CHAPTER IV NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE -...
Transcript of CHAPTER IV NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE -...
CHAPTER IV
NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE
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�Farah Baug Mahal, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra�
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Ahmadnagar fort��
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CHAPTER-IV
COPPPER COINAGE OF
THE NIZAM SHAHI DYNASTY
• Brief History
• Commerce Conditions
• Copper Coinage
Brief History:
The Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmadnagar was one of the five
successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan. The Nizam
Shahi lineage stemmed from certain Khalaf Hasan, who rose to
prominence during the premiership of Mahmud Gawan. Later, he
successfully conspired in the murder of Mahmud Gawan in collusion
with some other Deccani nobles of Bahmani court. Taking advantages of
declining state of the Bahmani dynasty, he established himself in present
western Maharashtra and exercised considerable authority. In 1590 due
to rivalries generated among the nobles, he was murdered just seven
years after the murder of Mahmud Gawan.totally 11 Kings ruled
ahmednager dynasty. The fisrst king was Ahmad Nizam Shah (1490-
1510)
And the last king was Husain Nizam Shah-III (1630-1633).
Ahmad Nizam Shah (1490-1510)
On the death of Khalaf Hasan, his son Malik Ahmad, latter called
Nizam Shah assumed the appellation of his father and refused to act at
the behest of Qasim Barid, the prime-minister of the titular Bahmani
king, Sultan Mahmud Shah. His allegiance to the Bahmani government
was nominal. By basing himself in Junnar, he declared his
independence. Sometime around 1490, he founded a new city in his
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name, near the village of Bhinger, which he called Ahmadnagar, that he
made the capital of his newly carved kingdom. At the time of his death
in 1510, the nascent kingdom included not only his capital Ahmadnagar
but Daulatabad and the Konkan belt from Thane to Rajapur.
Burhan Nizam Shah-I (1510-53)
Ahmad Nizam Shah was succeeded by his seven year son,
Burhan. Till the king achieved the age of majority, he had the protector
in Mukammil Khan Dakhani. In 1523 he got married Mariam Sultana, a
sister of Ismaeel Adil Shah of Bijapur. Throughout his reign he was
engaged in fighting against the states of Khandesh, Berar and Gujrat. He
was in constant alliance with Ramraja, the king of Vijayanagar. In
league with him he oftentimes attacked Bijapur. Another cause that led
to his struggle with other states was his embracement of Shia faith and
his efforts to spread the same in the kingdom forcible. He favoured the
Marathas in the local administration that made to increase their
influence in the kingdom. At the age of 54 he left this world.
Husain Nizam Shah-I (1553-65)
After a little turmoil in the state that occurred due to challenge of
his brother, Husain Nizam Shah-I was able to succeed on the Nizam
Shahi throne. From the beginning of his reign he had to face the
onslaughts of Ramraja and Adil Shah, who for many a times attacked
his territories. The former always nurtured the lessons of ill-feeling
among the Muslim states of the Deccan. To get rid of him, Husain
Nizam Shah entered into matrimonial alliances and diplomatic
understanding with the Sultanates of Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar. In
1565, the united front defeated and killed Ramraja in the battle of
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Talikota. The decisive battle brought an end to the rule of the
Vijayanagar dynasty.
After this concerted victory, Husain Nizam Shah-I did not long
survive, and in the same year he died, leaving behind four sons and four
daughters.
Murtuza Nizam Shah-I (1565-88)
Husain Nizam Shah-I was succeeded by his son Murtuza Nizam
Shah-I. The first six years of his reign, he left the business of the state to
his mother with unfortunate results. But once he had imprisoned her, he
began to rule as he should do in remainder of his rule.
During his reign the Ahmadnagar kingdom made remarkable
territorial gains. Once such was the recovery of north Konkan from
Vijayanagar after the battle of Talikota. The administrative headquarters
of this area was Cheul, which was renamed Murtuzaabad after the name
of the king. It was in due course the port-town was lost to the
Portuguese. Further, his general Changis Khan extended the boundaries
of the kingdom eastward. He captured Dharur from Bijapur, and in joint
venture with same state occupied the Imad Shahi capital Gawilgarh. In
ensuing battle Tufail Khan, the Imad Shahi king was defeated and
killed, leaving the whole kingdom at the prey of the Nizam Shahis. In
consequence of victory the Nizam Shahi boundaries were extended up to
Khandesh and Murtuza became the overlord of 1/3rd
of present day
Maharashtra.
Later, the king had come under the influence of the opponents of
Changis Khan; as a result he ordered to kill him. Shortly, after this
event, in a coup staged by the court nobles, Murtuza too was executed,
and his son, Miran Husain ascended the throne.
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Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II (1588-89)
Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II was incompetent and he allowed
the innate factionalism of the country to deteriorate so that a massacre of
foreign Muslims took place. Being himself a Deccani, he supported the
locals. However, the whole business got out of his hands and he himself
was killed by a group of rebels. The rebel leader Jamal Khan placed the
king’s cousin Ismaeel, a son of Burhan Nizam Shah-II on the throne of
Ahmadnagar.
Ismaeel Nizam Shah (1589-91)
The short reign of Ismaeel Nizam Shah was devoid of any
remarkable achievements. On his accession his father. Burhan-II, who
had earlier defected to the Mughals owing to a family feuds, but now he
saw an excellent opportunity in the factional fights at Ahmadnagar court
to gain the throne for himself. He asked for Akbar’s assistance, and the
Mughal army escorted him to the Deccan. He captured Ahmadnagar and
proclaimed himself Sultan.
Burhan Nizam Shah-II (1591-95)
Burhan Nizam Shah-II restored the Shia faith in his kingdom and
recalled the foreign Muslims who had been ruthlessly expelled from the
kingdom by Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II. He became involved in a
conflict with the Portuguese and attempted unsuccessful to regain Cheul
from them. He died soon after 1595.
Ibrahim Nizam Shah (1595)
Burhan Nizam Shah-II was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Nizam
Shah. He was not an able ruler and within four months of his accession
was killed in a battle with Bijapur.
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Ahmad Nizam Shah-II (1595)
Due to factional fights in the Nizam Shahi court, Ahmad Nizam
Shah a candidate of one faction, headed by a noble Mian Manju, got
enthroned him. The other faction led by Chand Bibi, a widow of Ali
Adil Shah-I of Bijapur, who quit Bijapur for Ahmadnagar, after the
death of her husband, was active against the candidature of Ahmad
Nizam Shah. The faction over-powered and removed the king.
Bahadur Nizam Shah (1595-1600)
On account of Chand Bibi’s strength Bahadur Nizam Shah
became the Sultan. He was considered to be her puppet. Chand Bibi’s
opponent Mian Manju asked Prince Murad of the Mughal, then the
governor of Gujrat to intervene. In compliance the Mughal army
attacked Ahmadnagar and secured a breach in its ramparts, but was
repulsed. However, Chand Bibi knew that she could not afford to
prolong the offensive, so she agreed to cede the province of Berar to the
Mughals, and began to rule as regent of the king. She also kept her links
with Bijapur strongly secured.
The Mughals once again attacked the eastern portion of the Nizam
Shahi kingdom. They defeated the allied forces of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur
and Golconda in the battle of Sonpat, in 1597, in the Marathawada
region. In 1599 Prince Daniyal, Akbar’s second son took Ahmadnagar
fort, and the city following the death of Chand Bibi. The king was
imprisoned and Daniyal was made governor of Ahmadnagar.
Murtuza Nizam Shah-II (1600-10)
Although the Mughals occupied capital city of Ahmadnagar, but
the Nizam Shahi nobles continued to enjoy greater control of the other
parts of the kingdom. Malik Ambar was prominent among them.
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He resurrected the kingdom and thus gave it a fresh lease of life. A new
king Murtuza Nizam Shah-II was placed on the Nizam Shahi at Parenda.
Thereafter, Malik Ambar defeated the Mughals, but he himself was
defeated at their hands the following year. He then moved the Nizam
Shahi capital to Junnar, a place of strategic importance. In 1607 he
captured Daulatabad and invaded the territories which were under the
Mughals’ occupation. This time he transferred his capital to Daulatabad.
In 1610 he recaptured Ahmadnagar and replaced Murtuza Nizam Shah-
II, who was conspiring against him by secretly negotiating with the
Mughals.
Burhan Nizam Shah-III (1610-31)
On the charge of treason Malik Ambar removed Murtuza-II and
brought latter’s five year old son Burhan Nizam Shah-III on the Nizam
Shahi throne. In 1612 he then shifted the Capital to Kharki, about 10
miles south of Daulatabad, situated in hilly region. It had natural barriers
against invasion from outside. He named this place as Fatehnagar, which
was later renamed as Aurangabad by Prince Aurangzeb.
Between 1614 and 1620 Malik Ambar fought relentlessly against
the Mughals, and managed to defeat them at several places. He was
aided by his Maratha Sardar, Shahji Bhonsale. The last important event
of Malik Ambar’s life was a crushing defeat that he inflicted upon the
joint armies of the Mughals and Bijapur at Bhatodi near Ahmadnagar.
He also invaded Nauraspur, a new capital city of Ibrahim Adil Shah-II.
He ransacked the same. He died in 1627 at the age of 80.
Husain Nizam Shah III (1631-33)
After Malik Ambar’s death, his son Fateh Khan became Diwan
of the state. He entered into conflict with Burhan-III and killed him
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in1633. In his place he brought a boy named Husain Nizam Shah-III.
Fateh Khan killed Lakhuji Jadhav, an eminent Maratha noble, who was
father-in -law of Shahji. This displeased Shahji; therefore in league with
Bijapur he faced Fateh Khan. In a battle near Daulatabad by the support
of the Mughals he emerged victorious. Strangely enough, Fateh Khan
suddenly changed sides and joined Shahji against Bijapur. This annoyed
Mahabat Khan, a Mughal general. Hence, the Mughal army sacked
Daulatabad, and Fateh Khan was imprisoned along with the boy king.
Murtuza Nizam Shah III (1633-36)
From the battlefield Shahji fled away and made strenuous
attempts to resurrect the Nizam Shahi kingdom. He installed Murtuza-III
at a make shift capital on fort Pemgiri. With the help of his own
clansmen and Bijapur he became de facto-ruler. In the course, Shah
Jahan in league with Bijapur annexed the entire kingdom in 1636. Thus
the Nizam Shahi lineage of Ahmadnagar had come to an end.
Economic Conditions:
The Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmadnagar included the larger
areas of Maharashtra and almost all Marathawada region, in which fell
the important fort towns of Udgir, Ausa, Dharur, Kharki (Aurangabad),
Paithan, Qandhar, etc. the Marathawada region under the Nizam Shahi
dynasty touched with the neighbouring kingdoms of Bijapur, Bidar,
Golconda and Berar. As a result the constant trade and commercial
activities of the region with the neighbouring states could be safely
presumed. The northern coastal line of the Konkan that included the port
towns of Cheul, etc. were well known for foreign trade. In the beginning
the port of Cheul was in the Ahmadnagar kingdom.Then it was lost to
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the Portuguese. The Nizam Shahi kings made efforts to catch hold of the
town, but failed in their objectives.
The Marathawada region was well connected with the land routes
to the port towns of Surat, Cheul, etc. Hence two-way traffic was always
on in the region. As a result in the markets of the region the business of
all sorts was carried on. This led to inflow or import of various coins in
the region.
Agriculture was the mainstay of the state to maintain human life.
It is mentioned that during days of authority, Malik Ambar set himself
about the improvement and expansion of agriculture and, as a result, the
life of the people was placed on a sound and solid foundation. He
colonized the un-inhabitated tracks by bringing unused lands under
plough. The reclamation of the coastal land in the vicinity of Cheul for
farming was affected by construction of embankments.
The farming was supplemented by industries. It is known from
the scattered contemporary sources that the industries such as silk and
cotton textiles, wood-works, ships and boats at Cheul and textiles at
Kalyan and Bhiwandi flourished. In addition to textile, other traditional
industries persisted and were encouraged such as iron-smelting, black-
smithy, metal-working (particularly for domestic utensils and wares),e.i
earthenware, glass-manufacture, jewelry, widespread manufacture of
foot-wares, and the like, which in no mean degree, must have served to
contribute to the general economic well-being and welfare of the people.
Copper Coinages:
So far two types of gold coins of the Nizam Shahi dynasty are
found that had been respectively issued during the reigns of Murtuza
Nizam Shah-I and Burhan Nizam Shah-II.1 There are no silver coins
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known struck by the kings of the dynasty. However, apart from two rare
gold coins, vast bulk of the Nizam Shahi coinage is in copper.
According to Stan Goron and Goenka and Dilip Rajgor the Nizam Shahi
copper coins are based on a unit weighing 14-15 g and its fractions,
usually 2 /3rd
, 1/2, 1/3rd
and 1/6th
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Due to varying of weights it is not
possible to ascertain what the fraction was intended by the issuers.
The Nizam Shahi copper coins bear the simple legends
mentioning the ruler’s name, date and mint town. Another important
thing to be stated here is that only names appeared on the coins are
Murtuza and Burhan, and none of the other ruler’s names like Ahmad,
Husain, Ismaeel, Ibrahim and Bahadur did occur. Since there was more
than one ruler of the same name their coins are distinguished only by the
dates and names of mint towns that they have. Further no coins are
known prior to the reign of Murtuza Nizam Shah-I.
The following names of the mint towns are found mentioned on
the coins;
1. Ahmadnagar or Murtuzanagar or just Nagar
2. Burhanabad
3. Daulatabad
4. Murtuzaabad
5. Parenda
6. Poonanagar (Pune)
The name Nagar refers to Ahmadnagar, while Burhanabad often
with its epithet Darul-Sultanat, is the name given by Burhan Nizam
Shah-II to Bhongir a nearby town to Ahmadnagar. It was all probable
that due to the influence of his contemporary Muslim rulers,who Shifted
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Their royal establishments to the nearby town of the capitals, the
Nizam Shahi kings imitated the same style. For example, Emperor
Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri, likewise Ibrahim
Adil Shah-II of Bijapur did the same and made Nauraspur the new
capital and Qutub Shah shifted from Golconda to Hyderabad. There was
neither outside stress nor strategic compulsion on Burhan Nizam Shah-II
to shift his capital to Bhongir. It was his voluntary act that led to opt the
town for his new capital. Daulatabad has the famous old fortress, which
had been renamed from Devgiri by Muhammad Bin Tughluq. As a
result of capture of Ahmadnagar by Prince Daniyal (son of Emperor
Akbar) Murtuza Nizam Shah-II shifted his seat of government first to
Junnar and then to Daulatabad. Yet during his reign Ahmadnagar was
retained as the mint town on his coins. It is evident that though he lost
Ahmadnagar but still claimed it as his own capital. It was Burhan Nizam
Shah-III, a succeeding king, who issued coins from Daulatabad. The
Nizam Shahi rulers gave a new name to Cheul of Konkan (in the
western coast) as Murtuzaabad, after his name. It was situated on the
coastal belt. The place was considered to be a commercial town and a
famous port, from where foreign trade was carried on with the Middle
East and European countries. It was on account of the commercial
importance of the port town the Nizam Shahis preferred it as a mint
town for facilitating the trade and commerce.3 Further, Murtuzaabad was
new name given probably by Ali Adil Shah-I of Bijapur to the town of
Miraj (presently in the district of Sangli of Maharashtra), where his first
coronation was conducted. Among the Adil Shahi rulers the name
Murtuza did not appear, however, it was title of Hazrat Ali (cousin and
son-in-law of the Prophet s.a.w). And the king also was his namesake.
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The town was situated in the Adil Shahi kingdom since the inception of
the dynasty; hence the town of Miraj (Murtuzaabad) could be attributed
to the Nizam Shahis.
The town of Poona was under the Nizam Shahis. It had mint from
where the kings struck coins in copper.4 The town of Parenda for some
time served as the Nizam Shahi capital during Murtuza Nizam Shah-II.
The place was selected by Malik Ambar, before he could shift the seat
of the government to Junnar. It was called Darul Mulk Parenda, from
where the new copper coins were issued. Among the mint towns of the
Nizam Shahi government, presently Daulatabad and Parenda are situated
in the Marathawada region.
Among the Nizam Shahi rulers, Murtuza Nizam Shah-I was
considered to be the first, who issued coins for his dynasty, though
Ahmad Nizam Shah, Burhan-I and Husain-I, preceded to him. It seemed
his predecessors retained currency of their Bahmani masters in their
state. Numismatist R. P. Jackson attributed some coins to the early rulers
like Ahmad Nizam Shah-I5
but their attribution is questioned in the later
researches.
Murtuza Nizam Shah-I issued coins in gold and copper. His
former coins carried on obverse his name, date in numerical and written
out, while the reverse has the Shia belief, which reveals his faith in Shia
sect of Islam. The other copper coins were issued from Ahmadnagar and
Murtuzaabad (Cheul). A number of the Ahmadnagar copper coins over
stuck on the coins of the Bahmanis and the kings of Gujrat. His coins
are struck between A.H. 989-996 (A.D. 1581-1587). In Marathawada
region, while in my survey 17 coins belonged to this king have been
found. (Plate No. 19 Table No. 19, Fig.No. 342 to 358). Among the
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reported coins Fig.No. 349 is of Murtuzaabad mint, and the rest were
issued from Nagar (Ahmadnagar). All the coins are in circular form and
no dates except Fig.No. 351 and 358 that have dates A.H. 992. (A.D.
1585). and A.H. 993. (A.D. 1586). Respectively all the coins vary in
weight, size and shape. The gross details are as under;
1. Type one
Obverse: Murtuza Zarb Nagar (Murza Mint Nagar)
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of year) �����������
Fi Shuhur Sanah 992 (A.H) Fi Shuhur Sanh 993 (A.H)
2. Type two
Obverse: Flus Zarb Murtazabad
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah�Zarb
Fig.No. 349.
In the preset study of the copper coins the result showed that they
are having different denominations as explain down;
1. Type one 1 Flus 14 – 15 g
Having weight varied from 13.6 and 15.6 and size varied from 1.9-2.0
cm. Fig.No. 349 and 358 respectively,
2. Type tow 2/3 Flus
9.4 – 10.0 g
Having weight varied from 8.9 to 10.3 g and size varied from 1.2-1.7
cm.
Fig.Nos. 342, 343,352 – 357.
3. Type three 1/3 Flus 4.7 – 5 g
Having weight 5.5 and 5.5 g (Fig No, 345 and 350),
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4. Type fuor ½ Flus 7-7.5 g. Fig.Nos, 346,347,348, and 351.
The Fig.No. 344 weighed 11.6 g.
The coins of Husain Nizam Shah-II and Ismaeel Nizam Shah
are not yet unfolded. The other successor Burhan Nizam Shah-II issued
coins in gold and copper. His reign was short, but that saw quite a
copious issue of coins. It appears that during his rule the main royal mint
to have been moved from Ahmadnagar to the adjacent town
Burhanabad. His gold and copper coins bear the name of the town
mentioned above. His gold coins as of his predecessor Murtuza bore the
Shia Shahada (words of belief) in the reverse and marginal legend on
the obverse was not decipherable. The other, some rare coins were
struck from the mint of Murtuzaabad. 6
During my survey I found
Burhan Nizam Shah-II’s copper coins (Plate No. 20, Table No. 20,
Fig.Nos. 359-386).
In my survey all the coins of Burhan Nizam Shah-II bear the
legend as folow:
Obverse: Zurb Dar Al-Sultanate Burhanabad
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah Alf Wahed
(In the months of year) ��� ��������������������� )
Fig.No. 359 to 386). Mint city Burhanabad.
In the study of the copper coins the result showed that they
are having different denominations as explained down;
1. Type one 1 Flus 14 – 15 g
Weighed varied from 14 - 14.5 g and size varied from 1.8-1.0 cm.
Fig.Nos. 361-363 and 373.
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2. Type tow 2/3 Flus 9.0 – 10 g
Weighed from 9.3 to 10.2 g and size varied from 1.7 – 2.0 cm
Fig.Nos. 359, 360, 364, 365, 374, 375.
3. Type three ½ Flus 7 – 7.5 g
Weighed 7.0g. and size 1.6 cm. Fig.No. 380.
4. Type fuor 1/3 Flus 4.7 – 5 g
Weighed 4.6 - 4.8 g and size varied from 1.3-1.7 cm. Fig.No.370-372,
381 and 382.
5. Type five ¼ Flus 3.5 – 3.8 g
Weighed 3.5 and 3.6 g and size was 1.4 cm. Fig. no, 377 and 378.
All the coins in the present study were not bearing date.
The coins of his successors, Ibrahim Nizam shah, Ahmad Nizam
Shah-II and Bahadur Nizam Shah are not found in the course of this
survey. However copper coins belonged to Murtuza Nizam Shah-II are
found in plenty. Among them 122 coins are found in the present study
(Plate No.21, Table No.21, and Fig. Nos. 387 to 514).
According to Stan Goron and Goenka J.P. the legend of the
studied copper coins of Murtuza Nizam Shah-II read as follow:
1. Type one
Obverse Murtaza Ahmadnagar
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.Nos. 387 - 391, 395, 396, 403, 404, 408, 410,411, 413,414, 416 -
419, 424 - 426, 428, 429, 433 - 435, 438, 441,448 - 450, 457, 462, 465,
467 - 470, 475, 476,480,485, 486, 488, 491,494 - 497, 499, 502, 504 -
510, 512 - 514.
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2. Type two
Obverse Murtaza Zarb�Ahmadnagar (Murtuza, mint Ahmadnagar)
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of the year)
Fig.Nos. 392-394, 398, 400, 401,405, 409, 420 - 423, 436, 440, 442,
446,447,451, 454, 463, 473, 477, 479, 487, and 501.
3. Type three
Obverse Murtaza�Nagar
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.Nos. 397, 412, 430, 452, 471, 478 and 481.
4. Type four
Obverse Murtaza Punanagar
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.No. 399, and 402.
5. Type five
Obverse Murtaza Zarb�Nagar
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig. No. 406.
6. Type six
Obverse Murtaza Zarb
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.Nos. 415, 431, 437, and 444.
7. Type seven
Obverse Ahmadnagar
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.Nos. 427, 443 and 458.
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8. Type eight
Obverse Murtaza
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah
Fig.No. 432.
9. Type nine
Obverse Ahmadnagar ��������
Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah ��� *100��
Fig.Nos. 453, 461, and 482.
10. Type tin
Obverse Murtaza Nizam ��Shah
Reverse Parenda Dar�Al-�Mulk
Fig.Nos. 489, 490, 492, 493, and 511.
11. Type eleven
Obverse Murtaza Nizam Shah Bin Shah Ali
Reverse Dar Al-sultanate Zarb�Parenda
Fig. No. 498, and 500.
According to Stan Goron and Goenka J.P. the value of the
studied copper coins of the king Murtuza Nizam Shah-II classified into
the following denominations:
1. Type one 1 Flus 14-15.6 g
Having weight varied from 13.9 to 15.6 g and size varied from 1.9 to
2.3 cm. Fig. Nos. 392, 436, 439, 440 , 442, 443, 452, 453,456, and 462.
2. Type tow 2/3 Flus 9.4-11 g
Having weight varied from 8.9 to 11.3 g and size varied from 1.5 to 1.9
cm. Fig. No.387, 388, 390, 393-397, 399-409,411, 413- 422,424,
427, 428,430,432-435, 437,438, 441, 444-446,449-451,454, 457,
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458, 460,461,465-468, 472,475, 476, 482,485, 486-488, 490-499, 501-
508,510 - 514.
3. Type three ½ Flus 6.5-7.5 g
Having weight varied from 6.4 to 7.9 g and size varied from 1.6 to 1.8
cm. Fig. No.398, 410, 412, 423, 425, 426, 431, 448, 489, and 500.
4. Type fuor 1/3 Flus 4-5.5 g
Having weight varied from 4.8 to 5.7 g and size varied from 1.7 to 2.0
cm. Fig.Nos. 391, 470, 478, and 479.
5. Type five 1/4 Flus 3.5-4 g
Having weight varied from 4.2 to 4.7 g and size varied from 1.7 to 1.9
cm. Fig. Nos. 469, 471, 477 and 480.
6. Type xis 1/5 Flus 2.8-3.2 g
Only one coin found weight 3.2 g and size cm. Fig.No.481
The copper coins of Murtuza Nizam Shah-II were issued from the
mint towns of Ahmadnagar, Parenda and Poonanagar. The coins vary
from each other in weight, size, etc. All the coins were issued between
A.H. 1009-1019 (A.D. 1600-1610). The dates of issue are same for all.
The following is the details of Ahmadnagar coins as type two;
As type No. two
In the type coins of the Ahmadnagar series it is difficult to find
the position of Zarb, (mint) clear, and with a clear date. In the period
between 1600-161 (A.H.1009-1019), much of the time the Nizam Shahi
capital city was in the hands of the Mughals. Therefore it is not clear
whether these coins were actually struck in Ahmadnagar. Though the
Nizam Shahi ruler lost the capital but retained its name, and still claimed
it as of his own. The historical facts of the time show that Ahmadnagar
was beyond the control the Nizam Shahi king.
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Numismatist Abdul Hameed Siddiqui presume that these coins were not
directly minted under any royal authority, but were issued by local
Sarrafs (minters), who defied the Mughal occupation of Ahmadnagar
and remained loyal to their old maters. Further, it is not clear that the
name ‘Murtuza’ on the above coins. That whether refers to king
Murtuza or simply to Hazrat Ali, of whom Murtuza was being one of his
epithets Still more, if we take the above coins were not struck from
Ahmadnagar; it is possible that the same were issued from Daulatabad
or any other town, where the Nizam Shahi authority was exercised.
Types 10 and 11 are the coins of Parenda7
series bearing.Fig.Nos
489,490, 492, 493, 498, 500, ��� also vary in weight, size, etc. These
coins give the under-mentioned details as above;
In the above coins, on the obverse, the name of the king was
written with that of his father, and some time barely of the king himself.
On the reverse the word Zarb is written or just Darul Mulk Parenda
with the words Fi Shuhur Sanah (in other cases). All the contents are
more or less same, which do not give any distinct information except the
name of ruler’s father Shah Ali (Prince Ali) is mentioned that is only
found on the Murtaza Nizam Shah-II coins. Mentioning the name of the
father with the name of the ruling king is common in the Bahmani coins.
After sack of Ahmadnagar by the Mughals, Parenda was made
temporary capital of the Nizam Shahi government. The Nizam Shahi
king Bahadur Nizam Shah was sent to Gwalior as prisoner. Then the
rival factions of the Nizam Shahi court put forward Murtuza Nizam
Shah-II, son of Prince Ali, one of the four contestants of throne, in the
� ���
turbulent events of 1595.The coins issued from the new capital Parenda
Reveal and recognize the political developments of the time.
In regard to the coins of Poona8
mint (Type four) two coins are
enlisted from the Marathawada region which bears Fig No. ��� and ���.
During the time of the Nizam Shahis the town of Poona was a Jagir
(landed estate) of Shahji Bhosale (father of Shivaji), who was a
prominent general of Ahmadnagar’s army. It seems that the copper coins
of the Poona mint are rare, as no further details in numismatic studies
are found. Certain numismatist Abdul Hameed Siddiqui studied one
copper coin of the same mint. 9 The study of coins of Poona mint found
in the Marathawada region gives the details as the above type No. four;
As in the case of the copper coins of Ahmadnagar mint of the
same ruler here too it is not clear that the word ‘Murtuza’ is referred to
the Sultan or Hazrat Ali (the Imam of Shias).
From Marathawada region, the copper coins of Burhan Nizam
Shah-III are found (Plate No; 22, Table No; 22, Fig, Nos. 515-542),
which are round and semi-round in shape. The coins also bear different
weights, sizes, shape etc. The rare small copper coins of Murtuzaabad
were not discovered from the region under study. The details of the
surveyed coins are mentioned below;
1. Type one
Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah Ghazi (victor)
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah Daulatabad (in the months of the year.
Daulatabad)
Fig.No. 515
� ����
2. Type two
Obverse: Burhan Nizam shah
Reverse: As type one
Fig.No. 516.
2. Type three
Obverse: Burhan Nizam�shah�Zarb Ghazi
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of the year)
Fig. No. 517.
4. Type four
Obverse Burhan Nizam shah
Reverse As type three
Fig No. 518 and 542
5. Type five
Obverse Zarb Murtaza Ahmadnagar
Reverse As type two and three
Fig. Nos. 519 – 541 and bearing dates; 1015, 1011, 1010, 1017, 1013,
The copper coins of Burhan Nizam Shah-III come in both course
and fine calligraphy and having differnt values;
1. One Flus
Having weight 14.7 and 14.3 g and sized varied from 2.0 – 2.3 cm.
Fig.No. 515 and 517 respectively
2. 2/3 Flus
Having weight varies from 8.9 to 9.9 g and size varied from 1.6 -1.8 cm
Fig no, 516, 519 - 535, 537, and 539-541).
� ����
3. ½ Flus
Weight varied from 6.9 to 7.4 g and size varied from 1.5-1.6 cm. Fig no,
518, 536 and 538).
4. ¼ Flus was found having weight 2.0 g size 2.3 cm. Fig no, 542.
The copper coins of the last ruler, Burhan Nizam Shah-III are
also found in the Marathawada region for his reign only copper coins are
known. They were struck from the mints of Ahmadnagar and
Daulatabad. The following is the legend arrangement of the coins;
Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanh
(In the months of the year)
Shape: Semi-round (Fig.No. 518).
Daulatabad Mint.
Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah Ghazi (victor)
Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanh Daulatabad (In the months of the year)
The obverse legend of the above coin bears the title of Ghazi
(victorious). It is astonishing to note here that the ruler being puppet
under the powerful regent Malik Ambar claimed this title. It is most
probable that owing to the victories of Malik Ambar against the
Mughals and then Bijapur, some of the lost territories of Ahmadnagar
state were recovered. Hence the ruler styled himself as Ghazi.
It is not unlikely that the Nizam Shahi rulers issued their coins in
the continued traditions of the Bahmani coinage. They largely issued the
copper coins from different mints of Ahmadnagar, Burhanabad,
Daulatabad, Murtuzaabad, Parenda and Poonanagar. For all the times
the mints at Ahmadnagar and adjacent town of Burhanabad did not
� ����
Function. It was due to incessant political turmoil of the different
factions of the Nizam Shahi court and the ever lingering external danger
of the Mughals. This caused the Ahmadnagar rulers to change the
capital and the mint towns, from where they peacefully manage the
administration and economic activities of the state.
The study of the copper coins of the Nizam Shahi dynasty
evidently shows that the bulk of its currency is in copper, except few in
gold. The coins are either anonymous or bear the names of Murtuza or
Burhan. As such the dates of their issue provide the testimony for their
attribution to the respective rulers. These dates are specified in the
Shuhur era. 10
Numismatist Arvind S. Athavale opines about the Shuhur
era dates mentioned in the Nizam Shahi coinage in these words, “that
strangely enough the scholars and numismatists have totally overlooked
this aspect of Shuhur dating of the Nizam Shahi coins. The dates have
been assumed to be in Hijri in all the published literature so far, even
though the coins clearly bear the inscriptions of Fi Shuhur Sanah (in the
months year) preceding the date.” Further he believed that, however, so
far as the attribution of coins to individual rulers is concerned, not much
harm is done even on assuming the dates to be Hijri, as the difference
between Shuhur and Hijri eras is not much. 11
Further, on the Nizam
Shahi gold coins the Shia Shahada ‘Ali Waliullah’ (Ali, the divine saint
or friend of Allah) is incorporated, while on the copper coins no such
legend is noted.
� ����
Notes and References
1. The Nizam Shahi gold coins weigh respectively 2.9 g and around
3.4-3.5g. The former coin weight little lower than the
usual weight for the southern Indian Pagoda, while the
latter bears the normal Pagoda weight. (Stan Goron &
Goenka, J. P., p: 323. Dr. Parmeshewari Lal Gupta notes
in her work, ‘Coins’ that the Nizam Shahi coins are
exclusively in copper, though two rare gold coins are
found; p: 138
2. Stan Goren & Goenka J.P. “The coins of the India Sultanates”
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
p: 325
3. After Partition Treaty of 1635 signed between the Mughals and
Bijapur, Cheul had come in the share of Adil Shahi
dynasty.
4. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1966): ‘A Note on the Copper Coins of
Murtuza Nizam Shah-II’, J.N.S.I., XXVIII. pp: 84-86
5. Jackson, R. P., (1923): ‘the Dominions , Emblems and Coins of
the South Indian Dynasties’, Br. Num. Journal, Vol-9, pp:
373-76
6. Stan Goren & Goenka J.P. “The coins of the India Sultanates”
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi. p:
326
7. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1980): ‘Copper Coins of Nizam Shahi
Rulers of Parenda Mint’, J.N.S.I., XXLII. pp: 45-48
8. Presently the town of Poona is known as Pune, a district
headquarters in Maharashtra.
� ����
9. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1974): ‘A Copper Coins of Murtuza
Nizam Shah-II of Poonanagar Mint’, J.N.S.I., XXXVI.
pp: 104-41
10. The Shuhur era was started during the reign of Muhammad Bin
Tughluq and that was popular in the Deccan even in the
days of Maratha Supremacy. The era runs parallel to
Hijri, but ante-dates it by 3 to 4 years.
11. Athavale, A. S., (1996): ‘Coins of Nizam Shahi Sultanate of
Ahmadnagar’, in Numismatic Panorama. (Essay in
honour of late Sh. S.M Shukla), New Delhi. pp: 295-96.
NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE
• Photos
• Tables
• Chronology
• Map
All the figures Numbers mentioned in the tables and plates are same
The measurement has been taken from the far point.
The unit is (cm) and the weight unit is (g).
����
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Plate No; 19����������� Murtaza Nizam Shah-I
��������������� ���
Fig. ��� Obv. Rev. Fig. 343 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 344 Obv. Rev. Fig. 345 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 346 Obv. Rev. Fig. 347 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 348 Obv. Rev. Fig. 349 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 350 Obv. Rev. Fig.351 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 352 Obv. Rev. Fig. 353 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 354 Obv. Rev. Fig. 355 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 356 Obv. Rev. Fig. 358 Obv. Rev.
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Plate No; 20 Burhan Nizam Shah-II
�������������������
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Fig. 359 Obv. Rev. Fig. 360 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 361 Obv. Rev. Fig. 362 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 363 Obv. Rev. Fig. 364 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 365 Obv. Rev. Fig. 366 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 367 Obv. Rev. Fig. 368 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 369 Obv. Rev. Fig. 370 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 371 Obv. Rev. Fig. 372 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 373 Obv. Rev. Fig 374 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 375 Obv. Rev. Fig. 376 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 377 Obv. Rev. Fig. 378 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 379 Obv. Rev. Fig. 380 Obv. Rev.
� � � �
Fig. 381 Obv. Rev. Fig. 382 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 383 Obv. Rev. Fig. 384 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 385 Obv. Rev. Fig. 386 Obv. Rev.
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Plate No; 21 Murtaza Nizam Shah II
��������������� ���
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Fig. 387 Obv. Rev. Fig. 388 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 389 Obv. Rev. Fig. 390 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 391 Obv. Rev. Fig. 392 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 393 Obv. Rev. Fig. 394 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 395 Obv. Rev. Fig. 396 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 397 Obv. Rev. Fig .398 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 399 Obv. Rev. Fig. 400 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 401 Obv. Rev. Fig. 402 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 403 Obv. Rev. Fig. 404 Obv. Rev.
Fig.405 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 406 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 407 Obv. Rev. Fig. 408 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 409 Obv. Rev. Fig. 410 Obv.
Rev.
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Fig. 411 Obv. Rev. Fig. 412 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 413 Obv. Rev. Fig. 414 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 415 Obv. Rev. Fig. 416 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 417 Obv. Rev. Fig. 418 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 419 Obv. Rev. Fig. 420 Obv. Rev.
� � � �
Fig. 421 Obv. Rev. Fig. 422 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 423 Obv. Rev. Fig. 424 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 425 Obv. Rev. Fig. 426 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 427 Obv. Rev. Fig. 428 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 429 Obv. Rev. Fig. 430 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 431 Obv. Rev. Fig. 432 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 433 Obv. Rev. Fig. 434 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 435 Obv. Rev. Fig. 436 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 437 Obv. Rev. Fig. 438 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 439 Obv. Rev. Fig. 440 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 441 Obv. Rev. Fig. 442 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 443 Obv. Rev. Fig. 444 Obv. Rev.
� � � �
Fig. 445 Obv. Rev. Fig. 446 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 447 Obv. Rev. Fig. 448 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 449 Obv. Rev. Fig. 450 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 451 Obv. Rev. Fig. 452 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 453 Obv. Rev. Fig. 454 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 456 Obv. Rev. Fig. 457 Obv. Rev.
� � � �
Fig. 458 Obv. Rev. Fig. 459 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 460 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 461 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 462 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 463 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 465 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 466 Obv. Rev.
����
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Fig. 467 Obv. Rev. Fig. 468 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 469 Obv. Rev. Fig. 470 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 471 Obv. Rev. Fig. 472 Obv. Rev.
.
Fig. 473 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 475 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 476 Obv. Rev. Fig. 477 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 478 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 479 Obv. Rev.
����
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Fig. 480 Obv. Rev. Fig. 481 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 482 Obv. Rev. Fig. 484 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 485 Obv. Rev. Fig. 486 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 487 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 488 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 489 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 490 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 491 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 492 Obv. Rev.
����
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Fig. 493 Obv. Rev. Fig. 494 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 496 Obv. Rev. Fig. 497 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 498 Obv. Rev. Fig. 499 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 500 Obv. Rev. Fig. 501 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 502 Obv. Rev. Fig. 503 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 504 Obv. Rev. Fig. 506 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 507 Obv. Rev. Fig. 508 Obv. Rev.
����
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Fig. 509 Obv. Rev. Fig. 510 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 511 Obv. Rev. Fig. 512 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 513 Obv. Rev. Fig. 514 Obv. Rev.
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Plate No; 22 Burhan Nizam Shah III
���������������������
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Fig. 515 Obv. Rev. Fig. 516 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 517 Obv. Rev. Fig. 518 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 519 Obv. Rev. Fig. 520 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 521 Obv. Rev. Fig. 522 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 523 Obv. Rev. Fig. 524 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 525 Obv. Rev. Fig. 526 Obv. Rev.
����
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Fig. 527 Obv. Rev. Fig. 528 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 529 Obv. Rev. Fig. 530 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 531 Obv. Rev. Fig. 532 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 533 Obv. Rev. Fig. 534 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 535 Obv. Rev. Fig. 536 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 537 Obv. Rev. Fig. 538 Obv. Rev.
Fig. 539 Obv. Rev. Fig. 540 Obv. Rev.
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Fig. 541 Obv. Rev. Fig. 542 Obv. Rev.
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Table 19. Murtaza Nizam Shah-I (973-997�A.H 1�565- 1588 A.D)
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Nag
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Murtaza
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Fi Shuhur
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No 13.6 1.9
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Murtaza Zarb
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3261
355 Nag
ar
No
10.2
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R
U.M.
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356 Nag
ar
No
9.10
1.8
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Fi Shuhur
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U.M.
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357 Nag
ar
No
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1.2
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Murtaza
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Table 20 Burhan Nizam Shah-II (1000 -1003 A.H�1591-1595 A.D).
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Fi Shuhur
�Sanah
257
258
CHAPTER V
ADIL SHAHI COINAGE
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