYANAND KASHINATH ASAWA HIGHSCHOOL.

• Vidyaniketan High School.

• SVCS High School.

• Kuchan High School.

• Haribhai Deokaran High School, Solapur [HDHS

• Little Flower High School

• Siddheshwar Prashala

• St Joseph High School

• Dnyansampada high school(Siddharudh dnyansankul,solapur)

• Shree Nutan Prashala (Uttam Sanskar hech khare shikshan)

• Late Vilaschadra Motichand Mehta school , Vishal Nagar , Jule

Solapur ,Solapur.

• Ramsukh Santokiram Chandak High School ( Old New School ) ,

Samrat Chowk , Solapur.

• Modern High School Camp, Solapur

Colleges

Solapur has seen the surge of arts- commerce-science junior and senior

colleges, engineering

Kuchan High School Junior College

S.P.M College of Diploma Engineering.

Bhramadevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Belati, Solapur

176

Bharat Ratna Indira Gandhi College of Engineering Keagaon Solapur

SPSPM Sinhgadh Institute, Solapur.

Lokmangal Agricuiture College Wadala

Lokmangal Agriculturbiotechnology College Wadala

Lokmangal Krushi Tantra Vidalaya

Bharati Vidyapeeth's A

Vidya vikas prathishtan college of engineering, solapur.

A. G. Patil Institute of Technology, Solapur.

Orchid college of engineering, solapur.

D.S.T.S. Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Solapur (B.Pharm, M.Pharm &

Ph.D Centre)

Shri Siddeshwer shikshan mandal, collage of architecture, solapur.

Walchand College of Arts & Science ,Ashok Chowk Solapur.

Walchand Institute of technology Akkalkot Road ,Solapur

Sangmeshwar College Saat Rasta, Solapur

HANDLOOM AND POWERLOOM INDUSTRY

Solapur is the home of Handloom and Powerloom weaving industry

which provides employment to a large number of workers. There are

around 6000 powerloom industries operational in the district. Out of

these 300 establishments are registeretd under Mumbai Shops and

Societies Act 1948 and the other 3000 are registered under Factories Act

1948. There are about 25000 Powerloom and about 30000 workers are

employed. On the Jackard powerloom the main production is Chadders,

Towels and Napkins. These products are exported to various countries

in the world For the benefits of these workers the following worker

unions have been formed and the employed workers are connected to

one or the other unions.

177

1. Lal-Bawta Shramik Workers Union (CITU)

2. Powerloom Workers Union (AITUC)

3. National Powerloom Workers Association (INTUC)

4. Beedi and Powerloom Kamgar Sena (Shivsena)

A separate association for the powerloom industry owners 'Solapur

District Powerloom Holders Association' is functional to look after the

welfare of the powerloom industry. Most of the powerloom industries

are operational in day shift only from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. with two hours

break for lunch and recess. Some of the industries are operational in two

shifts from 8.00 a.m. to 4.00.p.m. and from 4.p.m. till 12.00 midnight.

The employees working on the handloom/powerloom machines mainly

manufacture Jackard Chadders, Towels and Napkins. These workers

receive their payments on the 'Piece Rate' basis, based on category of the

product. As the 'Piece Rates' of various products are different there is

variation in workers earnings. As per the traditional piece rate system

the worker gets Rupees 70 to 90 per day on an average.

BEEDI INDUSTRY

Beedi industry is the second importatnt industry in Solapur. There are

115 units of 29 various beedi factories. In these 115 units there are about

70000 lady workers. and 1725 factory workers in the district. Four beedi

unions are working for the welfare of these workers.

These are,

1. National Beedi Majdoor Sangh (INTUC)

2. Lal-Bawta Beedi Workers Union (CITU)

3. Solapur Beedi Workers Union (AITUC)

4. Beedi and Powerloom Kamgaar Sena (Shivsena)

178

Out of these unions National Beedi Majdoor Sangh (INTUC) union, is

recognised under 'Maharashtra Kamgaar Sanghtana Recognisation and

Prohibition of Illegal Workers Tradition act 1971' and is functional in

six Beedi factories.

Table No:-4.5

Number of Male and Female Workers in the Bidi Industry of

Solapur District

Sr.

No

Name of Brands

(Industry)

Male Female Total % of Total

Workers

1 Desai Bidi 45 2850 2895 3.98

2 Sambhaji Bidi 63 3420 3483 4.79

3 Shivaji Bidi 50 3450 3500 4.82

4 Thakur Savadekar

Bidi 75 3458 3533 4.86

5 Battin Bidi 48 2650 2698 3.71

6 Kiran Thakur Bidi 68 4500 4568 6.29

7 Appa Thakur Bidi 54 3230 3284 4.52

8 Charbai Bidi 72 3538 3610 4.97

9 Mohini Bidi 40 1830 1870 2.57

10 Gujrat Bidi 48 3600 3648 5.02

11 Shankarlal Bidi 59 2150 2209 3.04

12 Kombda Bidi 65 2245 2310 3.18

13 Joshi Bidi 60 2250 2310 3.18

14 Sabale Waghire Bidi 65 4560 4625 6.37

15 Bhikusa Bidi 58 3530 3588 4.94

16 Ragutam Bidi 60 4520 4580 6.30

17 Chandratara Bidi 38 2050 2088 2.87

18 Bombay Bidi 65 3840 3905 5.37

19 Jayram Bidi 65 3850 3915 5.39

20 Latif Bidi 53 3080 3133 4.31

21 Sinnar Bidi 22 1850 1872 2.57

22 Munsy Bidi 62 3356 3418 4.70

23 Sohel Bidi 45 1500 1545 2.12

Total

1280

(1.76%)

71307

(98.23%)

72587

(100%)

100

Source: - Annual Report of Laal Bawata Bidi Kamgaar Union, Solapur City.

(2010-11).

179

The total bidi workers are 72587, out of them male workers are 1280

and female bidi workers are 71307. In relative term, female bidi workers

are significant with 98.23% and only 1.76% workers are male.

Obviously, the role of women workers in more important in the bidi

industry.

AMENDED MINIMUM WAGES

The Govt. of Maharashtra has reammended the minimum wages for the

beedi workers effective from 18.03.2000. The present minimum wages

effective from 01.07.2000 to 31.12.2000 is Rs.39/- per 1000 beedis and

Rs.11/- as special allowance. But as per the agreement made between

the beedi producers and workers unions,. the minimum wages are

Rs.33/- per 1000 beedis and Rs.6.78/- as special allowance for the above

period. As per this agreement the payment given to workers is still

below the minimum wage prescribed by the Govt. and is illegal. Hence

the Asst. Commissioner of Labour office has initiated 218 Court cases

against the beedi producers. A

total of Rs.5,12,72,588/- amount is involved in these court cases.

COTTON EXPORT IN SOLAPUR

Little cotton is grown in Solapur. Almost the whole local supply of

cotton is used in local spinning and weaving and in some sub-divisions

the quantity grown is not enough to meet the local demand. Almost all

the cotton exported comes from outside of the district. Solapur and Barsi

are the two chief cotton marts. The chief cotton traders are Bombay

Bhatias and some local Lingayats, Komtis, Gujars, and Marwaris. Till

about 1870 Solapur was the only large cotton mart. Since 1870 Barsi has

180

taken most of the cotton trade of Solapur and is now the first cotton mart

in the district. Of the cotton which once drew to Solapur a number of

European and native merchants from Bombay, most came from the

north and north-east of the Nizam's territory as well as from Belari,

Talikoti, and other parts of the Bombay Karnatak in the south. At

Solapur, about 1866, when steam presses were erected, the cotton sent

by rail and road to Bombay amounted to 28,000 full-pressed bales and

80,000 bundles a year. About this time, the railway rates for salt and

piecegoods being higher than at present, Bombay salt and piece goods

came to Solapur in carts from Panvel at a cheaper cost than by rail; these

carts on return took cotton to Panvel at a cheaper cost than by rail. Since

then the railway rates on salt and piece goods were reduced to secure the

export of Solapur cotton by rail, and not a single cart-load of cotton now

goes by road from Solapur to Panvel.

In the city of Solapur, till about 1870, cotton used to be sold

through middlemen or adatyas, of whom there are forty. Of these forty

middlemen fifteen are rich moneylenders owning large cotton godowns,

and twenty-five are grain dealers who keep their consignments of cotton

near and round their shops. In the cotton-growing districts of the

Nizam's territory and in Talikoti and Belari whence cotton came to

Solapur, the husbandmen generally sold their cotton to local dealers.

When they had enough cotton, these local dealers sent it in charge of

one of their number to Solapur to be sold through brokers or adatyas.

Sometimes when the price offered by the local dealers was too low, the

husbandmen of the cotton-growing districts clubbed together and

themselves sent the cotton to the Solapur brokers. Between 1866 and

1868 when cotton came in large quantities to Solapur, about three-

fourths was brought by the local Lingayat Vani dealers of the cotton-

growing districts. Upon receipt by the broker of a consignment of cotton

181

he advanced cash to the amount of one-fifth to three-fourths of the value

of cotton, according to the credit of the consignors. It was the broker's

business to receive charge of the cotton, to store it, to watch over it, and

to sell it at the best market rate on behalf of his vachhiyat or consignor.

The broker was also responsible for all losses in cases of defaulting

buyers. For this trouble and risk, on each boja or. bundle of 250 pounds

the broker charged a monthly godown rent of 3d. (2 as.) and a

commission of 1s. 9d. (14 as.). Of this commission 9d. (6 as.) were paid

by the owner of the cotton and 1s. (8 as.) by the buyer. In the city of

Solapur this system of selling cotton still obtains, but cotton has

forsaken the Solapur market. The fall of the Solapur cotton trade is

chiefly due to two causes. As the Solapur brokers began to take from

each bundle or dokra a considerable quantity of cotton as a toll or

dasturi, the cotton dealers of the Nizam's territory made Barsi their chief

cotton mart. The other cause was that when the Peninsula railway was

carried to Raichur, the cotton dealers of the Bombay Karnatak began to

send cotton from stations nearer the cotton land than Solapur. Still, at

present (1884) a considerable quantity of cotton comes to Solapur from

Bagalkot, Hungund, Muddebihal, and Talikoti in Bijapur. To the first

buyer in the Bijapur district cotton costs £6 to £8 (Rs. 60-80) the khandi

of 784 pounds; on this, cart carriage to Solapur costs 8s. to 16s. (Rs. 4-

8), and rail carriage from Solapur to Bombay costs £2 (Rs. 20). When

the trade in the Nizam's country cotton left Solapur the steam presses

were moved from Solapur to Barsi. Most Bombay traders also went to

Barsi which became the chief cotton mart. Barsi lies forty-seven miles

north of Solapur and has about 10,000 people. It has a large trade in

cotton and linseed. Cotton comes to Barsi chiefly from Dignor, Dismatt,

Khamdabar, Kirkeli, Madnor, Makair, Nandiar, Parli, and Unvir in the

Nizam's territory.

182

At Barsi cotton is bought and sold in two ways. Either the local

dealers or husbandmen of the cotton-growing districts themselves bring

the cotton to the market and sell it through brokers or adatyas in the

same way as at Solapur; or after the Divali holidays, that is in the

beginning of the Hindu new year in October-November, the native

traders or their agents or gumastas start from Bombay or Barsi for the

cotton-growing districts of the Nizam's dominions. Here, through a

respectable moneylender the traders enter with the husbandmen into a

contract for cotton by paying a commission of 2s. (Re. 1) for every

bundle or boj a of 250 pounds. The moneylender guarantees the

fulfillment of this contract. In these cotton-growing districts the

moneylenders have such influence and are so much trusted by the

husbandmen that they make no cotton contract except through the

moneylenders. On the day the contract is signed by the husbandman and

endorsed by the moneylender, a draft on Bombay in full payment of the

cotton contracted is given to the moneylender at eleven days' eight. The

contract always accompanies this draft. Contracts are not made for

selection or classification. Contracts made through moneylenders are

seldom broken.

Physiographic Of District

Solapur district is part of Maharashtra plateau, which is part of Deccan

plateau of India. It has flat and undulating area. Hence physiographically

it can be divided into two parts.

1. Hilly Region

2. Flat Plateau Region

183

Hilly Region : The district has no mountains but some isolated hills and

small hill ranges, which are branches of Balaghat, Mahadeo and

Shukracharya hill ranges in the district. Branches of Balaght range are

found scattered in northern part of Barshi tahasil. Ramling donger is

important in this range. Same type of hills are also found in Karmala and

Madha tahasils. Waghoba and Bodaki hills are important hills in

Karmala tahasil, while small Chinchgaon dongar(hill) range is important

in Madha tahasil. Chinchgaon donger(hill) range is 6 km long and 100

m in height from surrounding area. In Malshiras tahasil hills and hill

ranges are found in western and southwestern border of tahasil. These

are nothing but branches of Mahadeo Donger range of Sahyadri

Mountain. It Continues towards the west side but broken towards the

south west.

Flat Plateau Region: About 90% part of district is flat and formed by

lava flow during the volcanic eruption at about 20 million years ago. But

due to uneven lava flow the surface of plateau has been made

undulating. It has more height towards west, where average height is

500 m from ASL. It is tilted towards east and southeast side i.e. towards

the Solapur and Akkalkot tahasils, where average height is 400 m from

ASL. Large number of small and big streams and rivers like Bhima,

Sina, Bhogawati, Harni, Bori, Man, Nira etc. have dissected the plateau

at number of places. At the same time these rivers have developed their

attractive scenic river courses at some places.

These rivers have made their saperate and small basins of low height in

the district. Due to undulating surface, observer can observe the river

basin at a time by standing on highlands; and observer can enjoy scenic

beauty of river course. Along this, rearing sheeps and cattles, small

184

settlements, farmers and their green fields, smoke, touching to the

ground etc. This atmosphere may help to develop tourist sites to attract

the tourist from distant places.

Banking, Trading & Commerce

Through institutional frame-work comprising the economic system is

uniform all over the state; there prevails a wide range of diversity in the

development of credit institutions. The Solapur district displays

peculiarities of its own. In district money-lenders, banks, co-operative

societies, joint-stock companies and other agencies like pat-sansthas,

extending financial assistance to the people. Of these, the money-lenders

are the oldest institutions which have survived through centuries. But its

importance has been gradually declining with the expansion of the co-

operative movement. Still it holds a paramount influence over the

agricultural masses. At Solapur proper and other places like Barshi and

Akluj organizations flourished with favourable trade condition. The co-

operative movement, too, has spread its wings all over the district and

has given to the people a new hope for better production; and better

marketing of agricultural produce. Side by side with the agricultural

credit societies, there is also a growth of many nonagricultural and

production credit societies in the district. However the co-operative

societies and banking system also suffering from drawbacks such as lack

of linking of credit with marketing, poor recovery of loans financed by

the societies. These societies are also suffering by organizational and

managerial drawbacks. Though these banking agencies and institutions

are helping to promote the trade and commerce in the district.

185

The district is well known for manufacturing, of cotton cloths, towels,

bed-sheets, chadar, at Solapur and Barshi. Processed dal, edible oils,

vegetables and fruits, Sugar, Kunku, Agarbatti, Beedi and other articles

like Bricks, Soaps, Agricultural equipments, etc. are also produced in

the district. Most of commodities were send to Bombay, Hydrabad, and

Delhi market. Vegetable and fruits like pomengranates, Grapes are

mainly grown in Malshiras, Pandharpur and Sangola tahasils and send to

the Bombay and Delhi market. Pomengranates from Sangola and

Malshiras tahasil are exported to other countries like Dubai. The grapes

from Pandharpur tahasil are also exported to other countries Tur, Mug

and Mataki, Dal from Barshi, North and South Solapur is famous in the

state. So it is sold in main market places in the state.

On the other hand automobile spare parts, bykes, motor cars, rikshaws,

Matadors, chemicals, insecticides and pesticides, stainless steel, paints

etc are imported from manufacturing places like Bombay, Pune and

Delhi etc.

186

Table No:-4.6

Bank Offices in Solapur District in 2010-2011

Sr. No. Taluka Number

of

Villages

having

Bank

Offices

Number

of Banks

Number

of

Branche

s

Deposits

[Rs. in

Lacs]

1. Karnataka 33 6 14 7127

2. Madha 49 7 18 10521

3. Barshi 50 8 20 13181

4. North Solapur 60 20 52 88321

5. Mohol 36 5 10 4883

6. Pandharpur 49 9 21 17093

7. Malshiras 64 8 24 15056

8. Sangola 44 7 14 8442

9. Mangalwedha 26 5 10 3671

10. South Solapur 29 5 13 8422

11. Akkalkot 33 6 16 10319

Total Districts: 473 86 212 187086 SOURCE: Solapur District Socio Economic Survey,(2011)

At present 473 villages in Solapur district are having bank offices of 86

banks having 212 branches. The total deposits in these banks are Rs.

1,87,086 Lakh. Out of 11 talukas Malshiras taluka is having maximum

number of bank offices i.e. 64 and Mangalwedha taluka consist of 26

bank offices.

LARGE AND SMALL INDUSTRIES

Cotton Textiles : The first organised industry to be started in the district

was the cotton textile mill which was established in 1877. The

subsequent period of 20 to 25 years was marked by the establishment of

a large number of cotton textile mills in Sholapur and Barshi which are

the most important textile centres in the district even today. It is

187

noteworthy that all the factories in the district are owned by persons

from outside the district.

Table No:- 4.7

Textile factories in the district as per the Annual Survey of

Industries

(2010-11)

Category

Number of

registered

factories

Productive

capital

(Rs.'000)

Employment

Gross

output

(Rs. '000)

Value

added

(Rs.'000)

(i) Spinning,

weaving and

finishing of

textiles.

175 145,054 115,614 11,59,664 138,554

(ii)

Manufacture

of textiles not

elsewhere

classified.

130 12,134 1625 16,626 11,029

Source :- District gazette of solapur (2011)

In 1971, there were 128 registered factories undertaking spinning,

weaving and finishing of textiles in the district which submitted returns.

These units employed 13,576 persons. The total number of man-days

worked by these factories during the same year amounted to 42,57,258.

The 1971 Census records 263 registered units undertaking

manufacturing cotton textiles, and employed 29,441 persons. Of the

188

total registered textile units, 233 are located in urban areas and absorbed

27,849 persons.

At present, there are three large-scale composite textile mills situated in

Sholapur city. There are also five cotton yarn spinning mills in the

district, of which two are in the co-operative sector, and three in Barshi

town. All these mills together provide employment to about 15,000

people.

The existence of a number of mills led to the development of Sholapur

into a very big yarn market. The market gets its supplies from two

sources. Of these, the most important source constitutes the local

spinning and weaving mills. The Vishnu Cotton Mill and Laxmi Cotton

Mill have their own guarantee brokers in Sholapur. These brokers

guarantee that a particular dealer is solvent upto a particular limit and

the mills might deal with him to that extent. The brokers charge some

rate for underwriting of risk and are required to deposit a fixed sum as

security with the mill concerned, on which the mill pays interest at a rate

higher than the local bank rate of interest. The group consisting of

Sholapur Mills, the Raja Narsingji Mill and the Jam Mill which have no

guarantee brokers, deal with their customers directly. The guarantee

brokers and other eminent yarn merchants in Sholapur have their

accounts with the local mills. The other source of supply to local market

consists of the import of yarn from outside. The imports comprise yarn

of coarse, medium and high counts. Yarn of coarse and medium counts

is brought at Sholapur from Barshi, Madura, and sometimes from Gokak

and Coimbtore Mills. The goods are imported by rail and wherever

convenient by motor trucks.

The brief history of some of the textile mills is furnished below:— (1)

Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Co. Ltd., Sholapur.—The mill was

189

established in 1877 with a capital investment of rupees eight lakhs and

employed 350 labourers during the year of establishment. At present, the

mill works in two shifts employing more than six thousand workers. As

per the 1961 Census, of the 2,234 looms and 95,232 spindles installed,

1,772 looms and 82,652 spindles were working. At the time the mill was

started the female workers in the waterwheel section were paid about

Rs. 5 to Rs. 9 per month, and the weavers were paid Rs 8 to Rs. 20 per

month, whereas the monthly wages of an average male worker were. Rs.

6 to Rs.,12, of a female worker Rs. 5 and of a child Rs. 4. The wage

position in May 1914, May 1921, and August 1923 in cotton mills was

as follows. The

Table No:- 4.8

Average monthly earning per head in cotton mills in Solapur

district

Sr.

No Particular Men Women

Rs. a. P Rs. a. P

1 May 1914 14 3 11 5 3 11

2 May 1921 25 13 0 10 5 9

3 August 1923 22 3 10 8 9 7

4 August 2010 350 NA NA` 150 NA NA

Source:- District Socio-economic Survey (2011)

(2) Narsingji Girji Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Sholapur.—The mill is one

of the oldest, and was once one of the biggest mills in the whole of Asia.

The mill was established in 1898. Upto the year 1905 the mill undertook

the production of cotton yarn, while in 1906, a number of spindles and

190

looms were installed in the mill. The mill was closed down in 1957 due

to loss and about 4,500 labourers lost their jobs. The Government

therefore intervened in the management of the mill and administered it

with the co-operation of workers. In 1961, there were 1,170 looms and

55,488 spindles, of which 1,166 looms and 55,272 spindles were

working and more than 4,500 workers were employed in this mill.

The Government has invested about Rs. 70 lakhs in the management of

the mill. Under the management of the Government the concern earns a

sizeable amount of profit which is shared with the workers in the form

of bonus.

(3) Laxmi Cotton Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Sholapur.—This is the only

textile unit manufacturing cloth of fine texture and is the biggest of three

composite units in the district. Established in 1898, the mill was under

the managing agency system since 1901. As per the 1961 Census there

were 1,219 looms and 56,272 spindles and over 4,200 workers were

employed in this mill Among the three composite mills, Laxmi-Vishnu

is the only mill undertaking modernisation of machinery and production

with the help of medium-term finance from Maharashtra State Industrial

and Investment Corporation. The mill is now equipped with ninety

automatic looms.

(4) Vishnu Cotton Mill Ltd., Sholapur.—The mill was established in

1908. In 1961, there were 1,495 looms and 54,280 spindles and over

two thousand workers working in this mill.

(5) Shri Jam Ranjitsingji Mill, Sholapur.—The mill was established in

1909. This is a composite unit. In 1961, it operated 512 looms and

22,132 spindles and employed more than 2,000 workers. The production

of the mill was confined to cotton yarn till 1926.

191

(6) Lokmanya Mills Ltd., Barshi.—This spinning unit was established in

1928 when it had 11,840 spindles. During the year 1952-53, the number

of spindles in the mill increased by 1,032. As per the 1961 Census there

were 12,872 spindles in the mill and it employed more than 1,000

workers.

(7) Jayashankar Mills Ltd., Barshi.—Established in 1928, the mill had

14,520 spindles and employed about 800 workers. This is a spinning

unit.

(8) Tikekar Textile Mills, Tikekarwadi.—This is a power-loom unit

manufacturing cloth, cotton blankets and bed-sheets, and employed

about 120 workers in 1961. This mill was purchased by the employees

of the mill and is now managed on co-operative basis.

Dyeing: The dyeing industry has been in existence in Sholapur for a

long time as ancillary to the local handloom industry. Till recently yarn

dyed only in Turkish red was imported from Bombay. Subsequently,

however, dyeing in all colours and shades was being done locally. The

progress made by the local dyeing industry during the past few decades

has been remarkable. Formerly dyeing of yarn was done by the weavers

as well as by professional dyers. Of the total of 1,000 Hindu Rangaris

and Niralis, about 300 were at Sholapur and 100 at Valsang. The dyers

of Sholapur and Karmala had earned good reputation. The industry,

however, was not so prosperous though calico printing was carried on to

a large extent in Sholapur. The chief dye-stuffs were safflower or

kusumb, red ochre or kapila, cochineal or kirmaj dane, sandars wood or

surangi, indigo or nil. Of these dyes, about 500 acres of sandars wood

were yearly tilled in Barshi sub-division. The cost of tillage of plant was

estimated at about 2s. 6d. (Rs. 1¼) the acre and the profit at 6s. (Rs. 3).

About twenty tons of sandars wood was yearly grown at Barshi. Of this,

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about a ton was locally used and the rest was sent to Sholapur, Pune and

Ahmadnagar. The silk was dyed magenta and yellow with the help of

cochineal and oil of karadai (safflower), respectively. Cloth was dyed

red and blue. The red colour was produced by sandars wood or by

safflower, and cloth was dyed blue with indigo.

Ginning and pressing: The ginning and pressing units have sprung up

in the district at a few cotton marketing centres as some parts of the

district are cotton-growing areas. Natepute in Malshiras taluka is the

main ginning centre in the district. The existence of several ginning and

pressing factories was recorded by the 1881 Census, the number of

persons engaged in them being 20,301.

Oil-mills: The district being an important ground-nut growing centre,

there are a number of ground-nut expeller units. Oil-pressing in the past

was followed by Teli families who were mostly Hindus. In 1884, oil-

pressing supported about 2,000 Teli families scattered all over the

district. The chief oil-seeds pressed were sesame, groundnut, safflower,

castor, linseed or niger seed and ambadi or hemp.

In 1962, there was one large-scale and 22 small-scale oil-mills

registered under the Factories Act of 1948. While the large unit

employed sixty persons, the total number of workers engaged in small-

scale units was 327. Of the small units, three were engaged in ground-

nut decorticating and the remaining in oil-extraction. As the small-scale

expeller units are exempted from central excise, about eighty units had

sprung up in the small sector upto 1971.

Sugar industry : The district possesses considerable potentialities for

the production of sugarcane due to availability of irrigation facilities.

The sugar industry though established 40 years ago, its development and

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expansion is only of recent origin. The co-operative sector is playing the

most important role in its development.

In the year 1961, there were 68 registered sugar factories and refineries

in the district, the total productive capital of which was estimated at Rs.

23,81,18,000. The gross output of these units was to the tunc of Rs.

3,35,71,000 and the total number of workers employed in these units

was 1,947 during the same year.

The gul factories in the district are located at various places, viz.,

Malinagar, Chitalenagar, Malkhambi, Akluj, Morochi, Karbhari, Sinde-

wadi, Malshiras, Akkalkot, Karmala, Mohol, Chakar, Natepute, Shelagi,

Degaon, etc.

The tools and equipment of gul-making industry included scum strainer,

juice boiling pan, wooden ladle, wooden churn, wooden spade, cooling

pit, wooden scrapper and gul moulder. The quality of gul was chiefly

dependent upon the composition of juice, which varied with locality,

climate, soil conditions and finally the degree of maturity.

The process of gul manufacturing [Source.—Sugar cane Cultivation in

Bombay State.] consists of a number of stages commencing with the

harvesting of cane and ending with the storage of gul.

Preliminary operations are: (i) maturity of cane and (ii) harvesting of

cane. The first step in the manufacture of gul is extraction of juice with

the use of crusher. The primitive method of cane-crushing consisted of

grinding bits of cane in a stone mortar by means of wooden pestle. This

crude method was replaced by a simple two rollers, wooden or iron

crusher and further replaced by the three rollers crusher, either bullock-

driven or engine-driven. Fresh cane having a low fibre percentage gives

more juice with great ease. After extraction, cane juice is immediately

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transferred to the boiling pan or a storage tank, depending on the

arrangement. The extracted juice at the crusher is first filtered through

fine wire net before it is pumped to the boiling pan. The precaution is

taken to keep the accessories and equipment used for transport free from

rust, which would otherwise cause a certain deterioration in the colour

of the product. The proper quality of gul is governed by the amount of

sucrose and glucose present in the juice. The turbid and viscous juice

obtained from the crusher is freed from undesirable impurities before it

is boiled. The suspendent impurities and the gummy colloidal

constituents in the juice are removed by coagulation during the first

heating. When the entire scum after the addition of a vegetable

flocculent such as bhendi mucilage is carefully removed, the boiled

juice looks clear, transparent and brownish yellow in colour. The stage

is important to get good coloured gul and every endeavour is made to

remove all the flocculated scum. On further heating, the juice begins to

froth, and it is just at the beginning of frothing that chemical clarificants

like superphosphate are added to remove the remaining impurities and

so to improve the colour of gul.

Electricity generation: Sholapur City got its first electric supply in

1925 through generating sets driven by steam turbines and reciprocating

steam engines owned by a private concern. This supply, however, was

not sufficient to meet the increasing demand due to industrialisation

during the subsequent period. The generating station was, therefore,

taken over by the Maharashtra State Electricity Board and steps were

taken to increase the load. The electric supply to other towns in the

district however continued to be through generating sets run on diesel

oil and owned by private concerns for some time. Now, the district gets

its electric supply through the generating sets driven by steam turbines,

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diesel oil as well as from the Koyna Project. Electricity in rural areas

was first introduced in April 1960 at Akluj in Malshiras taluka.

Child Labour and role of NGO in Solapur district

Jnana Prabodhini, Solapur

Jnana Prabodini, Solapur (JPS) a branch of Jnana Prabodhini is active in

Solapur district for the last 10 years. Besides a well known pre primary,

primary and secondary school and pre primary teacher traning school in

Solapur city, it runs a number of service activities for the deprived.

JPS ran an effective vocation rehabilitation programme for the

earthquake striken in Osmanasbad district and a medical centre. At

present it runs a primary and a secondary school in this area. On a 20

acre land on Solapur-Pune road JPS hass launched a rural development

programme including vocational training and traing in agriculture as

well as allied industries. It also plans to conduct health and motivation

building programmes so that they may change the visage of their own

villages.

JPS has run a massive literary campaign for Solapur city and

started the first rehabilitation center for child labour. It also runs 25

enrichment centres for slum dweller children. The education and service

activities have spiritual base. JPS runs a regular meditation and

discource center for last 8 years.

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MOU Between Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s Laxmibai Bhaurao Patil

Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Solapur. And National Child Labour

Project, Ministry of Women & Child Welfare, Govt. Of India,

(SOLAPUR UNIT)

1) General Terms

a) Partners

It is here by agreed this date 01/07/1995 Between President (District

Collector) as Project Director of National Child Labour Project and and

the Principal of L..B.P. Mahila, College, Solapur. To implement

activities of National Child Labour Project in slum and surrounding of

your college in solapur city. It includes the children working in the

harmful industries like factories, masonry, sweeping, domestic workers,

carpentry, hotelling etc.

b) Period operation/Partnership of Co- operation

The Project will be for the period starting form july 1995 to declaration

of the Govt. of India.

2) Objectives

The Objective of this M. O. U. are-

a) Mobilizing them to bring them in the main stream of education.

Prevent them from the hazardous work of the harmful industries through

and helping them to shoulder the responsibility of their basic education

b) Targeting the Adolescent Girls and boys through intensive and

extensive participatory programmes to continuously roll the movement

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of “value based education. And rehabilate them in the proper way of

life.

3) Participants / Volunteers

a) The N.S.S. Students in the senior college will the participants hence

forth called as College volunteers for the project.

b) Total 50 child labour students will represent college in the National

Child Labour Project

4) Strategy

2 regular teachers and 1 vocational teacher for computers will be

appointed and 1 clerk for administration purposes and a peon will be

provides as a supportive staff. In order to bring them into main

streamline of education NSS volunteers will make survey and motivate

them for education. A Voluntary force of senior college NSS Girls

Students would be trained and retrained in activation of the SHG, for the

families of Child labours.

5) Role of College

a) The Principal of the college is the Chief of the Project at college, All

the teachers of the project and NSS volunteers will be expected to work

One day in every week to find out the child labours and their family

details, thus all volunteers would spent Two day’s every Month. (

except college holidays ).

b) Specific Vasti will be allotted to every volunteer to work.

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c) The entire supervision and the appointments of the teachers will be

done by the college. Most of the good amenities will be provided to

them.

d) To motivate them for moral education and teaching through audio

visual systems like LCD projector. And there is a regular computer

practice to them. The sport material and library books, which are

donated by Laxmi Industries Ltd. Are also made available for them.

e) Informal education in the classroom like, rhymes and alphabets and

the drawing as well as basic English with maths.

f) Monthly reporting to their Incharge.

6) Implementation Strategy

a) Trainings to Teachers.

b) Sports, drawing and cultural activities are organized.

c) Volunteers will have to conduct home visit of child labour parent

members.

d) Monthly meetings of parentrs will be conducted in college.

e) Senior staff of the project and the concern college Incharge and NSS

professor will have a joint monthly meeting to take review and planning

feature of activity of the project.

f) To know them different facilities provided by the Govenments.

g) Project Director of National Child Labour Project and the principal

will have bimonthly review meetings.

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h)Annual programme reports will be submitted by college to Project

Director of National Child Labour Project

7) Terms and conditions during the period of M. O. U.

a) No incentive will be paid to any volunteers, either in cash or kind.

Instead a “Certificate of Gratefulness” will be issued to each volunteer

at the end of the Project.

b) The college from where the volunteers will be participating in the

project will be given Rs. 50 as financial incentives per volunteer in two

installments every year.

c) It will be mandatory for colleges to spent this money on the

volunteers Welfare activities like sports material, education material,

exposures tours training etc. except asset creation for college.

d) The financial incentive grant will be release only of submission of six

monthly achievement an evaluation report signed by the principal.

PCVC

History

The work of PCVC started in Maharashtra (excluding Mumbai and

Thane region) in May 2008.Initially we started our work in 2 cities,

Pune and Solapur. The focus was more on Solapur as the number of

Child labour was very huge in comparison with Pune city. The work

was taking its speed through the traditional mode of PCVC like

conducting bridge classes for the child labourers, conducting mass raids

with the help of Labour department and following up with the

rehabilitation of the rescued children, Implementing CLFC model in the

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communities and running Child Protection Cell in the selected

communities.

We did a survey of Rag picker communities in both the cities and

conducted 2 classes with the children of the rag pickers. One of the

classes was used to arrange in Garbage depot. After few months we

realized that through this mode we were able to work in Pune but in case

of Solapur due to large number of Child labour the efforts made were

not enough to effect the society as well as the concerned govt.

departments. We decided to do a mass survey in Solapur and to make it

a campaign: ‘ONE DAY FOR MY CITY’ Happened. 5300 children

were found OOS.

In Solapur till now we have succeeded in admitting 1100 children in

the formal education system. 13 NRBCs are running with 270

children. Our Goals for Solapur are:

1) Mainstreaming of the remaining children of age group 6-14 years into

formal education system.

2) To provide opportunities of skill development education for the

children of age group 15-18 years and help them to become employable.

Similar kind of survey was also held in Aurangabad on 20th

February

2009. 9300 children were found OOS.The objective for the Aurangabad

are in the same line with Solapur and we are continuously in follow up.

On 5th

December One day survey was held in Kolhapur and around 2500

children found OOS.

Unique Features:

Planning and Successful execution of an innovative mode of Survey,

One Day Survey, in 3 cities of the state.

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Mainstreaming of the OOS children and the child labourers with the

help of the government departments

Rag Pickers community Survey

Creating vigilance groups at community level with the help of SHGs

and the students who participated in the survey in the respective cities.

Chart No:- 4.2

Working of Children in Solapur District

Source:-National Report: 2010 – 2011 Pratham Council for Vulnerable

Children

5621 working children in the age group of 6 to 18 years were found in

Solapur City v/s the SSA data of 450 children. 3810 out of school and

working children 1811 in school and working children. 1002 children in

the age group of 6 to 14 years are still working in hazardous industries.

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After the assessment a meeting of all the departments was called under

the

leadership of the district collector. The departments of Education, SSA,

Women and child welfare, National Child Labour Programme, Labour

and Urban community development participated. The data was

appreciated and based on it different departments were given

responsibilities to reduce the number of out of school children.

Department of the Urban Community Development was directed to

organize meetings of the Self Help Groups in Solapur. This was mainly

due to two reasons. The first being that these SHGs could work as

pressure groups at the community level as per the Child Labour Free

Community model, and secondly many times the children of the SHG

members also go to work. Thus these SHGs are to be b used as the

action system for prevention of this problem as well as for the

sustainable

rehabilitation of the rescued children.

VIJAY SINH MOHITE PATIL YUVA VIKAS MUNCH

Key Issues:

Art & Culture, Children, Education & Literacy, HIV/AIDS, Labour &

Employment, Minority Issues, Sports, Vocational Training, Women's

Development & Empowerment, Youth Affairs.

Major Activities/Achievements:

1) Blood donation camps 2) Tree Plantation 3) Women employment in Garment

Industires in solapur Dist 4) Child Labour Prevention Programes 5) Youth

employment workshops 6) HIV/AIDs Awarness programes 7) Enivronmental

Proctection camps 8) Cultural,sports & others social activites.

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APANGAMITRA SEVABHAVI SANSTHA

Key Issues:

Aged/Elderly, Art & Culture, Children, Civic Issues, Differently Abled, Disaster

Management, Dalit Upliftment, Education & Literacy, Environment & Forests,

Health & Family Welfare, HIV/AIDS, Human Rights, Legal Awareness & Aid,

Labour & Employment, Minority Issues, Panchayati Raj, Prisoner's Issues, Right to

Information & Advocacy, Rural Development & Poverty Alleviation, Sports, Tribal

Affairs, Tourism, Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation, Vocational Training,

Women's Development & Empowerment.

Major Activities/Achievements:

working for physically handicapped child labour downtradden people old and poor

people womens dalit society .we arranges camps and campaign for those people in

our area.our organisation working for physically handicapped child labour

downtradden people old and poor peopl womens dalit society .We arranges camps

and campaign for those people in our area.our volunters do various activities for

society.now a days we active in the field of hiv aids affected people, child labour

problem ,environment.we normally observe that various schemes and programmes

are not reach to the last people of society.to send these our organisation work

hardly.our volunters do various activities for society.now a days we active in the

field ofhiv aids affected people, child labour problem, environment we normally

observe that various schemes and programmes are not reach to the last people of

society.to send these our organisation work hardly.

National Child Labor scheme in Rayat Compus

“Rayat Shishan Sanstha”, a premier institution of education

known and honoured far and wide, The institution itself is regarded as a

noble mission & cause so earnestly and endearingly pursued by its

founder Padmbhushan Karmveer Bhaurao Patil and his legendary wife

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Sou. Laxmibai Bhaurao Patil. The institution from the very beginning

tried all its best to lay emphasis on the education of the down - trodden,

the poor and the ignorant, who really form the major bulk of society.

The institution always believed that education alone could correct the

social ill such as caste hierarchy, money lending, illiteracy,

untouchability, superstition and socio - economic inequality.

Following these foot steps, Laxmibai Bhaurao patil mahila

Mahavidyalaya, Solapur has started the “Child labor rehabilitation

project”.The problem of child labor continues to pose a challenge before

the nation. Government has been taking various pro-active measures to

tackle this problem. However, considering the magnitude and extent of

the problem the “Rayat Shikshan Sanstha” has taken initiatives to deal

with this socio-economic problem, inextricably linked to poverty and

illiteracy. The institution has taken continuous and serious efforts to

tackle this nationwide problem.

In the era of post independence, there is a huge industrial

development, which results in a serious problem of child labor.

Actually this problem persists way back in ancient days. In 1976 the

supreme court ordered central government to find solution on child

labor. The central government made it compulsory to all state

governments, so of the ‘Child labor rehabilitation project started in all

states.

Based on the recommendations of Gurupadswamy Committee,

the Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation act was enacted in 1986.

Internationally there are 250 million child labors. In India, 80 million

child labors are there and in Maharashtra there are 75 thousand child

labors.

With the initiatives of social organizations in Solapur district the

Child labor rehabilition project started on 6th December 1995 on the

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death anniversary of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Twenty four NGOs has

started thirty three centres in the district. The child labor project of

Laxmibai Bhaurao Patil Mahila Mahavidyalaya is one of the unique

project in India run by senior college of the santha with the motivation

of visionary late Shri. Jaykumarji Patil and project Co-ordinator Shri. V.

U. Tadwalkar, Prof. Vilas Bet and then district collector Pravin Shinh

Pardeshi. This Project has been started in the institution’. The

institution made survey about the hazardous occupations and processes;

per year and the children between eight to fourteen years. Nearly fifty

students are enrolled per year. Besides the education, the efforts are

done to make them confident, develop their communication skill,

computer awareness, drawing and other skills are developed in them.

With the help of government fund students get uniform, educational kit

and daily break-fast. With these facility students also get Rs. 100

stipend. Medical check up is done every month. With continuous

motivation of Shri. Sanjeevji Patil, Library and other facilities are

developed for them. Different activities are conducted for the students

on various occasions.

Various students of the centre has completed their S. S. C. and

H. S. C. education, some of them are Miss. Shaikh Farina Rajesaheb and

Miss. Amale Fatima Nizam. Ravindra Nagtilak come first in drawing

competition conducted by NGO Child Line and Jagdevi Sadashiv

Randive had scored 2nd Position.

Dr. G. B. Gawade from Ambekar Labor Research institute

visited the project. It was impressed by the noble work and had taken

total responsibility of one student Miss. Ravina Sanjay Mane.

Principal Sitaram Gosavi with valuable support From Co-

ordinator Mr. V. U. Tadwalkar and Respected Sanjeev Patil and Sou.

Ulkatai Sanjeev Patil, try hard to give their best to the centre.

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Children orphanages in Solapur

There are a number of bodies that take care of the children in the city of

Solapur. They furnish all essential things like food, place to survive,

education, sports & games; and of all this they provide really like which

they have neglected to get from the family. This is a place where little

ones come because they are missed but make many good friends and

enjoy life to the fullest. Instructing will not just bring a change; kids also

learn good worth in life and make a big group of friends here.

Companionship is what the older people lose when deserted by

their families. There would be lot of hope rested in their young ones, to

take care of them when they are old. The feeling to spend their evening

with grand children spreads in their heart. But when all this does not

come about and their aspirations are tossed, it makes them feel left

alone. The case is much more problematic if only one of the soulmates

exist. And that is why a lot of of them come to old age. Are they happy

here? They absolutely are happy because they find new friends and

make new friendships though the blood relationship is always the best.

Each one is helpful to each other. However there are some old home and

child cares that are income minded. It is better to rule them out and start

looking for orphanages where there is an heart and soul of tranquility

every second you live.

Though it is hard to consider on leaving parents in old age homes, with

the latest chosen lifestyle that we lead, it becomes just about mandatory

to do this so that at least they have another person to take care of them

while you are busy working and raising your family. At the same time it

is important to realize exactly which place you are looking for to leave

your parent(s) since many places are reported as not taking care of the

elderly people. If you are looking for good orphanages in Solapur

207

contact us; and we will assist you find the best place for your loved

ones.

Concluding Remarks :-

Children are like mirror, who reflect the future image of a nation. If any

body wants to know a nation, he should see its children. Children are not

only the future of any nation but also strength in reserve for a nation.

They are the crops which feed the future. If they are healthy and active,

educated and informed, disciplined and trained, the future of a nation is

well insured, and if they are wanting in the above aspects the future of a

nation is doomed to disaster. Labour is worship, no doubt, but it must be

expected from and exacted upon these who are fit for it. Misplaced

labour is dangerous to one who does it and to those who gets the fruits

out of it. History is replete with instances when nations have come up or

gone down the basis of the treatment the younger generation got the

hands of those in the saddle.

References:-

1. Desai.D.K, And Patel.N.T. (1986), “Agricultural Research

Management, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

2. Bhar, B.K. (1969), “A Hand Book of Labour Laws: Academic

Publishers, Calcutta.

3. Kaur Rajbuns, (1984), Agricultural Pricing Policies in Developing

Countries, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

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4. Giri.V.V, (1970), “Labour Problems In Indian Industries, Asia

Publishing House. Bombay.

5. Dr. Gadgil. R.: (1995) Solapur City; Socio-economic Studies,

Gokhale Institute of Public and Economics, Asia Publication House,

Bombay.

6. Government of Maharashtra: Solapur District Socio-Economic

Survey, Economic and Statistics Department, Government Central

Press, Bombay, 1995-96.

7. Kakade. R.G, :A Socio- Economic Survey of Weaving Communities

in Sholapur, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, 1953.

8. Kukarni. G.P. :Solapur Nagarpalika Centenary Book Aryabhushan

Publication, Pune, 1953.