Chapter IV

CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS

Based on the research done by the researcher on the English and Indonesian

adverbs classification and formation that used two novels as subject, the gathered data

or the resultant classification is going to be presented and analyzed in this chapter to

obtain the answer of the research problem.

A. ENGLISH ADVERBS CLASIFICATION

ANALYSIS

This analysis is employed to know how many types of adverbs used in this

novel (The Big Kill) by Mickey Spillane. The Classification by the function is

as follows:

A.1. ADVERBS OF MANNER

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “how”.

b. Formation:

The resultant classification of adverbs of Manner and the formation:

PAGE/LINE AFFIXTION PROCESS

PPAGE/ LINE

ANOTHER PROCESS

7/22 Seductively 8/28 Better

12/27 Strictly 8/30 Well

10/28 Carefully 53/6 Somehow

53/218 Protectively

17/39 Apart

Based on the samples above, the analysis below will show of how the words

are created:

a. AFFIXATION PROCEESS

1. SEDUCTIVELY and STRICTLY are created from adjective

(seductive and strict) + derivational suffix –ly. This affixation changes

the part of speech; adjectives to adverb. The words that have the same

process are:

(10/43) purpose + ly; purposely

(11/3) patient + ly; patiently

(12/19) close + ly; closely

* (14/4) sarcastic + ly; sarcastically

** (15/33) steady + ly; steadily, etc.

* According to the spelling rules to add –ly to adjectives, ending –ic must be

added –al before ly.

**Final y preceded by a consonant is changed to i.

2. “CAREFULLY” is created from CARE + FUL + LY, with the

component:

a.CARE is noun

b. FUL is derivational suffix, changes the noun to derived adjective.

c.–LY is a derivational suffix, changes the derived adjective to adverb.

The words that have the same process as CAREFULLY are:

(53/18) protect + ive + ly; protectively

(13/23) help + less + ly; helplessly

(53/25) grace + ful + ly; gracefully

(59/28) pain +ful + ly; painfully

3. APART is corrected from a + part with component:

a.a is a derivational prefix

b. part is noun

This affixation makes a new form; apart. This process changes the

part of speech; noun to adverb

4. “GOD” is an adjective. To make it become “WELL”. This irregular

process changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb.

5. There is a word expresses the comparative form of the adverb WELL.

It is better (8/28). This process does not change the part of speech.

6. “SOMEHOW” is created from the words” some + how with the

component:

a.SOME is an adjective as a stem.

b. HOW is an adverb as a stem, too.

The combination of the two words (compound) changes the part of

speech; adjective-adverb to adverb.

c. Position:

1. Adverbs of manner are usually placed at the end of the

sentence/clause, example:

(19/17) Her breath caught in her throat sharply.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the mid position.

Example:

(30/29) You had better be properly sympathetic.

A.2. ADVERB OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “Where”.

b. Formation:

The words that used as adverbs of place and direction are formed by the

ways below:

PAGE/LINE

AFFIXATION

PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION ON USAGE

PAGE LINE/COMPOUND

7/2 10/128/229/33

aroundacrossalongforward

7/417/1915/132/6

in the dooron the tableunder the coatin Hollywood

2/3 somewhere

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words are

formed:

1. “AROUND” is created from A + ROUND with the component:

a. A is a derivational prefix

b. ROUND is a noun as a stem

The combination of the two components makes a new form; A ROUND

(adverb). This process changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

The other words that are formed by this way are ACROSS, AHEAD,

ASIDE.

2. “ALONG” is created from A + LONG with the component:

a. A is a derivational prefix

b. Long is an adjective as a stem

The combination (affixation) of the two components make a new form;

ALONG (adverb). This process changes the part of speech; adjective

to adverb.

3. “FORWARD” is created from FOR + WARD with the component:

a. FOR is a preposition

b. WARD is a derivational suffix

This affixation makes a new form; FORWARD (adverb). These two

components form an adverb.

A.3. ADVERBS OF TIME

a. Function:

Adverb of time modify the verbs or predicate complements to answer the

question:” When or what time.”

b. Formation:

The resultant classification of formation of adverbs of time (table):

PAGE/LINE

IN A WORD PAGE/LINE

IN A GROUP OF

WORDS

PAGE/LINE AFIXATION

15/2118/1133/47

EverydayTonightSoon

11/712/9

In the morningLast week

13/6 Momentarily14/34 Suddenly

Based on the samples above, the researcher classifies the adverbs into 2 parts:

a. DEFINITE TIME:

The words that are used in the novel (The Big Kill) are:

a.1. (13/12) tomorrow (24/34) now

a.2. (15/21) everyday (18/11) tonight

(26/23) today

b. INDEFINITE TIME

b.1. Soon (33/47)

b.2. MOMENTARILY (13/6) and SUDDENLY (14/34)

The words in a.1 are base adverbs.

The words in a.2 are derived adverbs with the analysis:

a.2.1 EVERYDAY is created from EVERY + DAY with the component:

- EVERY is an adjective.

- DAY is a noun of speech adjective

The combination of the two components makes a new for; EVERYDAY

(adverb). This process changes the part noun to adverb.

a.2.2. “TONIGHT” and “TODAY” are created from TO (preposition) and

NIGHT/DAY (noun).

The compounding of the two words makes new forms: tonight and today.

This compound changes the part of speech; nouns to adverbs.

a.3.1 “IN THE MORNING” is created from IN + THE + MORNING with the

component:

a. The combination of the tree IN is preposition

b. THE is an definite article

c. MORNING is a noun

Components makes a new form; IN THE MORNING (adverb). This

process changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

a.3.2. “ LAST WEEK” is created from LAST (adjective) + WEEK (noun). The

adjective modifies the noun, so the pattern of this combination: MODIFIER

+ HEAD (last + week).

This combination changes the part of speech’ adjective-noun to adverb.

a.3.3 “A FEW MINUTES LATER” is created from a A FEW MINUTES +

LATER with the component :

a. A FEW MINUTES is a noun phrase with the component:

A is an indefinite article, FEW is an adjective modifies the noun.

MINUTES is a noun A few minutes IS A NOUN PHRASE.

LATER is an adjective modifies the noun phrase.

b. The combination of the components above changes the part of speech;

noun adjective to adverb.

The words in b.1 are base adverbs.

The words in b.2 are derived adverbs from ADJECTIVE +

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX –LY. This process changes the part of speech;

adjective to adverb.

c. Position:

1. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of the sentence, example:

The opt was here last night.

2. Sometimes it is placed at initial position.

Example: A long time ago he worked for Charlie F.

A.4. ADVERBS EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

a. Function:

This adverb modifies the verb.

b. Formation:

That word that is found by the researcher is SURELY (28/25). This derived

adverb created from SURE (noun) + LY (derivational suffix). This

affixation changes the part of speech: noun to adverb.

c. Position;

The word surely is placed at the mid of a sentence, example:

But surely you can’t be serious. (28/25)

A.5. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

a. Function

The term Adverbs of frequency is used for those adverbials that answer the

questions “How often”.

b. Formation:

1. Base adverbs: (13/15) always

(27/19) never

2. DERIVED ADVERBS:

2a. (7/21) USUALLY is created from USUAL +LY with the component:

-USUAL is an adjective as a stem –LY is a derivational suffix

changes the adjective to adverb.

2.b. “SOMETIMES” is created from SOME + TIMES with the

component:

- SOME is an adjective as a stem

- TIMES is a noun as a stem, too

The compounding of the two stems changes the part of speech;


2.c. ONCE A WEEK is created from ONCE + A WEEK with the

component:

- ONCE is an adverb modifies the noun

- A WEEK is a noun, A is an indefinite article, WEEK is a noun.

The combination of the two components does not change the part of

speech because it contains adverb.

c. Position

Adverb of frequency are possible to be placed at initial, mid, or end position

with some examples:

- Initial position:

Sometimes you can’t do what you want to do.

- Mid position:

Don’t gentlemen usually buy ladies a drink?

- End position:

…

I might find Lou Grindle on 57th street in a place called the Hop Scootch

where a room was available for some heavy sugar card games once a week.

A.6. ADVERBS OF DURATION

a. Function:

Adverb of duration is used for those adverbials that answer the question

“for how long.”

b. Formation:

(34/2) For + A LONG TIME is combination created from: FOR + A

LONG TIME with the component:

1. For is a preposition.

2. A LONG TIME is a noun phrase contains A (indefinite article), LONG

(adjective) modifies the noun, TIME is a noun.

The combination above changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

c. Position:

This word (for a long time) is placed in the mid position. e. g:

He was on the level for a long time, then, just like that, he went bed.

A.7. ADVERBS OF DEGREE

a. Function:

Adverbs of degree modify adjectives or other adverbs.

b. Formation:

The stems indicate adverbs of degree are (7/5) enough (27/1) only

(47/10) too (28/2) much

c. Position:

They are placed at the mid position. Before adverbs or adjectives,

exception: enough much.

A.8. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

a. Function:

Adverbs of particles are used for groups of adverbs with characteristics of

their own. The particles are used with verbs to form combinations with

meanings that are sometimes regular/obvious.

b. Formation:

The particles are:

(7/1) down (7/12) back (8/45) off (12/46) up (7/7) over (8/1) out etc.

c. Position:

This adverb is placed in the mid position, example It was one of those

nights when the sky came down, and wrapped itself around the world.

B. INDONESIAN ADVERB CLASSIFICATION ANALYSES

This analyses is employed to know how many types of Indonesian adverbs

that are used in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” by Motinggo Busye and how

they are formed. This analysis is as follows:

B.1. KETERANGAN KUALITATIF (ADVERBIUM KUALITATIF)

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies a verb to answer the questions

“bagaimana/dengan cara apa”.

b. Formation:

The table below is the sample of the resultant formation of keterangan

kualitatif:

PAGE/LINE

AFIKS PREPOSITION

ROOT/PHRASE/REDUPLACATION

PART OF SPEECH/RESULTANTCOMBINATION

24/1 Se-nya - Enak Seenaknya (adj.)

25/16 - Dengan Cekatan Dengan cekatan (adj.)

71/14 - Dengan Panggilan manja Dengan panggilan manja (noun phrase)

122/4 Se - Cara diam-diam Secara diam-diam (adj.)

130/1 - - Terkikih-terkikih Terkikih-kikih (adv.)

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words are

formed:

1. SE-NYA is afiks (according to“SEENAKNYA” is created from SE-

NYA + ENAK with the component:

a. M. Ramlan)

b. ENAK is adjective as a stem

This affixation changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb.

2. “DENGAN CEKATAN” is combination from DENGAN + CEKATAN

with the component:

a. DENGAN is preposition (kata tugas)

b. CEKATAN is an adjective

The new form made by this combination is DENGAN CETAKAN

(adverb). This process changes the part of speech; adjective to

adverb.

3. “DENGAN PANGGILAN MANJA” is combined from DENGAN +

PANGGILAN MANJA with the component:

a. DENGAN is a preposition (kata tugas)

b. PANGGILAN MANJA is a noun phrase contains head (panggilan is

a noun) and the modifier (manja is adjective).

The combination of the two component changes the part of speech;

noun to adverb.

4. “SECARA DIAM-DIAM “ is created from SE + CARA+DIAM-DIAM

with the component:

a. SE is affiks (derivational prefix)

b. CARA is a noun. The affixation of SE + CARA means the same

way.

c. Diam-Diam is reduplication from DIAM (verb)This combination

changes the part of speech; noun-verb to adverb.“TERKIKIH-

KIKIH” is a reduplication of the base : terkikih. (adverb).

TERKIKIH is a stem because it isn’t able to be described into

morphemes. As a prove of it, the researcher finds the word:

TERKIKIH in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” on page; 51,

line19th.

c. Position:

The most usual position in this novel, keterangan kualitatif is placed

at the end (after verb/object.), for example:

Lewat lubang tembok batas teras aku lmelihat dia memetik bunga

anggrek seenaknya.

Sometimes it is placed at the beginning, example: dan dengan

cekatan pula aku menaiki tangga.

B.2 KETERANGAN TEMPAT (ADVERBIUM LOKATIF)

a. Function:

Adverbium Lokatif modifies the Verb to answer the question “DI

MANA/KEMANA/DARI MANA”. Example: Di dalam kemejamu ada

buku. Di mana ada buku?

b. Formation:

The words that are used as keterangan tempat can be formed by combining

a preposition with noun or noun phrase. The table shows of the resultant

formation of them:

PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN

9/3 Di surat surat kabar 10/26 Di sini

13/8 Di dalam meja 12/7 Dari

33/7 Ke Berkeley university 48/5 Di langit cerah

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words happened:

1. “DI SURAT-SURAT KABAR” is created from DI + SURAT-SURAT

KABAR with the component:

a.DI is a preposition

b. SURAT-SURAT KABAR is the plural of SURATKABAR (noun)

the combination of the two words makes a new form; DI SURAT-

SURAT KABAR (adverb; keterangan tempat). This changes the part

of speech; noun to adverb. This is the most usual process in

Indonesian

2. “DI SINI” is created from DI + SINI with the component:

a.DI is a preposition (kata tugas)

b. SINI is a demonstrative pronoun

The combination of the two components changes the part of speech;

kata tugas to adverb.

3. “DI DALAM KEMEJAMU” is created from DI + DALAM +

KEMAJAMU with the component:


b. DALAM is adverb.

The combination of DI + DALAM makes a new preposition; di

dalam.

c.KEMEJAMU is a noun with kemeja is a stem and MU as a possessive

pronoun.

This combination changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

4. “DI LANGIT CERAH” is created from DI + LANGIT CERAH with the

component:


b. LANGIT CERAH is a noun phrase with the component:

LANGIT is a noun as a head, and CERAH is an adjective modifies

the noun. So LANGIT CERAH is a noun phrase. The combination of

the three components change the part of speech; noun to adverb.

c.From the description number 1-4, the resultant is: keterangan tempat can

be formed with the pattern:

Preposition + Noun, or

Preposition + Noun phrase, or

Preposition + Demonstrative pronoun, or

Preposition + Adverb (of place)

d. Position:

1. The most usual position is at the end of the sentence(s). For example:

(9/3) pastilah kau sering membaca Erna Hadi pranata di surat-surat

kabar.

2. Sometimes this adverb is placed at the beginning, for example: (12/7)

Dari jendela saya teropong kamu.

3. If there are two main clause or other adverbs, it can be placed at the

mid position, for example:(10/12).

Tapi ketika dia menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di meja sudut

tempat tidurku, lalu dia ulurkan tangan, kudengar dia menyebut

namanya. Nagib.

B.3. KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERBIUM TEMPORAL)

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question KAPAN

(when)

Based on the novel ”Sejuta Pintu Cintaku”, the simple of the words that are used

in it is follows:

BASE ADVERBS

(PAGE/LINE)

DEVIDED ADVERBS (PAGE/LINE)

AFFIXATION +REDUPLICATION

COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS

Tadi (11/2) (11/8) Sebelum ini

Kini (15/21) (31/26) Beberapa menit kemudian

Dulu (106/8) (33/1) Tahun lalu

Based on the samples above, the analysis below will show of how the words

happened:

1. “TADI”, KINI,”DULU” are stems as adverbs, so they don’t need

any change.

2. “SELAMA-LAMANYA” is created from SE + NYA + lama-

lamanya with the component:

a. SE-NYA is derivational “affiks” adverb maker.

b. LAMA-LAMA is a reduplication from the adjective LAMA.

The combination of the two components makes a new form”;

selama-lamanya (adverb). This process changes the part of speech;


3. “SEBELUM INI” is created from SE + BELUM + INI, with the

component:

a. SE is derivational prefix (afiks)

b. Belum is KATA TUGAS (function word)

The affixation makes an adverb (sebelum)

c.INI is a demonstrative pronoun, modifies the adverb.

This process changes the part of speech; kata tugas to adverb.

4. “BEBERAPA MENIT KEMUDIAN” is a phrase, created from

BEBERAPA + MENIT + KEMUDIAN with the component:

a. BEBERAPA is an adjective modifies MENIT.

b. MENIT is a noun.

The combination of the two words forms a noun phrase (beberapa

menit).

c. KEMUDIAN is an adverb.

The new form is BEBERAPA MENIT KEMUDIAN (adverb).

KEMUDIAN modifies the noun phrase. So the pattern of this process

is: HEAD + MODIFIER.

b. Position

1. The most usual position is in initial position. e. g.: Hanya

beberapa menit kemudian ayahku pulang.(31/26)

2. Sometimes this adverb (keterangan waktu)is placed at the end

position.Example: (204/27) Tapi mana ada orang menangis

selama-lamanya?

B.4. KATA KETERANGAN MODALITAS/KECARAAN

a. Function:

Keterangan modalitas /kecaraan modifies the verb based on the speaker’s

respons to the event.

b. Formation:

This kind of adverb uses special words to indicate it. So the table below

will show of the words that used only, in several kinds of adverb modalitas

Sejuta Pintu Cintaku:

KINDS THE WORDS THAT CAN BE USED (PAGE/LINE)

PENGAKUAN Malahan (10/10) betul (12/26) ya (13/13) sebetulnya (96/19)

KEPASTIAN Tentu, pasti (9/1) memang (11/20)

KESANGSIAN Rasanya (10/16) mungkin (14/1) barang kali (15/3) rupanya (25/19)

LARANGAN Jangan (118/27)

KONDISIONAL SEKIRANYA (106/8) KALAU (118/27)

KEHERANAN Jika (140/17) mana ada (205/27)

Based on the table above we have known that “kata keterangan

modalitas/kecaraan” is most usually indicated by base adverb. But there are

some of them need affixation process, such as: RUPANYA= RUPA (stem) +

-NYA (afiks) that changes the part of speech; noun to adverb. The other is

SEKIRANYA from afiks SE –NYA + KIRA, that changes the part of

speech; verb to adverb.

c. Position:

1. The most usual position of “kata keterangan modalitas” based on the

novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” is in initial/beginning position.

Example (25/19).

Rupanya dia masih punya rasa kasihan.

2. Other possible position is at the mid of the sentence. Example: (78/7)

Ada baiknya kamu jangan berhubungan lagi dengan Nagib.

B.5. KATA KETERANGAN ASPEK

a. Functon:

Kata keterangan aspek modifies the verb objectively based on the degrees

of the event.

b. Formation:

Kata keterangan aspek is devided into 6 types (based on the novel

“Sejutam Pintu Cintaku”). They are:

1. INKOATIF: pun (20/7)

2. DURATIF: sewaktu (126/11)

ketika (10/12)

3. PERFEKTIF: sudah (15/22) (71/9)

4. MOMENTAL: tiba-tiba(9/2)

begitu saja (106/10)

5. FREKUENTATIF: sering (9/2) kadang (22/23) jarang

(11/26) kadang kala (16/2)

6. HABITUATIF: biasanya (10/3)

Based on the list above, the resultant a formation of keterangan

aspek is: that it can be formed by:

1. Using base adverb such as: number 1,2,3,4.

2. Reduplicating a verb: tiba-tiba. This process changes the part of

speech; verb to adverb.

3. Adding suffix –NYA to an adjective:BIASA + NYA;

BIASANYA(adverb). This process changes the part of speech;


4. Combining two words as adverbs: begitu saja, kadang kala. This

process does not change the part of speech.

c. Position:

This kind of adverb is usually placed:

1. In initial position, EXAMPLE: (104/20). Tiba-tiba saja aku melihat

bersama ibuku perubahan besar papa.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the mid position.

Example: (30/3) Goyangan kursi goyang berhenti ketika mama

melihatku duduk di sofa.

B.6. KATA KETERANGAN DERAJAT/KUANTITATIF

a. Function:

Keterangan derajat modifies the verb how certain/how often an activity is

done.

b. Formation:

Keterangan derajat is formed by using:

1. Base adverbs:hampir (9/5) hanya (9/10) amat(11/11)

2. Prefix + reduplication of noun:

Berkali-kali (47/7)

c. Position:

1. Keterangan derajat is usually placed at the mid position; Example:

(11/11).

Kesanku dia amat, amat, amat baik.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the beginning. E.g. (47/7);

Berkali-kali aku menghela nafas dalam-dalam.

B.7. KATA KETARANGAN ALAT/INSTRUMENTAL

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “what is used

to do an activity”.

b. Formation:

The words that are used as keterangan instrumental is formed with the

pattern:

Preposition + noun/noun phrase.Dengan

The words that are used in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” are:

(10/5) dengan bando biru putih merah dengan: preposition.

bando biru putih merah: noun phrasehead modifier

(49/6) dengan tinta cetak emas dengan : preposition

tinta cetak emas: noun phrasehead modifier

(138/10) dengan mobilnya.

Dengan : preposition

Mobilnya: noun

This process changes the part of speech: noun/phrase to adverb.

c. Position;

In this novel (Sejuta Pintu Cintaku) this adverb is always placed at the end

position.

Example: Jam 10 rumah kami sudah sepi, namun zain tidak langsung

pulang dengan mobilnya. (138/10)

B.8. KATA KETERANGAN KOMITATIF/KESERTAAN

a. Function:

Keterangan komitatif modifies the participation of someone in an activity.

b. Formation:

The words as keterangan kesertaan /komitatif can be formed with the

pattern:

Preposition + personal pronounDengan/bersama

They are: (10/7) dengan Bjorn Borg

(24/2) dengan kamu

(104/20) bersama ibu, etc.

c. Position:

The most usual position of this adverb in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku”

is at the end .the sentence. Examplle(103/17). Malam itu juga dia

berkenalan dengan papa.

E.9. KATA KETERANGAN PERLAWANAN/KONSESIF.

a. Function:

Keterangan Konsesif is a type of adverb that express an activity the

speaker tells.

b. Formation

Keterangan perlawanan uses some conjunctions as adverbs. They are :

(10/12) tapi.

(32/10) biarpun

(78/7) kendatipun

(138/7) namun.

c. Position:

1. This adverb is usually placed at initial position. for example: (10/12).

Tapi ketika dia menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di meja sudut

tempat tidurku, Lalu ia ulurkan tangan, kudengar dia menyebut

namanya, nagib.

2. Sometis it is placed at the mid position. Example: 978/7): Ada

baiknya kamu jangan berhubungan dengan Najib, kendatipun kamu

cinta padanya.

B.10.KATA KETERANGAN KASUAL /SEBAB

a. Function:

Keterangan kasual/sebab modifies the verb to answer the question “why

the activity is done”.

b. Formation:

This kind of adverb can be formed by using same conjunction as adverb.

They are: (71/9) karena

(122/3) sebab

c. Position:

Keterangan sebab sebab is usually placed at the mid position, after object

or another adverb.Example: (971/9).

“Gib!” aku berseru agak lantang dengan panggilan manja, karena mungkin dia sudah duduk dibawah. But sometimes it is placed in initial position, example: (78/7)

Sebab aku yakin sekali bahwa zain jatuh cinta padaku biarpun secara

diam-diam, tapi cintanya mungkin membara.

B.11.KATA KETERANGAN KONSEKUENTIF/AKIBAT

a. Function:

Keterangan Konsekuetif modifies the result that happened because of

anactivity.

b. Frmation:

There are two word used that used as keterangan konsekuentif in the

novel:Sejuta Pintu Cintaku. They are:

(22/6) sehingga (184/21) sampai.

SAMPAI is a verb that is functioned as adverb.

c. Position:

This type of adverb (keterangan akibat ) is placed at the mid position, after

object or main clause, Eample (22/6)

Dan mungkin ketika aku duduk disitulah aku diteropongnya, sehingga dia

tahu letyak tahi lalatku dileher.

B.12. KATA KETERANGAN FINAL/TUJUAN

a. Function:

This adverb descripts the result of an activity that wants to be achieved.

b. Formation:

To form this type of adverb we use some conjunctions that function as

adverbs. In the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” the researcher find two

words:

(10/6) supaya and (12/24) untuk

c. Position:

In the novel the researcher had read, this type of adverb is placed at the

mid position, example: (10/60)

Bahkan ada yang memelihara kumis supaya mirip dengan Bjorn Borg.

(12/24) Tadi ketika, papa mau menjenguk orang sakit, papa memberi uang

untuk beli bunga.

B.13 KATA KETERANGAN KOMPARATIVE/PERBANDINGAN

a. Function:

Keterangan komparatif modifies an activity by comparing:

- a process to another process, or

- a condition to another condition.

b. Formation:

There are some definite words that express this adverb (keterangan

perbandingan). In the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” there are two words

only, they are:

(15/21) seperti

(16/2) bagai

Both of them are stems,so there is not any change to use them as adverb.

c. Position:

The position or this adverb in the novel “Sejuta pintu Cintaku” is at the

mid of the sentence. Example: (15/21)

Kini aku seperti berubah.

(16/2) Kadang kala Mas Bas memperlakukanku bagai anak kecil.

B.14. KATA KETERANGAN PERWATASAN

a. Function:

“Keterangan perwatasan” describes exception about an activity.

b. Formation:

There is one base adverb that in use in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku:

and expresses ‘Keterangan perwatasan”. It is 99/10) hanya.

c. Position:

In the novel “Sejuta pintu cintaku “ the word expressing this adverbs is

placed at the mid position.

(9/10) yang kudengar hanya jerit Yanie, lawanku, lalu aku tak sadarkan

diri lagi

C. THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND

INDONESIAN ADVERB.

After doing the analysis, what is presented for the result or data analysis on

the similarities and differences? Some similarities and differences aspects are on

the kind, formation and position.

C.1. THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN ADVERB

c.1.1. The similarities on the kind:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs of Manner 1. Adverbium Kualitatif

2. Adverbs of Time(Definite time)

2. Adverbium Temporal

3. Adverbs of Place and Direction

3. Keterangan Tempat

4. Adverbs of Expressing Degrees of Certainty

4. Keterangan Modalitas(Kepastian dan Kesangsian)

5. Adverbs of Frequency 5. Keterangan Aspek (frekuentatif & habituatif)

6. Adverbs Of degree 6. Keterangan Derajad

C.1.2. The similarities on formation

TABLE:…

ENGLISH (PAE/LINE) INDONESIAN (PAGE/LINE)1. Adverb of place and directionPREPOSITION+NOUN/PHRASE(7/4) in the door: in + the door(15/1) under the coat: under + the coat, etc.

2. Adverbs of TimeBASE ADVERBS(24/34) now(13/12) tomorrow(33/47) soonCOMBINATION(15/33) a. long minutes ago M H ago Head Modifier

1. KeteranganTempat/Adverbium LoktifPREPOSITION + NOUN/PHRASE(9/3) di+surat-surat kabar: disurat-surat kabar(33/7) ke + Berkeley University, etc.

2. Keterangan WaktuBaseADVERBS(15/21) kini(11/2) tadi(106/8) duluCOMBINATION(31/26)beberapa menit kemudianM H kemudianHead Modifier

Similarities on formation

3. Adverbs of frequency(13/15) always(27/19) never

3. Keterangan Aspek (Frekuentative & Habituatif)BASE ADVERBS(22/23) kadang(11/26) jarang,etc

4. Adverbs of FrequencySTEM + DSUSUAL + ly; usuallyCOMBINATION

4.& Habituatif)STEM + DSBiasa + nya

ADVERB-NOUNOnce a week

5. Advebs expressing degrees of certaintyStem + dsSure + ly; surely

6. Adverbs of degreeBASE ADVERBSEnoughOnlyVeryEtc.

COMBINATIONADVERB-NOUNKadang kala

5.dan Kesangsian)STEM + DSrupa + nya; rupanyarasa + nya; rasanya

6.Base AdverbsHampirHanyaAmatEtc.

3. THE DEVERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND

INDONESIAN ADVERBS.

1.1 The differences on the kind:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN

1. Adverbs of Time (indefinite time)

2. –---

-

3. Adverbs of Duration

4. Adverbs of particle4. –

-----

5. –

6. –

1 –

2. Keterangan modalitas:- Pengakuan- Larangan- Kondisional- Keheranan.

3. –

4. –4. Kata

Keterangan Aspek:- Inkoatif- Duratif- Perfektif- Momental- Kondisional

5. Kata Keterangan Instrumental

6. Kata Keterangan Komitatif

7. –

8. –

9. –

10. –

11. –

12. –

7. Kata Keterangan Konsesif

8. Kata Keterangan Kausal

9. Kata Keterangan Akibat

10. Kata Keterangan Final

11. Kata Keterangan

Komperative

12. Kata KeteranganPerwatasan

3.2.2. The differences on the formation

ENGLISH INDONESIAN

I. ADVERBS OF MANNER I. KETERANGAN KUALITATIF

1. AFFIKS + STEEM-

1. AFIKS + STEMSe-nya + enak; seenaknya

2. ADJECTIVE + DSSlow + ly; slowlyPurpose + ly; purposelyetc

2. ADJECTIVE + DS--

3. NOUN + D. SUFFIXESCare + ful + ly; carefullyHelp + less + ly; helplesslyProtecti + ve + ly; protectively

3. NOUN + D. SUFFIXES---

4. DP + NOUNA + part; apart

4. DP + NOUN-

5. IRREGULAR PROCESSgood; well

5. IRREGULAR PROCESS-

6. COMPARISON OF ADVERBWell; better

6. COMPARISON OF ADVERB-

7. PREPOSISI + ADJECTIVE--

7. PREPOSISI + ADJECTIVEdengan + cekatan; dengan cetakan

dengan + fasih; dengan fasih

8. PREPOSISI + NOUN PHRASE-

8. PREPOSISI + NOUN PHRASEdengan + panggilan manja; dengan panggilan manja

9. REDUPLICATION

-

9. REDUPLICATION

Terkikih-terkikih

II. ADVERBS OF PLACE &DIRECTION

II. KATA KETERANGANTEMPAT

1. AFFIXATION PROCESS 1. AFFIXATION PROCESS

1.

a.

DP + STEM

a + cross; acrossa + round; arounda + long; alongetc.

1

a.

DP + STEM

a + round; around-

1.b. STEM + DS

For + ward; forwardBack+ ward; backward

1.b. STEM + DS

--.

2. COMBINATIONPreposition + demonstrative

-

2. COMBINATIONPreposition + demonstratif pronoundi + sini; disini

3. COMPOUND

Some + where; somewhere

3. COMPOUND

-

III ADVERBS OF TIME III KATA KETERANGANWAKTU

1. STEM + DSMomentary + ly; momentarilySudden + ly; suddenly

1. STEM + DS--

2. COMBINATIONModifier + HEADThis timeM H

2. COMBINATIONMODIFIER + HEAD-

3 AFIKS + REDUPLICATION-

3 AFIKS + REDUPLICATIONSe - nya + lama; selama-lamanya

IV ADVERBS EXPRESINGDEGREES OF CERTAINTY

IV KATA KETERANGANMODALITAS

1. BASE ADVERBS-

1. BASE ADVERBStentu/pasti/mungkin, etc

2. AFIKS + STEM

-

2. AFIKS + STEM

Se-nya + kira; sekiranya

V. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCYREDUPLICATION

-

V. KATA KETERANGANASPEK REDUPLICATION

Tiba-tiba

VI ADVERBS OF DURATION PREPOSITION + NOUN PH.

For a long time

VI -

-

VII. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

downbackoff, etc.

VII. -

VIII - VIII KATA KETERANGAN ALAT DENGAN + NOUN PHRASE

dengan tinta cetak emas dengan bobilnya,etc.

IX. - IX. KATA KETERANGANKOMITATIF DENGAN +PERSONAL PRONOUN

dengan Bjorn Borgdengan kamu etc

X. - X. KATA KETERANGANPERLAWANAN CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

tapinamunetc.

XI. - XI. KATA KETERANGAN SEBAB CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

karenasebabetc.

XII. - XII. KATA KETERANGAN

KONSEKUETIF CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

sehinggasampai,etc.

XIII - XIII KATA KETERANGANFINAL CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

untukSupaya,etc.

XIV

.

- XIV

.

KATA KETERANGAN KOMPARATIF KONJUNCTION /KATA TUGAS:

sepertisebagai

XV. - XVI KATA KETERANGANPERWATASAN CONJUNCTION//KATA TUGAS:

hanyakecuali

3.2.3. The differences in the position.

ENGLISH INDONESIAN

1 Adverbs of MannerMid position-

1. Kata Keterangan Kualitatif-Beginning/initial position

2 Adverbs of Place 2 Kata Keterangan Tempat

Mid position-

-Beginning/initial position

3 --

3 Kata Keterangan Modalitas Initial position

Adverbs of Degree-

4. Kata keterangan derajad Initial position

5. Adverbs of DurationMid position

5. --

6. - 6. Kata Keterangan InstrumentalEnd/final position

7. - 7. Kata Keterangan KomitatifEnd position

8. - 8. Kata Keterangan KonsensifInitial positionMid position

9. - 9. Kata Keterangan KausalMid positionInitial position

10. - 10. Kata Keterangan KonsekuetifMid position

11. - 11. Kata Keterangan FinalMid position

12. - 12. Kata keterangan KomparatifMid position

13. - 13. Kata keterangan perwatasanMid position

14. Adverbs of frequency 14. Kata keterangan aspek

End position -

Chapter IV

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