Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal...
Transcript of Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal...
![Page 1: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System
• Articulations• Junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together• Make bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
![Page 2: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Articulation – site where two or more bones meet
Two Fundamental Functions of Joints:Allow the skeleton to have mobilityHold the skeleton together
Joints = Articulations
![Page 3: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Joints – Structural and Functional Classes
Three Structural Classifications:
•Fibrous – suture, syndesomosis, gomphosis•Cartilaginous – synchondrosis, symphysis•Synovial
Three Functional Classifications
•Synarthrosis – immovable •Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable •Diarthrosis – freely movable
![Page 4: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Classification of Joints• Fibrous Joints
• dense connective tissues connect bones• between bones in close contact • synarthrotic
• immovable• amphiarthrotic
• slightly movable• diarthrotic
• freely movable
• Cartilaginous Joints• hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
• Synovial Joints• most complex• allow free movement
![Page 5: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
08_02a.jpg
![Page 7: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
08_02b.jpg
![Page 8: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fibrous Joints3 Types
• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
Syndesmosis• long fibers connect bones• amphiarthrotic• distal ends of tibia and fibula
![Page 9: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Suture• between flat bones• synarthrotic• thin layer of connective tissue connects bones
Gomphosis• cone-shaped bony process in a socket• tooth in jawbone• synarthrotic
Fibrous Joints
![Page 10: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cartilaginous Joints2 Types
• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
Synchondrosis• bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• epiphyseal plate (temporary)• between manubrium and first rib• synarthrotic
![Page 12: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cartilaginous JointsSymphysis
• pad of fibrocartilage between bones• pubis symphysis• joint between bodies of vertebrae• amphiarthrotic
![Page 13: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Synovial Joints
• diarthrotic• joint cavity• synovial fluid• joint capsule• synovial membrane• bursae
![Page 14: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint• hip• shoulder
Condyloid Joint• between metacarpals and phalanges
![Page 16: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joint• elbow• between phalanges
Gliding Joint• between carpals• between tarsals
![Page 17: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint• between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle Joint• between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
![Page 18: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Angular Movement – Change of Angle Between Bones
Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of the jointExtension — reverse of flexion; joint angle increasesDorsiflexion and Plantar flexion — up and down movement of the footAbduction — movement of a limb away from the midline or median planeAdduction — movement of a limb toward the midline or median planeCircumduction — movement of a limb describing a cone in space
![Page 19: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Types of Joint Movements• abduction/adduction• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion• flexion/extension/hyperextension
![Page 20: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rotation
The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Examples:Between first two vertebraeHip and shoulder joints
![Page 21: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Types of Joint Movements• rotation/circumduction• supination/pronation
![Page 22: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Special MovementsSupination and Pronation – refer to movements of radius around the ulna (also applied to foot movements)
![Page 23: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Types of Joint Movements• eversion/inversion• protraction/retraction• elevation/depression
![Page 24: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Special Movements
Inversion and Eversion
Protraction and Retraction
![Page 25: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Special Movements
Elevation and Depression
Opposition
![Page 26: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket• head of humerus• glenoid cavity of scapula• loose joint capsule• bursae• ligaments prevent displacement• very wide range of movement
![Page 27: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Shoulder Joint
![Page 28: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Elbow Joint
• hinge joint• trochlea of humerus• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint• capitulum of humerus• head of radius
• flexion and extension• many reinforcing ligaments• stable joint
![Page 29: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Elbow Joint
![Page 31: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint• head of femur• acetabulum• heavy joint capsule• many reinforcing ligaments• less freedom of movement than shoulder joint
![Page 32: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hip Joint
![Page 33: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Knee Joint
• largest joint• most complex• medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur• medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia• femur articulates anteriorly with patella• modified hinge joint• flexion/extension/little rotation• strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• menisci separate femur and tibia• bursae
![Page 34: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Knee Joint
![Page 35: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Life-Span Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Regular exercise can prevent stiffness• Fibrous joints first to strengthen over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height • Synovial joints lose elasticity
![Page 36: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Clinical ApplicationJoint Disorders
Sprains• damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints• forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis• inflammation of a bursa• overuse of a joint
Arthritis• inflamed, swollen, painful joints
• Rheumatoid Arthritis• Osteoarthritis• Gout
![Page 37: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Joint Injuries – Sprains & Cartilage Injury
Sprain - the ligaments in a joint are stretched or torn. Partially torn ligaments may repair themselves, but healing is slow due to lack of vascularization.Completely torn ligaments require surgical repair.
Cartilage is mostly avascular and largely unable to repair itself when torn. Most cartilage injuries involve tearing of the menisci.
![Page 38: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dislocations - Luxation
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint
![Page 39: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Inflammatory ConditionsBursitis
Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction. Symptoms are pain and swelling. Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated.
TendonitisInflammation of tendon sheaths.Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis.
![Page 40: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ligament and Cartilage Tears: Example of the Knee Joint
![Page 41: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris
Lateral and Medial Patellar Retinacula
Fibular and TibialCollateral Ligaments
Patellar Ligament
Knee Ligaments and Tendons –Anterior View
![Page 42: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Intracapsular Ligaments (but outside of synovial cavity)
Ant.Cruciate LigamentPost. Cruciate Ligament
Semilunar Cartilages
Medial MeniscusLateral meniscus
Knee Ligaments and other Supporting Structures
![Page 43: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Adductor Magnus Tendon
Articular Capsule
Oblique PoplitealLigament
Arcuate PoplitealLigament
SemimembranosusTendon
Knee Ligaments and other Supporting Structures
![Page 44: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Knee Injury
![Page 45: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
• Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. (1 out of every 7 people)
• Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
• Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
• Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Arthritis
![Page 46: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Arthritis: Causes and Symptoms
![Page 47: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis
• Affects women more than men• 85% of all Americans develop OA• More prevalent in the aged, and is probably
related to the normal aging process
![Page 48: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Osteoarthritis: Course• OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression
causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
• As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced
• The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
• Crepitus – crunching noise as roughened articularsurfaces rub together
• Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
![Page 50: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Osteoarthritis: Treatments• OA is usually slow and irreversible• Treatments include:
– Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity– Magnetic therapy?– Glucosamine sulfate? said to decrease pain and
inflammation
![Page 51: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)• Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of
unknown cause, with an insidious onset• Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may
occur at any age• Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia,
osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems– The course of RA is marked with exacerbations
and remissions
![Page 52: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course• RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint• Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released• Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing
swelling• Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus• Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms,
articulating bone ends fuse• The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed
fingers
![Page 53: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment• Conservative therapy – aspirin, long-term use
of antibiotics, and physical therapy• Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory
drugs or immunosuppressants• The drug Enbrel, a biological response
modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals
![Page 54: Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal Systemclt.astate.edu/mhuss/Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System.pdf · Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Junctions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020315/5a9e7fe57f8b9a6c178b6eb8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Gouty Arthritis• Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft
tissues, followed by an inflammatory response• Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base
of the great toe• In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and
immobilize the joint• Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids