CHAPTER FACILITATION

PART 1NATHAN CARRIZALES

PART 1BECOMING A PUBLIC SPEAKER

I. VITAL LIFE SKILL

A. SKILL IN PUBLIC SPEAKING WILL GIVE YOU AN UNMISTAKABLE EDGE IN LIFE, LEADING TO GREATER CONFIDENCE AND SATISFACTION

SKILLS EMPLOYERS SEEK:

• 1. ABILITY TO WORK IN A TEAM

• 2. LEADERSHIP

• 3. COMMUNICATION SKILLS

• 4. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS

• 5. STRONG WORK ETHIC

B. ENHANCE YOUR CAREER AS A STUDENT

C. FIND NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CIVIC ENGAGEMENT

• WHILE SKILL IN PUBLIC SPEAKING CONTRIBUTES TO BOTH CAREER AND ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT, IT ALSO OFFERS YOU WAYS TO ENTER THE PUBLIC CONVERSATION ABOUT SOCIAL CONCERNS AND BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN.

• ONLY ABOUT 37 PERCENT OF PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES REGULARLY VOTE.

• OF THESE, ONLY 24 PERCENT ARE 18 TO 20 YEARS OLD.

II. THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

A. THE PRACTICE OF GIVING SPEECHES WAS ORIGINALLY KNOWN AS RHETORIC.

•RHETORIC FLOURISHED IN THE GREEK CITY STATE OF ATHENS IN THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C

•ATHENS WAS THE SITE OF THE WORLD’S FIRST DIRECT DEMOCRACY, AND ITS CITIZENS USED THEIR CONSIDERABLE SKILL IN PUBLIC SPEAKING TO ENACT IT.

•MEETING IN A PUBLIC SQUARE CALLED THE AGORA, THE ATHENIANS ROUTINELY SPOKE WITH GREAT SKILL ON THE ISSUES OF PUBLIC POLICY.

B. FROM THE BEGINNING, PUBLIC SPEAKERS, NOTABLY THE GREAT CLASSICAL RHETORICIAN ARISTOTLE, AND LATER, THE ROMAN STATESMAN AND ORATOR CICERO, DIVIDED THE PROCESS OF PREPARING A SPEECH INTO FIVE PARTS

• 1. INVENTION- ADAPTING SPEECH INFORMATION TO THE AUDIENCE IN ORDER TO MAKE YOUR CASE.

• 2. ARRANGEMENT- ORGANIZING THE SPEECH IN WAYS BEST SUITED TO THE TOPIC AND AUDIENCE

• 3. STYLE- THE WAY THE SPEAKER USES LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS THE SPEECH IDEAS

• 4. MEMORY- THE PRACTICE OF THE SPEECH UNTIL IT CAN BE ARTFULLY DELIVERED

• 5. DELIVERY- THE VOCAL AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR YOU USE WHEN SPEAKING

III. LEARNING TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC

A. DRAW ON CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS

B. DRAW ON SKILLS IN COMPOSITION

•I. RESEARCH THE TOPIC

•II. EMPLOY EFFECTIVE TRANSITIONS TO SIGNAL THE FLOW OF IDEAS

•III. CLEAR THESIS

•IV. SUPPORTING IDEAS

•V. THOUGHTFUL CONCLUSION

C. DEVELOP AN EFFECTIVE ORAL STYLE

• I. WHEN YOU GIVE A SPEECH, LISTENERS EXPECT YOU TO SPEAK IN A CLEAR, RECOGNIZABLE AND ORGANIZED FASHION.

• II. GOOD CONVERSATIONALISTS, CAPTIVE WRITERS, AND ENGAGING PUBLIC SPEAKERS SHARE AN IMPORTANT QUALITY: THEY KEEP THEIR FOCUS ON OFFERING SOMETHING OF VALUE FOR THE AUDIENCE.

D. BECOME AN INCLUSIVE SPEAKER

• I. EVERY AUDIENCE MEMBER WANTS TO FEEL THAT THE SPEAKER HAS HIS OR HER PARTICULAR NEEDS AND INTERESTS AT HEART, AND TO FEEL RECOGNIZED AND INCLUDED IN THE MESSAGE.

• II. ESTABLISH A GENUINE CONNECTION WITH THE AUDIENCE

IV. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION

A. PUBLIC SPEAKING IS ONE OF FOUR CATEGORIES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

•I. DYADIC COMMUNICATION- HAPPEN BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE (CONVERSATION)

•II. SMALL GROUP CONVERSATION- A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO CAN SEE AND SPEAK DIRECTLY WITH ONE ANOTHER

•III. MASS COMMUNICATION - OCCURS BETWEEN A SPEAKER AND A LARGE AUDIENCE

•IV. PUBLIC SPEAKING- A SPEAKER DELIVERS A MESSAGE WITH A SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO AN AUDIENCE OF PEOPLE WHO ARE PRESENT DURING THE DELIVERY OF THE SPEECH

V. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

A. IN ANY COMMUNICATION EVENT, INCLUDING PUBLIC SPEAKING, SEVERAL ELEMENTS ARE PRESENT

• I. SOURCE- OR SENDER, IS THE PERSON WHO CREATES A MESSAGE

• II. ENCODING- CREATING, ORGANIZING AND PRODUCING THE MESSAGE

• III. RECEIVER- THE RECIPIENT

• IV. DECODING- PROCESS OF INTERPRETING THE MESSAGE

• V. FEEDBACK- THE AUDIENCE’S RESPONSE TO A MESSAGE

• VI. MESSAGE- THE CONTENT OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS: THOUGHTS AND IDEAS PUT INTO MEANINGFUL EXPRESSIONS

• VII. CHANNEL- THE MEDIUM THROUGH WHICH THE SPEAKER DELIVERS A MESSAGE

• VIII. NOISE- ANY INTERFERENCE WITH THE MESSAGE

• IX. SHARED MEANING- THE MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF A MESSAGE BETWEEN SPEAKER AND AUDIENCE

PART 2FROM A TO Z: OVERVIEW OF A SPEECH

I. ANALYZE THE AUDIENCE

II. SELECT A TOPIC

III. DETERMINE THE SPEECH PURPOSE

•A. DECIDE WHAT YOU WANT TO ACCOMPLISH WITH YOUR SPEECH

•B. DIRECT YOUR SPEECH TOWARD ONE OF THREE GENERAL SPEECH PURPOSES

•I. TO INFORM

•II. TO PERSUADE

•III. TO MARK A SPECIAL OCCASION

IV. COMPOSE A THESIS STATEMENT

V. DEVELOP THE MAIN POINTS

VI. GATHER SUPPORTING MATERIALS

VII. SEPARATE THE SPEECH INTO MAJOR PARTS

•A. INTRODUCTION

• I. GET THE AUDIENCE’S CURIOSITY WITH A QUOTATION, A SHORT STORY, AN EXAMPLE, OR OTHER KIND OF ATTENTION GETTING DEVICE

• II. INTRODUCE THE SPEECH TOPIC

• III. PREVIEW THESIS AND MAIN POINTS

•B. BODY

• I. DEVELOP THE MAIN POINTS

•C. CONCLUSION

VIII. OUTLINE YOUR SPEECH

IX. CONSIDER PRESENTATION AIDS

X. PRACTICE YOUR VOCAL DELIVERY

• A. PRACTICE YOUR VOCAL DELIVERY

• I. SPEECH VOLUME

• II. PITCH

• III. RATE

• IV. VARIETY

• V. PRONUNCIATION

• VI. ARTICULATION

• B. BE AWARE OF YOUR NONVERBAL DELIVERY

• I. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

• II. GESTURES

• III. BODY MOVEMENT

• IV. OVERALL PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

X. PRACTICE DELIVERING THE SPEECH

•A. PRACTICE YOUR VOCAL DELIVERY

•I. SPEECH VOLUME

•II. PITCH

•III. RATE

•IV. VARIETY

•V. PRONUNCIATION

•VI. ARTICULATION

•B. BE AWARE OF YOUR NONVERBAL DELIVERY

•I. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

•II. GESTURES

•III. BODY MOVEMENT

•IV. OVERALL PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

PART 3MANAGE SPEECH ANXIETY

I. IDENTIFY WHAT MAKES YOU ANXIOUS

•A. PUBLIC SPEAKING ANXIETY: FEAR OR ANXIETY ASSOCIATED WITH EITHER ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED COMMUNICATION TO AN AUDIENCE AS A SPEAKER.

•B. LACK OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCE

•C. FEELING DIFFERENT

•D. BEING THE CENTER OF ATTENTION

•I. CERTAIN AUDIENCE BEHAVIORS SUCH AS LACK OF MAKING EYE CONTACT WITH THE SPEAKER OR CONVERSING WITH A NEIGHBOR CAN BE DISCONCERTING.

II. PINPOINT THE ONSET OF NERVOUSNESS

•A. PRE-PREPARATION ANXIETY

•B. PREPARATION ANXIETY

•C. PRE-PERFORMANCE ANXIETY

•D. PERFORMANCE ANXIETY

III. USE PROVEN STRATEGIES TO BOOST YOUR CONFIDENCE

•A. PREPARE AND PRACTICE

•B. MODIFY THOUGHTS AND ATTITUDES

•C. VISUALIZE SUCCESS

IV. ACTIVATE THE RELAXATION RESPONSE

•A. BRIEFLY MEDITATE

• I. SIT IN A QUIET SPACE

• II. RELAX YOUR MUSCLES

• III. CHOOSE A WORD, PHRASE OR PRAYER THAT IS CONNECTED TO YOUR BELIEF SYSTEM

•B. USE STRESS CONTROL BREATHING

• I. STAGE ONE- INHALE AIR AND LET YOUR ABDOMEN GO OUT. EXHALE AIR AND LET YOUR ABDOMEN GO IN.

• II. STAGE TWO- AS YOU INHALE, USE A SOOTHING WORD SUCH AS “CALM” OR “RELAX”

V. USE MOVEMENT TO MINIMIZE ANXIETY

•A.PRACTICE NATURAL GESTURES

•B.MOVE AS YOU SPEAK

VI. LEARN FROM FEEDBACK

PART 4ETHICAL PUBLIC SPEAKING

I. EARN YOUR LISTENERS TRUST

•A. ETHICS IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD ETHOS MEANING “CHARACTER”

•B. AUDIENCES LISTEN TO AND TRUST SPEAKERS IF THEY DEMONSTRATE POSITIVE ETHOS.

•C. MODERN RESEARCH ON SPEAKER CREDIBILITY REVEALS THAT PEOPLE PLACE THEIR GREATEST TRUSTS IN SPEAKERS WHO:

• I. HAVE A SOLID GRASP OF THE SUBJECT

• II. DISPLAY SOUND REASONING SKILLS

• III. ARE HONEST AND UNMANIPULATIVE

• IV. ARE GENUINELY INTERESTED IN THE WELFARE OF THEIR LISTENERS.

II. RESPECT AUDIENCE VALUES

III. USE YOUR RIGHTS OF FREE SPEECH RESPONSIBLY

•A. CERTAIN TYPES OF SPEECH ARE ACTUALLY ILLEGAL

• I. SPEECH THAT PROVOKES PEOPLE TO VIOLENCE

• II. SPEECH THAT CAN BE PROVED TO BE DEFAMATORY

• III. SPEECH THAT INVADES A PERSON’S PRIVACY

•B. HOW CAN YOU TELL IF YOUR SPEECH CONTAINS DEFAMATORY LANGUAGE?

• I. IF YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT PUBLIC FIGURES OR MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN, YOU WILL NOT BE LEGALLY

LIABLE UNLESS IT CAN BE SHOWN THAT YOU SPOKE WITH A RECKLESS DISREGARD FOR THE TRUTH.

•1. MEANING IF YOU KNEW THAT WHAT YOU WERE SAYING WAS FALSE BUT SAID IT ANYWAY.

IV. CONTRIBUTE TO POSITIVE PUBLIC DISCOURSE

•A. PUBLIC DISCOURSE

•I. SPEECH INVOLVING ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE TO THE LARGER COMMUNITY SUCH AS THE NEED TO INCREASE SAFETY ON CAMPUS OR TAKE ACTION TO SLOW CLIMATE CHANGE.

V. OBSERVE ETHICAL GROUND RULES

• A. WHETHER YOUR SPEECH FOCUSES ON A SENSITIVE SOCIAL ISSUE OR A DISPASSIONATE FACTUAL MATTER, THE QUALITIES OF DIGNITY AND INTEGRITY INFUSE EVERY ASPECT OF A SPEECH.

• I. DIGNITY- ENSURING THE LISTENERS FEEL WORTHY, HONORED, OR RESPECTED AS INDIVIDUALS

• II. INTEGRITY- SIGNALS THE SPEAKER’S INCORRUPTIBILITY THAT HE OR SHE WILL AVOID COMPROMISING THE TRUTH FOR THE SAKE OF PERSONAL EXPEDIENCY.

• B. SPEAKING ETHICALLY ALSO REQUIRES THAT WE ADHERE TO CERTAIN “PILLARS OF CHARACTER” OR ETHICAL GROUND RULES.

• I. TRUSTWORTHY- A COMBINATION OF HONESTY AND DEPENDABILITY.

• II. RESPECTFUL- DEMONSTRATE BY ADDRESSING AUDIENCE MEMBERS AS UNIQUE HUMAN BEINGS AND REFRAINING FROM ANY FORM OF PERSONAL ATTACKS

• III. RESPONSIBLE- MEANS BEING ACCOUNTABLE FOR WHAT YOU SAY

• IV. FAIRNESS- REFERS TO MAKING A GENUINE EFFORT TO SEE ALL SIDES OF AN ISSUE

VI.AVOID OFFENSIVE SPEECH

VII. AVOID PLAGIARISM

•A. ORALLY ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

•B. CITING QUOTATIONS, PARAPHRASES AND SUMMARIES

•I. WHEN CITING OTHER PEOPLE’S IDEAS YOU CAN EXPRESS THEM IN ONE OF THREE WAYS:

•1. DIRECT QUOTATION- WORD FOR WORD.

•2. PARAPHRASE- RESTATEMENT OF SOMEONE’S IDEAS, OPINIONS OR THEORIES

•3. SUMMARY- A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SOMEONE ELSE’S IDEAS OPINIONS OR THEORIES

VIII. FAIR USE, COPYRIGHT, AND ETHICAL SPEAKING

•A. COPYRIGHT IS A LEGAL PROTECTION AFFORDED TO THE CREATORS OF ORIGINAL LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS

IX. RECOGNIZE THAT WE LISTEN SELECTIVELY

•A. IN ANY GIVEN SITUATION, NO TWO AUDIENCE MEMBERS WILL PROCESS THE INFORMATION IN EXACTLY THE SAME WAY.

•I. REASON LIES IN SELECTIVE PERCEPTION- PEOPLE PAY ATTENTION SELECTIVELY TO CERTAIN MESSAGES WHILE IGNORING OTHERS.

X. LISTEN RESPONSIBLY

XI. STRIVE FOR THE OPEN EXCHANGE OF IDEAS

•A. DIALOGIC COMMUNICATION- IS THE OPEN SHARING OF IDEAS

XII. ANTICIPATE THE COMMON OBSTACLES TO LISTENING

•A. ACTIVE LISTENING- LISTENING THAT IS FOCUSED AND PURPOSEFUL

•B. LISTENING DISTRACTION- COMPETES FOR THE ATTENTION WE ARE TRYING TO GIVE TO SOMETHING ELSE