Chapter 8 – Chapter 8 – Political GeographyPolitical Geography

More Mental Mapping!More Mental Mapping!

Use a blank sheet of paperUse a blank sheet of paper Draw a map of your childhood area. You Draw a map of your childhood area. You

can choose whatever location or time can choose whatever location or time period you wish, at whatever scale you period you wish, at whatever scale you wish. Include whatever details and wish. Include whatever details and memories you see fit.memories you see fit.

You have 5 minutes.You have 5 minutes.

Next… turn the paper Next… turn the paper over (or get a new sheet)over (or get a new sheet)

Put a dot in the center. That’s Charlotte. Put a dot in the center. That’s Charlotte. Fill in as much information as you can.Fill in as much information as you can.

You have 5 minutes.You have 5 minutes.

Next… another sheet of Next… another sheet of paperpaper

I want you to draw Eastern Europe.I want you to draw Eastern Europe. Fill in as much info as you can – Fill in as much info as you can –

countries, lakes, rivers, mountains, etc.countries, lakes, rivers, mountains, etc. You have 5 minutes.You have 5 minutes.

Hmmmm…Hmmmm…

What was put onto the map of E. What was put onto the map of E. Europe?Europe?

What were the most frequent items What were the most frequent items mentioned?mentioned?

Which map was easiest to do?Which map was easiest to do? This is how we perceive the world. You This is how we perceive the world. You

aren’t stupid… this is what you CARE aren’t stupid… this is what you CARE about.. Your own little world. about.. Your own little world.

Review – nation, state, Review – nation, state, countrycountry

Nation State Country

England, Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, Isle of Man, Channel Islands

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Great Britain or the British Isles

Han, Manchu, Zhuang, Miao, Uygur, Tibetan, etc.

People’s Republic of China

China

Key Issue 1 – Where are Key Issue 1 – Where are States Located?States Located?

Country = identifiable land areaCountry = identifiable land area State = pop. under a single gov’t (but for the State = pop. under a single gov’t (but for the

most part, they are interchangeable)most part, they are interchangeable) Only large landmass that isn’t part of a state?Only large landmass that isn’t part of a state? N. Korea/S. Korea – 1 state? 2? What’s that N. Korea/S. Korea – 1 state? 2? What’s that

all about?all about? China/Taiwan?China/Taiwan? W. Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)W. Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)

Big Land…Little LandBig Land…Little Land

Land area varies… largest state is?Land area varies… largest state is? Microstates… aren’t they cuuuuute? Still Microstates… aren’t they cuuuuute? Still

have same positionhave same position Smallest in UN? Many of them are islandsSmallest in UN? Many of them are islands

Supra-Star!Supra-Star!

Supranationalism: 2 or more soveriegn Supranationalism: 2 or more soveriegn states aligned together for a common states aligned together for a common purpose.purpose.

Supranational organizations:Supranational organizations: Purpose: Trade, military, diplomacyPurpose: Trade, military, diplomacy Largest = U.N.Largest = U.N.

WHO: World Health OrgWHO: World Health Org FAO: Food & Agric OrgFAO: Food & Agric Org UNICEF: Intern’l Children’s Education FundUNICEF: Intern’l Children’s Education Fund

How did states develop?How did states develop? Concept of city-statesConcept of city-states EmpiresEmpires Colonies/colonialism – sparse or Colonies/colonialism – sparse or

uninhabiteduninhabited 3 motives3 motives Era began 1400’sEra began 1400’s

Imperialism – inhabited & occupied land.Imperialism – inhabited & occupied land. Question to consider: Why do we use the Question to consider: Why do we use the

word “colonialism” instead of invasion?word “colonialism” instead of invasion?

United NationsUnited Nations

192 Members192 Members Not members: Taiwan, VaticanNot members: Taiwan, Vatican

European Union (E.U.)European Union (E.U.)

27 member states w/some awaiting 27 member states w/some awaiting membershipmembership

Like a federal gov’t for EUR, but lacks Like a federal gov’t for EUR, but lacks some administrative aspects like the U.S.some administrative aspects like the U.S.

5 main purposes5 main purposes

E.U. PurposesE.U. Purposes 1. Free trade union – no taxes or tariffs for items that cross 1. Free trade union – no taxes or tariffs for items that cross

borders of EUborders of EU 2. Open-border policy2. Open-border policy 3. Monetary Union – converted to the Euro, no more 3. Monetary Union – converted to the Euro, no more

exchange fees for $$, Only the UK retains its ownexchange fees for $$, Only the UK retains its own 4. Judicial union: EUR Court of Justice in Luxembourg – 4. Judicial union: EUR Court of Justice in Luxembourg –

cases between litigants in diff. EU countriescases between litigants in diff. EU countries 5. Legislative & regulatory bodies: 785 seat Parliament to 5. Legislative & regulatory bodies: 785 seat Parliament to

propose & approve laws w/in the EU. EUR Commission = propose & approve laws w/in the EU. EUR Commission = sep council w/one seat for each member. Each yr they sep council w/one seat for each member. Each yr they shift presidency to one state. That state sets policy shift presidency to one state. That state sets policy agendaagenda

EU… Problems! (no EU… Problems! (no sound)sound)

Is argued has become the next “super Is argued has become the next “super power”power”

Problems that emerged – 17.5% VAT Problems that emerged – 17.5% VAT (Value-added Tax)(Value-added Tax)

Difficult to control crime & terroristsDifficult to control crime & terrorists Term “Fortress Europe” = sealing of EU Term “Fortress Europe” = sealing of EU

borders.borders.

Key Issue 2: Why do Key Issue 2: Why do Boundaries Cause Boundaries Cause Problems?Problems? Shape of StatesShape of States

1.1. Compact: EfficientCompact: Efficient

2.2. Prorupted: Access/DisruptionProrupted: Access/Disruption

3.3. Elongated: Potential IsolationElongated: Potential Isolation

4.4. Fragmented: ProblematicFragmented: Problematic

5.5. Perforated: Oh Boy.Perforated: Oh Boy.

Landlocked! (no sound.. Landlocked! (no sound.. This is easy)This is easy)

LandlockedLandlocked Africa – 14 of 54 states!Africa – 14 of 54 states! Big problemsBig problems

in S. Africa – in S. Africa –

Railroads, etc.Railroads, etc.

Boundaries (no sound)Boundaries (no sound)

2 types of boundaries2 types of boundaries PhysicalPhysical CulturalCultural

Cultural Boundaries & Cultural Boundaries & Inside StatesInside States

Cultural:Cultural: Geometric – 49Geometric – 49thth lat. lat. Religious – India into 2 states based on thisReligious – India into 2 states based on this Language – EUR states, Czechs/SlovaksLanguage – EUR states, Czechs/Slovaks

Boundaries inside states: Governments of Boundaries inside states: Governments of states = 1 of 2 approachesstates = 1 of 2 approaches

Unitary – most power in cent. Gov’tUnitary – most power in cent. Gov’t Federal –Federal – strong power to local gov’t. U.S. is strong power to local gov’t. U.S. is

obviously federal. Very lg states USUALLY federal but obviously federal. Very lg states USUALLY federal but not all. China is large but unitary, Belgium small but not all. China is large but unitary, Belgium small but federalfederal

Enclave/Exclave (no Enclave/Exclave (no sound.. Just get down)sound.. Just get down)

Enclave = minority group concentrated in Enclave = minority group concentrated in part of a larger culture group.part of a larger culture group.

Exclave – fragmented piece of sovereign Exclave – fragmented piece of sovereign territory, separated by land f/the main territory, separated by land f/the main part of the state’s territory.part of the state’s territory.

Water BordersWater Borders

Poorly defined, changed in ‘82 w/U.N. Poorly defined, changed in ‘82 w/U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea (UN-Conference on the Law of the Sea (UN-CLOS) – 2 parts:CLOS) – 2 parts: 1. Territorial sea: sovereign territory includes 1. Territorial sea: sovereign territory includes

from shore out to 12 nautical miles. Within 12 from shore out to 12 nautical miles. Within 12 miles, all laws apply.miles, all laws apply.

2. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) economic 2. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) economic rights from shore out to 200 naut. Miles. State rights from shore out to 200 naut. Miles. State controls nat. resources, fishing, etc. controls nat. resources, fishing, etc.

Borders & the mess in Borders & the mess in AfricaAfrica

Conf. of Berlin, 1884. EUR colonial powers set Conf. of Berlin, 1884. EUR colonial powers set the internal polit’l borders in Af. Problems the internal polit’l borders in Af. Problems emerged after decolonization in the late 20emerged after decolonization in the late 20thth Century (recent). Century (recent).

Boundaries don’t match cult’l boundaries. Boundaries don’t match cult’l boundaries. African call this superimposed boundary the African call this superimposed boundary the

“Tyranny of the Map”. Rwanda was an “Tyranny of the Map”. Rwanda was an example. Hutu & Tutsis didn’t get along.example. Hutu & Tutsis didn’t get along.

Core-PeripheryCore-Periphery The term comes up a lot, but book doesn’t The term comes up a lot, but book doesn’t

cover – see handout! cover – see handout! Economic model of development. Keep this Economic model of development. Keep this

HO (that’s HandOut, not.. Okay you get it)HO (that’s HandOut, not.. Okay you get it) How economics develop over time & spaceHow economics develop over time & space Beginning of industrialization brings Beginning of industrialization brings

investment into a strong center (core)investment into a strong center (core)

Core-Periphery Activities Core-Periphery Activities (no sound)(no sound)

Primary: extract raw materials f/Earth, agric, Primary: extract raw materials f/Earth, agric, forestry, fish, miningforestry, fish, mining

Secondary: transform into usable form – Secondary: transform into usable form – wheat into flour, copper into wire, assembling wheat into flour, copper into wire, assembling components into cars, planes, etc.components into cars, planes, etc.

Tertiary: take goods, sell them or use to Tertiary: take goods, sell them or use to perform a service: restaurants, medicine, law, perform a service: restaurants, medicine, law, education, entertainmenteducation, entertainment

Quaternary: bit higher knowledge – admin, Quaternary: bit higher knowledge – admin, mgmt, R & Dmgmt, R & D

Example = U.S. Example = U.S. Stage 1: American colonialStage 1: American colonial Stage 2: E. Coast – industrializationStage 2: E. Coast – industrialization Stage 3: Regional subcenters, surrounding Stage 3: Regional subcenters, surrounding

areas are still behind.areas are still behind. Stage 4: Most of U.S. and CanadaStage 4: Most of U.S. and Canada Different areas of a country can be in different Different areas of a country can be in different

stages. i.e. Bangkok, Thailand.stages. i.e. Bangkok, Thailand. But they typically summarize a whole country.But they typically summarize a whole country.

Other political entities Other political entities (no sound)(no sound)

Feudalism – absolute monarchy (king, prince, Feudalism – absolute monarchy (king, prince, whatever is head of state AND gov’t) Very few whatever is head of state AND gov’t) Very few left – Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Bhutan (changing), left – Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Bhutan (changing), Emirates w/in United Arab Emirates (wow.. Emirates w/in United Arab Emirates (wow.. Lots of “oil” countries!)Lots of “oil” countries!)

Constit’l monarchy: monarch can dismiss Constit’l monarchy: monarch can dismiss parliament, appoint judges, etc, but has lesser parliament, appoint judges, etc, but has lesser power. G. Britain, Netherlands, Japan, power. G. Britain, Netherlands, Japan, Norway, etc.Norway, etc.

More political entities (no More political entities (no sound)sound) Commonwealth of Nations – independent Commonwealth of Nations – independent

former parts of British empire, have own former parts of British empire, have own prime minister, own gov’t – Canada, N. prime minister, own gov’t – Canada, N. Zealand, Australia, lots of islandsZealand, Australia, lots of islands

What makes a republic? Generally, What makes a republic? Generally, separation of powers – judicial, legis, execseparation of powers – judicial, legis, exec

CommunismCommunism Karl Marx’s theories said there should be Karl Marx’s theories said there should be

planned economy to benefit all citizens. planned economy to benefit all citizens. Collective wealth to be shared equally. Collective wealth to be shared equally.

Communism was NOT Marx’s idea.. He Communism was NOT Marx’s idea.. He would’ve had a FIT had he seen USSR.would’ve had a FIT had he seen USSR.

Devolution of the Soviet Union due to many Devolution of the Soviet Union due to many issues. Had to join Communist party to be issues. Had to join Communist party to be political, & workers weren’t members, yet political, & workers weren’t members, yet were largest group. People never WERE were largest group. People never WERE treated equally. treated equally.

Gerrymandering (Elbridge Gerry) – and Gerrymandering (Elbridge Gerry) – and yes, it’s illegal, and yes they still do it.yes, it’s illegal, and yes they still do it.

5 districts, Party A, Party B, 2.5 mil 5 districts, Party A, Party B, 2.5 mil voters across 5 districts.voters across 5 districts.

3 techniques3 techniques ““Wasted” vote (no they aren’t drunk)Wasted” vote (no they aren’t drunk) ““Excess” voteExcess” vote ““Stacked” vote – most common nowStacked” vote – most common now

Electoral GeographyElectoral Geography

GerrymandeGerrymanderingring Florida & Florida & GeorgiaGeorgia (no (no sound)sound)

Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

Sound here! Sound here!

1212thth District Rep is… (no District Rep is… (no sound)sound)

Rep. Melvin Rep. Melvin Watt [D-NC12]Watt [D-NC12]

Our District is #9 (no Our District is #9 (no sound)sound)

Rep. Sue Rep. Sue Myrick [R-Myrick [R-NC9]NC9]

Supreme Court RulingsSupreme Court Rulings

1962 Supreme Court ruled districts must follow the 1962 Supreme Court ruled districts must follow the principle of "one man, one vote" and have fair principle of "one man, one vote" and have fair borders and an appropriate population mixture. borders and an appropriate population mixture.

1985 - that manipulating district borders to give an 1985 - that manipulating district borders to give an advantage to one political party was advantage to one political party was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

2001: h2001: http://www.adversity.net/special/gerrymander_1.htmttp://www.adversity.net/special/gerrymander_1.htm

NC: How can they keep this going? Prove it in court!NC: How can they keep this going? Prove it in court!

Key Issue 3: Why Do States Key Issue 3: Why Do States Cooperate With Each OtherCooperate With Each Other

The U.N – 1945 est, replaced League of The U.N – 1945 est, replaced League of Nations.Nations. The Big 5 of Security Council have veto power, The Big 5 of Security Council have veto power,

10 non-members change ev 2 years.10 non-members change ev 2 years. No $ support for US/UK in ’03 Iraq attackNo $ support for US/UK in ’03 Iraq attack

Regional Military AlliancesRegional Military Alliances Balance of PowerBalance of Power Post WWII – NATO, Warsaw PactPost WWII – NATO, Warsaw Pact OSCEOSCE OAS (the African equivalent = AU)OAS (the African equivalent = AU)

European Alliances, European Alliances, 1960 & 20071960 & 2007

Shifts after S.Union Shifts after S.Union breakupbreakup

1.1. More than 2 superpowersMore than 2 superpowers

2.2. Power = economic, not militaryPower = economic, not military

3.3. Leading superpower NOT a single state Leading superpower NOT a single state (like U.S) but rather union of EUR states.(like U.S) but rather union of EUR states.

(this is totally arguable!!)(this is totally arguable!!)

Economic AgreementsEconomic Agreements EUR Union - growingEUR Union - growing COMECONCOMECON

World World Trade Trade Center Center Sept. 11, Sept. 11, 2001 (no 2001 (no sound)sound)

United Flight 175 crashes into Tower 2.

Key Issue 4: Why Has Key Issue 4: Why Has Terrorism Increased?Terrorism Increased?

By Individuals and OrganizationsBy Individuals and Organizations Prior to 9/11, Americans didn’t seem too Prior to 9/11, Americans didn’t seem too

affected.affected. What do you think motivates these groups?What do you think motivates these groups? What does the term “blowback” mean?What does the term “blowback” mean?