Chapter Eighteen:

Foreign Policy and National Security

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Learning Objectives

Define foreign policy, defense policy, and diplomacy.

Compare and contrast moral idealism with political realism in framing foreign policy.

Describe the impact of issues such as nuclear proliferation and terrorism on foreign policy.

Describe and explain the current situation in Iraq, with special attention to the attitudes of the three main ethnic groups.

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Learning Objectives

Summarize several current foreign policy concerns, including:

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the internationally proposed solution, the position of the Israelis, and the position of the Palestinians;

The growing economic power of China and the concerns this provokes, especially relating to Taiwan; and

The problem of North Korea’s nuclear weapons development program.

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Learning Objectives

Evaluate the formal and informal powers of the president to make foreign policy.

Identify the principal agencies that assist the president in developing foreign policy.

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Learning Objectives

Trace the stages of U.S. foreign policy development including: early foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine and isolationism, internationalism, The Cold War, Containment and détente, and Bush’s doctrine of preemption.

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Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy

Foreign policy includes the techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals, as well as the goals themselves.

DiplomacyEconomic AidTechnical Assistance

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Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy

National Security Policy : National security is the protection of the independence and political and economic integrity of the United States.

Defense PolicyDiplomacy

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Morality versus Reality in Foreign Policy

Moral idealismPolitical realismAmerican foreign policy—a mixture

of both

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The Major Foreign Policy Themes

Formative Years: Avoiding EntanglementsEra of Internationalism

The Cold War Containment Policy

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The Major Foreign Policy Themes

Superpower Relations:

Cuba Missile CrisisPeriod of DétenteReagan-Bush YearsDissolution of the Soviet Union

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The Major Foreign Policy Themes11

Challenges in World Politics

Emerging World OrderThreat of Terrorism

Terrorism and Regional Strife Terrorist Attacks against

Foreign Civilians September 11 London Bombings

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Challenges in World Politics13

Challenges in World Politics

War on Terrorism:

Military Responses

A New Kind of War—Bush Doctrine

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Challenges in World Politics

Iraq Wars Persian Gulf—The First Gulf War Iraq War Occupied Iraq Situation Worsens Continuing Insurgency

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Challenges in World Politics16

Challenges in World Politics

Nuclear Weapons

United States and the Soviet Union

Nuclear Proliferation

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Challenges in World Politics

Regional Conflicts

Cuba Israel and the

Palestinians Wars and AIDS in Africa

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Who Makes Foreign Policy?

Constitutional Powers of the President War Powers Treaties and Executive Agreements Other Constitutional Powers

Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership

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Who Makes Foreign Policy?

Department of StateNational Security CouncilIntelligence communityDepartment of Defense

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Congress Balances the Presidency

The War Powers Resolution (1973)

Presidents since 1973 have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them.

Congress can limit or deny presidential requests for military assistance.

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Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy

Elite and Mass Opinion

Military-Industrial Complex

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Web Links

Center for Security Studies (CSS): An academic institute that provides information about human rights, national security, and other issues from a European point of view: http://www.css.ethz.ch/index_EN.

Brookings Institute: a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC. Go to:. www.brookings.edu.

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What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons?

At the height of the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union possessed more than 10,000 nuclear warheads for missile launch.

Several agreements have been signed by the United States and Russia to destroy significant numbers of these weapons.

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What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons?

The United States still maintains about 5000 active and inactive nuclear warheads and more than 4000 "retired" warheads waiting for disposal.

Russia has about 2600 active warheads and more than 8000 "retired" warheads.

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What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons?

If the United States unilaterally destroyed its nuclear weapons, it is likely that the other Western powers would do so too.

Russia may also destroy theirs.

It is unclear what China, India, or Pakistan would do.

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What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons?

It is very expensive and difficult to dispose of nuclear weapons materials.

Political disagreements have slowed down the process of getting rid of nuclear weapons.

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You Can Make a Difference: Working for Human Rights

In many countries throughout the world, human rights are not protected.

The strongest reason for involving yourself with human rights issues in other countries is simple moral altruism— unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Working for peace can reduce the frequency of wars.

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You Can Make a Difference: Working for Human Rights

Students can: join an organization that attempts to keep

watch over human rights violations. keep informed about the state of affairs in other

nations.write personally to governments that violate

human rights.Contact Amnesty International at www.

amnestyusa.org.

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