PROJECT ON:

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY IN FARAMJI CHALI BEHIND BARODA RAILWAY STATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In reference of our Block Placement IN VIKAS JYOT TRUST WE

would like to thank Mrs. Vijaymala thite madam, Mr.Tarakh divetya sir,

Mrs. Rooma Bhatt and all the other staff members of VIKAS JYOT for

providing us the opportunity to work under street children project and

become a part of their organization and activities and to learn working

for these children and arrange activities for them through which we

learn various skills that will be useful to us in our career as an HR

professional and continuously guiding us and teaching us in very difficult

situation and problem required. We are also thankful to the community

resources that have helped us in our activities. We are also grateful to

Anand Institute of Social Work for providing us the opportunity to work

in Vikas Jyot which has been helping me in developing skills that would

shape my career as an HR professional.

Socioeconomic Status

Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. The field is often considered multidisciplinary, using theories and methods from sociology, economics, history, psychology, and many others. It has emerged as a separate field of study in the late twentieth century. In many cases, however, socioeconomists focus on the social impact of some sort of economic change. Such changes might include a closing factory, market manipulation, the signing of international trade treaties, new natural gas regulation, etc. Such social effects can be wide-ranging in size, anywhere from local effects on a small community to changes to an entire society.

Examples of causes of socioeconomic impacts include new technologies such as cars or mobile phones, changes in laws, changes in the physical environment (such as increasing crowding within cities), and ecological changes (such as prolonged drought or declining fish stocks] These may affect patterns of consumption, the distribution of incomes and wealth, the way in which people behave (both in terms of purchase decisions and the way in which they choose to spend their time), and the overall quality of life.

The goal of socioeconomic study is generally to bring about socioeconomic development, usually in terms of improvements in metrics such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy, levels of employment, etc

Although harder to measure, changes in less-tangible factors are also considered, such as personal dignity, freedom of association, personal safety and freedom from fear of physical harm, and the extent of participation incivil society

Socioeconomics -

Examples of causes of socioeconomic impacts include new technologies such as cars or mobile phones, changes in laws, changes in the physical environment of etc...

Socioeconomic status: Introduction

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation. When analyzing a family’s SES, the household income earners' education and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, versus with an individual, when their own attributes are assessed.

Socioeconomic status is typically broken into three categories, high SES, middle SES, and low SES to describe the three areas a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories any or all of the three variables (income, education, and occupation) can be assessed.

A fourth variable, wealth, may also be examined when determining socioeconomic status.

Additionally, low income and little education have shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems, ranging from respiratory viruses, arthritis, coronary disease, and schizophrenia.

1. Main factor:

1.1 Income

Income refers to wages, salaries, profits, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also come in the form of unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interests or dividends, royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financial assistance.

Income can be looked at in two terms, relative and absolute. Absolute income, as theorized by economist John Maynard Keynes, is the relationship in which as income increases, so will consumption, but not at the same rate.Relative income dictates a person or family’s savings and consumption based on the family’s income in relation to others. Income is a commonly used measure of SES because it is relatively easy to figure for most individuals.

Income inequality is most commonly measured around the world by the Gini coefficient, where 0 corresponds to perfect equality and 1 means perfect inequality. Economic inequality in the US is on the rise, leaving low income families struggling in society. Low income families focus on meeting immediate needs and do not accumulate wealth that could be passed on to future

generations, thus increasing inequality. Families with higher and expendable income can accumulate wealth and focus on meeting immediate needs while being able to consume and enjoy luxuries and weather crises.

This graph shows the differences in income between the top and bottom income earners.

Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. Washington, DC:

1.2 Education

Educational attainment is preferable to analyze for SES because it can be figured for all individuals. A person’s educational attainment is considered to be the highest level (grade or degree) of education they have completed.

Education also plays a role in income. Median earnings increase with each level of education. As conveyed in the chart, the highest degrees, professional and doctoral degrees, make the highest weekly earnings while those without a high school diploma are financially penalized. Higher levels of education are associated with better economic and psychological outcomes (i.e.: more income, more control, and greater social support and networking).

This graph depicts wages and salaries of full time employees by their educational achievement.]

Education plays a major role in skill sets for acquiring jobs, as well as specific qualities that stratify people with higher SES from lower SES. Annette Lareau speaks on the idea of concerted cultivation, where middle class parents take an active role in their children’s education and development by using controlled organized activities and fostering a sense of entitlement through encouraged discussion. Laureau argues that families with lower income do not

participate in this movement, causing their children to have a sense of constraint. A division in education attainment is thus born out of these two differences in child rearing. In theory, lower income families have children who do not succeed to the levels of the middle income children, who feel entitled, are argumentative, and better prepared for adult life.

1.3 Occupation

Occupational prestige as one component of SES, encompasses both income and educational attainment. Occupational status reflects the educational attainment required to obtain the job and income levels that vary with different jobs and within ranks of occupations. Additionally, it shows achievement in skills required for the job. Occupational status measures social position by describing job characteristics, decision making ability and control, and psychological demands on the job.

Occupations are ranked by the Census (among other organizations) and opinion polls from the general population are surveyed. Some of the most prestigious occupations are physicians and surgeons, lawyers, chemical and biomedical engineers, computer support specialists, and communications analysts. These jobs, considered to be grouped in the high SES classification, provide more challenging work and ability and greater control over working conditions. Those jobs with lower rankings were food preparation workers, counter attendants, bartenders and helpers, dishwashers, janitors, maids and housekeepers, vehicle cleaners, and parking lot attendants. The jobs that were less valued were also paid significantly less and are more laborious,very hazardous, and provide less autonomy.

Occupation is the most difficult factor to measure because so many exist, and there are so many competing scales. Many scales rank occupations based on the level of skill involved, from unskilled to skilled manual labor to professional, or use a combined measure using the education level needed and income involved.

2 Other variables

2.1 Wealth

Wealth, a set of economic reserves or assets, presents a source of security providing a measure of a household's ability to meet emergencies, absorb economic shocks, or provide the means to live comfortably. Wealth reflects intergenerational transitions as well as accumulation of income and savings.

Income, age, marital status, family size, religion, occupation, and education are all predictors for wealth attainment.

The wealth gap, like income inequality, is very large in the United States. There exists a racial wealth gap due in part to income disparities and differences in achievement. According to Thomas Shapiro, differences in savings (due to different rates of incomes), inheritance factors, and discrimination in the housing market lead to the racial wealth gap. Shapiro claims that savings increase with increasing income, but African Americans cannot participate in this, because they make significantly less than whites. Additionally, rates of inheritance dramatically differ between African Americans and whites. The amount a person inherits, either during a lifetime or after death, can create different starting points between two different individuals or families. These different starting points also factor into housing, education, and employment discrimination. A third reason Shapiro offers for the racial wealth gap are the various discriminations African Americans must face, like redlining and higher interest rates in the housing market. These types of discrimination feed into the other reasons why African Americans end up having different starting points and therefore fewer assets.

This graph shows the percentages of wealth in the United States in 2001.]

Psychological factors

A study published in the December 2008 journal of Psychological Science found that children of parents with a high socioeconomic status tended to express more "disengagement" behaviors than their less fortunate peers. In this

context, disengagement behaviors represents actions such as fidgeting with other objects and drawing pictures while being addressed. Other participants born into less favored circumstances tended to make more eye contact, head nods and signs of happiness when put into an interactive social environment. Authors hypothesize that the more fortuitous peers felt less inclined to gain rapport with their group because they saw no need for their assistance in the future.

FAMILIES SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

A family's socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community (such as contacts within the community, group associations, and the community's perception of the family), note Demarest, Reisner, Anderson, Humphrey, Farquhar, and Stein (1993). Families with high socioeconomic status often have more success in preparing their young children for school because they typically have access to a wide range of resources to promote and support young children's development. They are able to provide their young children with high-quality child care, books, and toys to encourage children in various learning activities at home. Also, they have easy access to information regarding their children's health, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive development. In addition, families with high socioeconomic status often seek out information to help them better prepare their young children for school.

Crnic and Lamberty (1994) discuss the impact of socioeconomic status on children's readiness for school:

"The segregating nature of social class, ethnicity, and race may well reduce the variety of enriching experiences thought to be prerequisite for creating readiness to learn among children. Social class, ethnicity, and race entail a set of 'contextual givens' that dictate neighborhood, housing, and access to resources that affect enrichment or deprivation as well as the acquisition of specific value systems."

Ramey and Ramey (1994) describe the relationship of family socioeconomic status to children's readiness for school:

"Across all socioeconomic groups, parents face major challenges when it comes to providing optimal care and education for their children. For families in poverty, these challenges can be formidable. Sometimes, when basic necessities are lacking, parents must place top priority on

housing, food, clothing, and health care. Educational toys, games, and books may appear to be luxuries, and parents may not have the time, energy, or knowledge to find innovative and less-expensive ways to foster young children's development.

Even in families with above-average incomes, parents often lack the time and energy to invest fully in their children's preparation for school, and they sometimes face a limited array of options for high-quality child care--both before their children start school and during the early school years. Kindergarten teachers throughout the country report that children are increasingly arriving at school inadequately prepared."

RESULTS OF LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON FAMILIES

Families with low socioeconomic status often lack the financial, social, and educational supports that characterize families with high socioeconomic status. Poor families also may have inadequate or limited access to community resources that promote and support children's development and school readiness. Parents may have inadequate skills for such activities as reading to and with their children, and they may lack information about childhood immunizations and nutrition. Zill, Collins, West, and Hausken (1995) state that "low maternal education and minority-language status are most consistently associated with fewer signs of emerging literacy and a greater number of difficulties in preschoolers." Having inadequate resources and limited access to available resources can negatively affect families' decisions regarding their young children's development and learning. As a result, children from families with low socioeconomic status are at greater risk of entering kindergarten unprepared than their peers from families with median or high socioeconomic status.

RESULTS OF LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF CHILDREN

Children from families with low socioeconomic status make up a disproportionate number of those most at-risk for school failure (Knapp & Shields, 1990). These children often begin kindergarten with "significantly less

implicit linguistic knowledge of books, as compared to well-read-to kindergartners" state Purcell-Gates, McIntyre, and Freppon (1995, p. 659).

Although children of low socioeconomic status may begin school with significantly different experiences and skills than their middle-class peers, research indicates that these children can catch up. In a study of kindergartners and first graders, Purcell-Gates, McIntyre, and Freppon (1995) found that by the end of first grade, those children who began school with less knowledge of books had caught up to their more-read-to peers.

Children from families of low socioeconomic status often attend schools facing other problems attributed to at-risk students. These schools typically have many students with high mobility rates, severe behavioral and emotional problems, and limited English proficiency. In addition, children of low socioeconomic status may come from culturally diverse backgrounds (Knapp & Shields, 1990).

AIM OF CONDUCTING SURVEY:-

I f we want to have clean cities in near future, the studies of slums are not only important but demand of time also. Therefore a sample area has been randomly taken for the socio-economic study. The parameters for demarcation slums are family composition , water supply condition, sanitation and road, health factor , migration , employment, housing condition, sufficient living area ,women empowerment.

To sum up, the study reveals that a particular caste resides in a particular slum and these castes are related to either Hindu, Marathi, Tribe. The slums lack with water, sanitation, road facility and it also denotes that the slum dwellers are unaware of programs launched by the Government.

Objective of the Study: -

Every citizen has the right to live in a good living condition with employment, safety and other facilities. If any area left undeveloped, creates

crisis in the mode of crime, unsocial activities, uneducated and unaware persons, low-level living condition, inadequate housing condition, unmoral citizens and unhealthy children with the unhealthy future of city and country.

Now governments aware of the slum Beasties of cities and launched many programmes to improve the condition of slum dwellers and his proficiency. But the game does not over, commonly seen that unregistered slums site over Urban Fringe area or at inner border of city, because of special spatial condition policies never imposed its effect in full fledged from. In city area, which is defined by the municipality area, plans take its own time to produce its impacts.

Since, slums are present before the executions of development plans; therefore many problems stand in front of city and the citizens in form of crime, violence, poverty etc. These causes also exist in the study area. The objective behind the study aimed at to evaluate the socio-economic condition and to access the impact of government programmes upon slum dwellers of faramji medan.

SLUM PROFILE :-Introduction of slum:-

A slum as defined by the united nation Agency UN-HABITAT is a run – down area of a city characterised by sub standard housing & squalor &lacking in tenure security.

Slums are the products of failed policies, bad governance, corruption, inappropriate regulations, and unresponsive financial system.

The characteristics associated with slums vary from place to place to place. Slum are usually characterised by urban decay, high rate of poverty & unemployment. They are commonly seen as “breeding grounds” for social problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, high rates of mental illness and suicide. In many poor countries, they exhibit high rates of disease due to unsanitary conditions, malnutrition & lack of basic health care.

Living conditions have a direct impact on public health. One of the biggest challenges that face urban planners worldwide is the proliferation of slums in urban areas and the host ofHealth hazards that they bring along in their wake.

CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF SLUM

The concept of slums and its definition vary from country to country depending upon the socio-economic conditions of society. The basic characteristics of slums are - dilapidated and infirm housing structures, poor ventilation, acute over-crowding, faulty alignment of streets, inadequate lighting, paucity of safe drinking water, water logging during rains, absence of toilet facilities and non-availability of basic physical and social services. The living conditions in slums are usually unhygienic and contrary to all norms of planned urban growth and are an important factor in accelerating transmission of various air and water borne diseases. The legal definition however differs from State to State. ‘Slums’ have been defined under Section 3 of the Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 as areas where buildings - are in any respect unfit for human habitation; are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any combination of

these factors which are detrimental to safety, health and morals. Census of India 2001 has adopted the definition of ‘Slum’ areas as follows: -

(i) All areas notified as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT Administration under any Act;(ii) All areas recognised as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT Administration, which have not been formally notified as slum under any Act;(ii) A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.

The PROBLEMS concerning the slums are as follows:

1) Lack of sanitary condition:-Poor sanitation condition and quality of water lead to illness like diarhorea & other water borne diseases affecting the life expectancy of slums dwellers. According to recent case study, water & sanitation diseases are responsible for 60% of environmental health. Among water bore diseases diarrhoea dispropotionately affects children under the age of five. Poor health among children adversely affects the attendance rate of school. In dense, overcrowded urban conditions it is often difficult for people to find space to build latrins. Many have to defecate in open or share whatever limited facilities are available which tend to offer no privacy, safety or hygiene.

2) Child labour:-Many children in slums start work at an early age with no prospect of getting any education. They make money by rag picking, selling news papers in traffic jams, peddling drugs or begging. They are at risk of exploitation as well as all the health problems that accompany their life style.

3) Internal & external corruption:-Some people manage to achieve a high status within slums and establish themselves as slum lords. They are often allies of certain politicians & gain control of sizable chunks of the community land. By renting out the

land, they make huge financial gains while everyone living in the slum struggles to survive on their earnings. The sheer volume of people living in slums causes them to be obvious targets for politicians wanting to increase their votes. Slum inhabitants are often promised all kinds of support and improvements in return for political allegiance , but their trust is regularly abused.

4) Gender inequality:-Female babies in the slums of India can face discrimination & poor treatment from their very first movements , if they are given a chance of life at all, although gender specific abortion is illegal in India , it is still practiced in some place. Boys tend to be healthier as they are given better food in graterr quantities & they are also more likely to be sent to school. In contrast, girls are seen as a drain on precious resources as they will one day get married & their comtribution towards the family will end. To make up for this, they are forced to work from an early age & any ambitions regarding scholling or future careers are discouraged.

HISTORY OF SLUM

The slum rooted before 1994. It is located behind Baroda Railway station. The area of slum is called as faramji medan. Due to urbanisation people from various states came here in search of job. They are mostly farmers and unskilled labourers. Due to good opportunity provided in this city people started migrating from rural area to urban area and they prefered to stay here only. Due to low and unstable income they do not own any land so they started building huts and tents. They don’t have any owned land and neither have money to buy it. The area where people of slum are living is not legal therefore they lack with electricity sanitation and other facilities. The reason behind this is migration of people. The people keep on migrating due to various reasons such as for getting proper job & education, to make their living standard high etc. These migrators are mostly from various states of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chennai etc. few of them have migrated from

Dahod , Halol , & Kalol. They are stable at this slum because of their job and business. The people get work easily at railway station like selling pouches, chain repairing, mason work, job at canteens etc. They are unaware about their rights because they are uneducated and remain aloof from any government facilities and schemes as they are living illegally on govt.land. Govt. has various schemes for slum dwellers but this population cannot get benefits of these schemes. The population of slum is living below the poverty line. The children of this slum are mostly child labour. For the prevention of child labour and solving the problems of street children the N.G.O. named VIKAS JYOT TRUST is working for them since 1994. It works for the development of street children & slum dwellers.

PARAMETERS OF STUDY:1) Population:-

In FARAMJI MEDAN, the total population is 220. Among this, the slum population is 108. Out of 108, 53 are male and 55 are female. The population of basti is 112, amongst which 55 are male and 57 are female. This is narrated in tabulated form as under:

FARAMJI CHALI MALE FEMALE TOTAL

SLUM 53 55 108BASTI 55 57 112TOTAL 108 112 220

Caste:-

Categories Slum Ghetto

SC 7 8ST 1 3SEBC 16 1General 3 12

Slum population contains large proportion of SC , ST, SEBC category & very less proportion of general category. where as basti population contains small proportion of SC , ST , SEBC category & large Proportion of general category.

2) Literacy rate among the slum population:-

Slum Children Adolescence Adult Old Total Pre primary 1 1Primary 4 2 2 3 11Secondary 3 1 4Higher secondary

1 1

Collage (Bechlour)Collage (master)Total 4 6 4 3 17

Faramji chali

Children Adolescence Adult Old Total

Pre primary 1 1Primary 3 9 12 2 26Secondary 12 15 1 28Higher secondary

5 7 1 13

College (Bachlor)

2 2

College (master)

1 1

Total 4 26 37 4 71

The literacy rate of slum population is quite less compared to faramji’s chali population. The adolescence & adults of basti are educated than adolescence & adults of slum.

3) Type of houses:-

There are mostly huts and kachcha house in faramaji medan. Few people in faramaji chali has pakka house but we observed even kachcha house over there.

Type of house

Faramji’s Chali

Hut kaccha Semi-Pakka Pakka

Slum 27 - - -

Ghetto - - 24 -

4) Ownership pattern :-

Faramji’s chali Rent Own-house Other(Illegal)

Slum - - 27

Ghetto 24 - -

The slum population usually in huts built illegally on the govt. land .

The basti population mostly prefers staying in semi pakka house provided to them under the govt. schemes.

5) No. Of huts:-

Faramji’s chali No.of huts/houses

Slum 35

Ghetto 30

The slum has total 35 huts from which we have taken 27 huts as our sample for conducting the socio economic survey.

The basti has total 30 houses from which we have taken 24 as sample in the data collection.

6) Education facility:-

Slum children do not have facility of school for education in vicinity of their dwellings. So, they do not have to go at a distance for education which is not preferred by their parents nor they can afford to. Such circumstances lead street children to become child labour. To prevent the encouragement of becoming child labour, Vikas Jyot Trust works. They help street children in getting school admission. Basti children avail education facility as most of the parents are educated having govt.job. So, basti children are being encouraged by their parents for education.

7) Govt.scheme:-

Slum people dwell on the govt. Land illegally. They are not aware of schemes / facilities provided by govt. Basti people being educated avail the facilities / schemes provided by govt.

8) Business concerned:-

The business of slums population are mostly concerned with Masson work, rag picking, sweeping, washing utensils at hotel, cook at hotel, servant, begging at temple, selling pouch & chain repairing at railway station, selling vegetables. Very few of them has stable job. So, they can earn very less amount of income from this kinds of business.The business of basti people are concerned with the stable job at bank & railway department, job of electrician, Masson work, rickshaw driving. Few of them have private shops for getting regular

& stable income. So, we can say that the standard of living of basti population is high compared to slum people.

9) Life style:-

The people of slum are lacking source of regular income lives their life below poverty line. Hence their living standards is low.The basti people are educated & having regular source of income , their living standard is better than slum people.

10) Availability of drinking water:-

DRINKING WATER FACILITY

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum - 27

Ghetto 24 -

SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Faramji’s chali

Hand pump Railway station

Neighbour Other

Slum - 15 12 -

Ghetto - - - 24

Drinking water is the basic need of human life. The slum people do not have drinking facility provided by govt. They have to bring drinking water from rail way station or neighbour.

While basti population have their own water connection in the house provided under govt.schemes.

11) Availability of electricity:-

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum - 27

Ghetto 24 -

Slum people do not have legal electric supply as their huts are built illegally & hence they used lamps in the night.Basti people have legal electric supply under legal govt. schemes.

12) Availibility of toilet facility:-

Faramji’s chali Private Public Open-defecation

Slum - - 27

Ghetto 24 - -

Slum people staying in single roomed huts don’t have toilet facility. Where as basti people having their dwelling units covered under govt. schemes have private toilets in their house with closed drainage facility.

13) Availability of drainage facility:-

Faramji’s chali Open Closed

Slum 27 -

Ghetto - 24

Slum people do not have closed drainage facility as they are living in a single room only that to illegally on govt. land. They create open drainage around their huts in in-hygenic way because they can not afford to spend on closed drainage.Basti people having their legal dwelling units under govt.schemes have the advantage of closed drainage provided under govt.schemes. As such they live hygienically.

14) Type of fuel used for cooking:-

COOKING FUEL

Faramji’s chali

Kerosene Wood LPG Cow dug

Slum 1 26 - -

Ghetto 4 3 17 -

Most of the slum people use wood as a fuel for making food and other used in kitchen. Rare of them possess the facility of kerosene or gas in the kitchen.Most of the basti people possess the facility of kerosene or gas connection in their kitchen. Very less people are use wood in the kitchen.

15) NUMBER OF ROOM IN THE HOUSE:-

Faramji’s chali

1 Room 1 Room + Kitchen 2 Room + Kitchen

Slum 27 - -

Ghetto - 23 1

Most of the Slum people stay illegally on govt. land or riverbank. So, with a very little space they build huts having single room in row having no ventilation except door opening. This causes in-hygenic stay. Basti people taking advantage of govt. scheme, having their dwellings with some planning that they have at least one room & separate kitchen with to some extent good ventilation. This is the reason that they are more healthy then slum people.

16) Availability of entertainment facility :-Very rare slum families have the facility of entertainment like radio & television where as almost all basti families have radio , television etc as an entertainment facility.

17) Addictions:-

Faramji’s chali

Smoking Alcohol Pan-padiki White-ink Dietary habits

Slum 12 3 17 2 -

Ghetto 7 3 2 1 -

People in the slum are addicted to smoking , alcohol drinking , chewing pan-padiki & using white ink. Despite low income people can not control their bad habbits of spending on addiction. Such addiction becomes the reasons mal nutrition of slum children.

While people in the basti are being educated control their addiction to smoking, alcohol drinking, chewing pan-padiki & using white ink. They spend very less on addiction compared to slum people. By doing so they can manage to breed their children with good education and some facilities for entertainment compared to slum children.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Every city has two types of slum areas i.e registered and unregistered. Slum

of faramji medan is unregistered slum and faramji chali is registered slum.

The parameters for demarcating the slum are water supply condition,

sanitation,health and hygiene factors, migration, women empowerment ,

literacy rate etc.

The study focuses on knowing the socio-economic status of people residing

in faramji chali near railway staion of Baroda.

Research Design:-

The technique used was questionnaire to derive the answers and opinion

on different aspects. Questions included in the questionnaire are close

ended only.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

Universe:The universe of the study was the total number of families

residing in that area.

Sample Size:

For the purpose of the study 27 families of slum of residing on faramji

medan and 25 families of faramji chali are selected as sample.

Sampling Technique:

For the purpose of selecting the sample for the study, the Simple Random

Sampling Technique method was adopted. Randomly sample was selected

for the study of total 52 families were selected as sample for the study

Tools of data collection:-

Questionnaire is used as a suitable tool for study.

DATA ANALYSIS OFSOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

TABLE 1- MONTHLY INCOME OF RESPONDENTS

Income groups Slum Basti

0-2000 44.44% 8.33%2000-4000 44.44% 41.67%4000-6000 11.11% 16.67%6000-8000 - 8.33%

8000-10000 - 12.5%10000-12000 - 4.17%12000-14000 - -14000-16000 - 4.17%16000-18000 - 4.17%

Slum

0-20002000-40004000-60006000-80008000-1000010000-1200012000-1400014000-1600016000-18000

Basti

0-20002000-40004000-60006000-80008000-1000010000-1200012000-1400014000-1600016000-18000

Here we can see that the income of people living in the slums come in category of 0-6000. Most of people have income between 0-4000 in slum area. While in the Basti, there are people whose income belongs in all categories. Most of people have 2000-4000 income in Basti.

AGE

Age Group Slum(107)

Basti (113)

Children(0-10) Male 11.11% 3.53%Female 15.89% 4.67%

Adolescent (11-20) Male 10.28% 15.89%Female 8.41% 16.82%

Adult (21-45) Male 20.56% 30.84%Female 25.23% 28.04%

Old age (>45) Male 5.61% 1.87%Female 2.80% 3.74%

Children(0-10) Adolescent(11-20) Adult(21-45) Old Age(>45)0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

MaleFemale

SLUM

Children(0-10) Adolescent(11-20) Adult(21-45) Old Age(>45)0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

MaleFemale

BASTI

In the slum and Basti, there are more number of adult people (21-45) are seen. The people above 45 years are being seen very less. In the slum, there are more number of children (0-10) as compared to Basti.

LITERACY RATE

Educational Background

Slum Basti

Pre primary 1% 1%

Primary 10% 23%

Secondary 4% 25%

Higher secondary 1% 12%

Collage (Bachelor) - 2%

Collage (master) - 1%

Total 16% 64%

preprim

ary

primar

y

seco

ndary

higher

seco

ndary

colle

ge(b

achelo

re)

colle

ge(m

aste

rs)0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

slumbasti

There are 107 people who live in the slum area of faramji’s chali. But from all only 16% took education. Most of people took primary education only.

In the basti, there are 117 people. From that 64% took education. It’s good and there is more number of people who took primary and secondary education in the basti.

When we compared slum and basti of faramji’s chali, there is very high rate of literacy in the basti than slum.

IN BASTI

Faramji chali Children Adolescence Adult Old Total

Pre primary 1 1

Primary 3 9 12 2 26

Secondary 12 15 1 28

Higher secondary 5 7 1 13

Collage (Bechlour) 2 2

Collage (master) 1 1

Total 4 26 37 4 71

CASTE

Categories Slum Basti

SC 29.17% 33.33%ST 3.70% 12.50%

SEBC 59.26% 4.17%General 11.11% 50%

Slum

SCSTSEBCGeneral

BASTI

SCSTSEBCGeneral

More number of people belongs to SEBC category in the slum while more number of people belongs to general category in the Basti. In both areas SC category people are also seen.

OCCUPATION

Occupation Slum(52)

Basti(50)

Meson work 53.8% 8%

Rag-picker 5.76% -Working in hotel 1.92% 8%

Servant 7.69% 14%Chain repairing 1.92% -

Vendor 1.92% -worker 11.54% -Beggar 11.54% -

Working at parking of railway station

3.84% -

Government job - 32%Private job - 20%Business - 18%

mes

on work

Rag-p

icker

work

ing

in H

otel

serv

ant

chai

n repai

rer

vendor

work

er

begga

r

parki

ng at

railw

ay st

ation

gove

rnm

ent j

ob

privat

e jo

b

Busines

s0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

SlumBasti

In the slum, most of people are engaged in the meson work while in the Basti, most of people are engaged in government job, private job and own business.

OTHER SOURCE OF INCOME

Faramji’s chali

Other source of income

Agriculture Poultry House rent Other None

Slum 18.52% - - 3.70% 77.78%

Basti 4.17% - - - 95.83%

SLUM

AGRICULTURE POULTRY

HOUSE RENT OTHER

NONE

BASTI

AGRICULTUREPOULTRYHOUSE RENTOTHERNONE

People of slum area have income of agriculture and other but very less and it is seen rarely in the people of Basti. hardly 1 person have other source of income i.e. from agriculture.

RATION CARD

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 29.63% 70.37%

Basti 83.33% 16.67%

Most of all people living in basti have ration card but it is very less in the people of slum area as compared to people living in basti.

Slum

YESNO

BASTI

YESNO

VOTING CARD

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 29.63% 70.37%

Basti 87.50% 12.50%

Slum

YESNO

BASTI

YESNO

Most of all people living in basti have voting card but it is very less in the people of slum area as compared to people living in basti.

CATEGORY

Faramji’s chali BPL APL

Slum 44.44% -

Basti 4.17% 95.83%

BPL APL0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Slum

Sllum

BPL APL0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

BASTI

Sllum

Most of all people living in basti have belongs to APL category the people of slum area are belong to BPL category and some are below than that. None from the slum area belong to APL category.

VEHICLES

Faramji’s chali Cycle Two-wheeler Rickshaw

Slum 3.70% - -

Basti 54.17% 25% 4.17%

slum basti0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

4.00%

Slum

Sllum

CYCLE TWO WHEELER RICKSHAW0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

BASTI

Sllum

People living in basti have vehicles. Most of them have cycle. Most of all have it but in the slum very less people have cycle and others don’t have anything.

TABLE 2- HOUSING CONDITIONS

TYPE OF HOUSE

Type of house

Faramji’s Chali

Hut kaccha Semi-Pakka Pakka

Slum 100% - - -

Basti - 8.33% 91.67% -

Slum

HutKacchaSemi-PakkaPakka

Basti

HutKacchaSemi-PakkaPakka

In the slum, all people live in the hut while in the basti, people live in the semi-pakka house. There are very less people in the basti live in the kaccha house.

STAYING ON….

Faramji’s chali Rent Own-house Other(Illegal)

Slum - - 100%

Basti 100% - -

Slum

RentOwn HouseOther(Illegal)

Basti

RentOwn HouseOther(Illegal)

In the slum, people live illegally while people of basti live on rent of 5Rs. at basti. None of them have their own house.

NUMBER OF ROOM IN THE HOUSE…..

Faramji’s chali 1 Room 1 Room + Kitchen 2 Room + Kitchen

Slum 100% - -

Basti - 95.83% 4.17%

Slum

1 room1 room+kitrchen2 room+kitrchen

Basti

1 room1 room+kitrchen2 room+kitrchen

People of slum area live only in 1 Room kitchen while most of people of basti live in 1Room+kitchen and very less in the basti live in 2Room+kitchen.

3. SANITARY CONDITIONS

VENTILATION FACILITY IN THE KITCHEN….

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum - 100%

Basti 100% -

Slum

YESNO

Basti

YESNO

There is no ventilation facility in the slum area but it is available in the Basti as all have semi pakka house.

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum - 100%

Basti 100% -

Slum

YESNO

Basti

YESNO

There is no electricity supply in the slum area but it is available in the basti as it is legal area.

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum - 100%

Basti 100% -

Slum

YESNO

Basti

YESNO

In the slum area, the supply of drinking water is not available while in the Basti, the supply of drinking water is available.

SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Faramji’s chali

Hand pump Railway station

Neighbor Other

Slum - 55.56% 44.44% -

Basti - - - 100%

slum

Hand pumpRailwaystationneighborother

Basti

Hand pumpRailwaystationneighborother

The people of slum area bring water from railway station and from neighbor. The people of Basti have been provided by Municipality of Baroda.

TOILET FACILITY

Faramji’s chali Private Public Open-defecation

Slum - - 100%

Basti 100% - -

Slum

privatepublicopen defection

Basti

privatepublicopen defection

In the slum area, there is no facility defecation. They used open defecation. While in the basti all have private defecation facility.

DRAINAGE FACILITY

Faramji’s chali Open Closed

Slum 100% -

Basti - 100%

slum

openclosed

Basti

openclosed

Drainage facility in the slum area is open while it is closed in the Basti.

COOKING FUEL

Faramji’s chali

Kerosene Wood LPG Cow dug

Slum 3.70% 96.30% - -

Basti 16.67% 12.50% 70.83% -

Slum

kerosenewoodLPGCOW DUG

Basti

kerosenewoodLPGCOW DUG

In the slum area, most of people use wood for cooking purpose. In the basti, most of people use LPG for cooking purpose. None use cow dug for cooking.

GARBAGE DISPOSAL FACILITY

Faramji’s chali Open Closed

Slum 100% -

Basti 79.19% 20.83%

slum

openclosed

Basti

openclosed

In slum area, there is open garbage disposal facility. Same for the basti also but some have closed garbage disposal facility. They showed dustbin at their home.

RAW VEGETABLES AND FRUIT PROCUREMENT SOURCE

Faramji’s chali Kichen garden Market Other

Slum - 100% -

Basti - 100% -

slum

Kitchen gardenmarket

Basti

Kitchen gardenmarket

In both area people brought vegetables from the market place only. None have kitchen garden and any other source to bring vegetables.

3. HEALTH FACTORS

IMMUNISATION OF CHILDREN

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 37.04% 62.96%

Basti 29.17% 70.83%

slum

yesno

Basti

yesno

In slum and basti most of people have children who are above 11years so their parents don’t prefer immunization for them.

IN CASE OF ILLNASE

Faramji’s chali Consult Doctor Home Remedies

Slum 96.30% 3.70%

Basti 95.83% 4.17%

slum

consult doctorhome remedies

Basti

consult doctorhome remedies

In both areas, in case of illness, mostly all of them preferred to consult a doctor. There is a single family in both area who preferred home remedies in case of illness.

IF CONSULT A DOCTOR THEN IN WHICH HOSPITAL

Faramji’s chali

Civil Hospital

Private Hospital

Government Hospital

Government + Private

Hospital

None

Slum 33.33% 11.11% 37.04% 14.81% 3.70%

Basti 20.83% 54.17% 25% - -

slum

civil hospitalprivate hospitalgovt.hospitalgovt.+private hospitalnone

Basti

civil hospitalprivate hospitalgovt.hospitalgovt.+private hospitalnone

In the slum, most of people preferred government and civil hospital during illness while in the basti, most of people preferred private hospital during illness.

DELIVERY OF CHILDREN IN….

Faramji’s chali Hospital Health care Home

Slum 40.74% 40.74% 14.81%

Basti 91.67% - 8.33%

hospital heallthcare home0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

Slum

Series 1

hospital heallthcare home0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Basti

ghetto

The delivery of children is done in both places at Hospital mostly at both place but in the slum there is also people who preferred delivery of children at home. It is less in the Basti.

HAVING DOMESTIC ANIMAL OR NOT….

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 3.70% 96.30%

Basti - 100%

slum

yesno

Basti

yesno

In both place-slum and basti, most of people don’t have domestic animal. In the slum there is only single family have domestic animal i.e. cat.

ANY OF THE FAMILY MEMBERS ADDICTED TO….

Faramji’s chali

Smoking Alcohol Pan-padiki White-ink Dietary habits

Slum 44.44% 11.11% 62.96% 7.40% -

Basti 29.16% 12.50% 8.33% 4.17% -

slum

smokingalchoholpan padikiwhite inkdierty habits

Basti

smokingalchoholpan padikiwhite inkdierty habits

There is high rate of addiction in the slum area rather than basti. In slum most of people are addicted to smoking and pan-padiki. In the basti, most of people are addicted to smoking but less than people of slum area.

HOWMANY TIMES FOOD IS BEING TAKEN

Faramji’s chali Once in a day Twice in a day Thrice in a day

Slum 11.11% 85.19% 7.41%

Basti - 95.83% 4.17%

slum

once in a daytwice in a daythrice in a day

Basti

once in a daytwice in a daythrice in a day

In the slum, there are people who take meal once in a day, twice in a day and thrice in a day but most of people take meal twice in a day.

In Basti, there are people who take meal twice in a day and thrice in a day but none take once in a day. Here also most of people take meal twice in a day.

4. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

PERCEPTION TOWARDS GIRL CHILD….

Faramji’s chali Positive Discouraging

Slum 92.59% 7.41%

Basti 91.67% 8.33%

slum

positivediscouraging

Basti

positivediscouraging

In both area of Faramji’s chali, People have positive perception towards girl child. There are very less people who have discouraging attitude towards girl child.

ARE YOU ASSOCIATED WITH….

Faramji’s chali

Mahila Mandal

NGO Anganwadi Labourer Self-employed

None

Slum - - - 7.40% 92.59% -

Basti - - - - 4.17% 95.83%

slum

mahila mandalngoanganvadilabourerself employednone

Basti

mahila mandalngoanganvadilabourerself employednone

In the slum, most of people are self-employeed while some are labourer. In the Basti very less are self-employeed and most of women are not associated with any of these in the Basti.

DO WOMEN HAVE DECISION MAKING AUTHORITY

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 44.44% 55.56%

Basti 66.67% 33.33%

slum

yesno

Basti

yesno

More number of women in Basti has decision making authority than the women of slum area.

5. MIGRATION

MIGRATION OF FAMILY MEMBER

Faramji’s chali Yes No

Slum 3.70% 96.30%

Basti 16.67% 83.33%

slum

yesno

Basti

yesno

There are very less people in slum and Basti who are migrants. There are more number of people who are permenant in both area.

6. SANITATION OF HOUSE, CLEANLINESS FACTOR AND SURROUNDINGS

Faramji’s chali House swept Garbage thrown around the house

Sweep surrounding area

Yes No Yes No Yes No

Slum 100% - 62.96% 37.04% 74.07% 25.93%

Basti 100% - 50% 50% 87.5% 12.5%

house swept garbge thrown around the house

sweep surrouding area0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

yseno

house swept garbge thrown around the

housesweep surrouding area

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

yseno

From above we can say that all people of basti and slum daily sweep their home. Most of them throw dust outside their home. Very less of them keep dustbin at their home. Mostly all of them keep their surrounding area clean very less of them don’t.

7. OBSERVATIONS

Sr. No.

Observations Faramji’s chaliSlum Basti

1. Personal Hygiene Yes 51.85% 100%No 48.15% -

2. Trimmed and clear nails Yes 25.93% 75%No 74.07% 25%

3. Clothes worn Yes 40.74% 83.33%No 59.26% 16.67%

4. Flies inside the house Yes 96.30% 87.5%No 3.70% 12.5%

5. Stagnant pool of water just outside the house

Yes 92.60% 41.67%No 7.41% 51.85%

personal hygiene trimmed and clear nails

clothes worm files inside the house

stagnant tool of water just out side the house

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

yesno

SLUM

personal hygiene trimmed and clear nails

clothes worm files inside the house

stagnant tool of water just out side the house

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

yesno

BASTI

Through these observations, we can found that the condition of people living in the Basti is much better than the people living in the Slum of Faramji.

CONCLUSION:

To conclude, we can say that a big number of people, known as slum dweller, are forced to live below poverty line. The main reason of their poverty is illiteracy and lack of will power to improve his condition. They always look for government help for debt,relief etc. and wait for them, this type of mentality and government plans make them paralyzed instead of self reliance. They lack behind Good education, health, sanitation and economy. There is no government assistance to them as the place is itself illegal. There is a need to focus on their problem and a strong head and mind to provide them certain assistance. If it so happens, a day will come with a hope for them and the people who are affected by these slum dwellers.

Creating conditions for effective schooling for students who are at-risk and students of low socioeconomic status includes maximizing time on task, holding high expectations, establishing a school climate that is supportive of academic learning, and strengthening parental involvement and support (Knapp & Shields, 1990). (For additional information on educational strategies for at-risk students, refer to the Critical Issues "Providing Effective Schooling for Students at Risk"and "Rethinking Learning for Students at Risk.

References

1. ^ National Center for Educational Statistics. 31 March 2008. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/glossary/s.asp

2. ^ Erica Goode. 13 April. “For Good Health, it Helps to be Rich and Important.” New York Times http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E5DA1230F932A35755C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1

3. ^ Marmot, Michael. 2004. The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity. New York: Owl Books.

4. ^ Werner, Shirli, Malaspina, Dolores, and Rabinowitz, Jonathan. Socioeconomic Status at Birth is Associated with Risk of Schizophrenia: Population-Based Multilevel Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 18 April 2007.

5. ^ Economy professor. 6 April 2008. 6. Socioeconomic status - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Please come improve upon frequency and percentage.meet me on Thursday