Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 8Lecture

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2401Anatomy and Physiology I

Chapter 8

Susan Gossett

[email protected]

Department of Biology

Paris Junior College

mailto:[email protected]

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Hole’s Human Anatomyand Physiology

Twelfth Edition

Shier Butler Lewis

Chapter 8

Joints of the Skeletal System


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8.1: Introduction

• Are known as articulations• Functional junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together• Make bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction• Three (3) classifications of joints will be considered

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8.2: Classification of Joints

Structural classification:(1) Fibrous joints

• Dense connective tissues connect bones• Between bones in close contact

(2) Cartilaginous joints• Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

(3) Synovial joints• Most complex• Allow free movement

Functional classification:• Synarthrotic joints

• Considered immovable• Amphiarthrotic joints

• Slightly movable• Diarthrotic joints

• Freely movable

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Fibrous Joints

• There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses):• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis:• A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones• Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)


Fibula

Interosseusmembraneof leg

Tibia

Medialmalleolus

Anteriortibiofibularligament(interosseusligament)

Lateralmalleolus

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Fibrous Joints

• Suture:• Between flat bones• Teeth-like projections• Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones• Skull

• Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a socket• Tooth in jawbone

Margin ofsuture

Parietalbone

Suture

Suturalbones

Occipitalbone

(a) (b)


Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.

Periodontalligament

Alveolarprocess ofmandible

Root oftooth

Crown oftooth


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Cartilaginous Joints

• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):• Synchondrosis• Symphysis

• Synchondrosis:• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)• Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)


Thoracicvertebra

Costal cartilage

Manubrium

First rib

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Symphysis:• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones• Pubic symphysis• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae


Gelatinouscore

Spinous process

Band offibrocartilage

Pubis

Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis

Intervertebraldiscs

(a) (b)

Body ofvertebra

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8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint

• Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses)• There are six (6) types of diarthroses• There are specific parts of a diarthroses:

• Articular cartilage• Joint cavity• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Meniscus• Bursae


Spongybone

Joint cavityfilled withsynovialfluid Synovial

membrane

Articularcartilage

Jointcapsule

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8.4: Types of Synovial Joints

• Uni-axial• Hinge (ginglymoid) joint• Pivot or (trochoid) joint

• Bi-axial• Saddle (sellar) joint• Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint

• Multi-axial• Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint• Gliding (plane) joint

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Pivot Joint• Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2)

• Hinge Joint• Elbow joint• Between phalanges


(e) Pivot joint

Dens

Transverseligament

Atlas

Axis

(d) Hinge joint

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

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• Saddle Joint• Between carpal and 1st metacarpal (of thumb)

• Condylar Joint• Between metacarpals and phalanges• Between radius and carpals


Metacarpal

Phalanx

(b) Condylar joint

(f) Saddle joint

Firstmetacarpal

Trapezium

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• Ball-and-Socket Joint• Hip joint• Shoulder joint

• Gliding Joint• Between carpals• Between tarsals• Between facets of adjacent vertebrae

Hip bone

(a) Ball-and-socket joint

Head of femurin acetabulum

Femur


(c) Plane joint

Carpals

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8.5: Types of Joint Movements

• Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).

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Types of Joint Movements

• Abduction/adduction• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Flexion/extension/hyperextension• Lateral flexion


Abduction

Adduction

Extension

Flexion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Extension

Flexion

Hyperextension

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.



Circumduction

Medialrotation

Lateralrotation

Supination

Pronation

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• Rotation• Circumduction• Supination/pronation

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• Eversion/inversion• Protraction/retraction• Elevation/depression


Inversion Eversion

Protraction Retraction

Elevation

Depression


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8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints

• The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are large, freely moveable joints.

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Shoulder Joint

• Ball-and-socket• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula• Loose joint capsule• Bursae• Ligaments prevent displacement• Very wide range of movement (circumduction)

• Gliding joint• Between acromion process and clavicle


Humerus

Articular cartilage

Scapula

ClavicleAcromion process Subdeltoid bursa

Synovial membrane

Joint capsule

Joint cavity

(a)

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Shoulder JointCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Paul Reimann

Head of humerus

Joint cavity

Joint capsule

Articular cartilage

Scapula

Humerus

(b)

Coracohumeralligament

Transversehumeralligament

Tendon ofbicepsbrachii(long head)

Acromion processClavicle

Coracoidprocess

Acromionprocess

Subscapularbursa

Jointcapsule

Coracoidprocess

Clavicle

Glenohumeralligaments

Glenoid cavity

Tricepsbrachii(long head)

Glenoidlabrum

ScapulaHumerus

Scapula

Articular capsule(glenohumeralligaments hidden)

(a) (b)


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Elbow Joint

• Hinge joint• Trochlea of humerus• Trochlear notch of ulna

• Gliding joint• Capitulum of humerus• Head of radius

• Flexion and extension• Many reinforcing ligaments• Stable joint


Humerus

Joint capsule

Synovialmembrane

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Coronoid process

Anularligament

Radius

Ulna

Olecranonprocess

Trochlea

(a)

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Elbow Joint

Radius

Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle

Anular ligament

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Ulnar collateral ligamentCoronoid processUlna

Humerus

Lateral epicondyle

Anular ligament Radius

Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna

(b)(a)


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Hip Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint• Head of femur and acetabulum of coxa• Heavy joint capsule• Many reinforcing ligaments• Less freedom of movement than shoulder joint• Circumduction


Hip bone

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Synovial membrane

Joint capsule

Ligamentum capitis

Femur

(a)

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Hip JointCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(b)

Joint cavity

Articularcartilage

Hip bone

Head of femur

Joint capsule

Femur

© Paul Reimann

Ilium

IliofemoralligamentGreatertrochanter

Femur

Lessertrochanter

Pubis

Pubofemoralligament

Ischium

IliofemoralligamentIschiofemoralligament

Femur

Ilium

(a) (b)


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Knee Joint

• Largest joint• Most complex – 3 joints

• Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and• Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and• Femur articulates anteriorly with patella

• Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• Menisci separate femur and tibia• Bursae


Femur

Quadriceps femoris tendon(patellar tendon)

Synovial membraneSuprapatellar bursa

PatellaPrepatellar bursa

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Menisci

Patellar ligament

Infrapatellar bursa

Joint capsule

Tibia

(a)

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Knee Joint


Anterior cruciateligament

Femur

(b)

Lateral condyle

Lateral meniscus

Articularcartilage

Lateralcondyle

Head of fibula

Tibia

Fibula

© Paul Reimann

Gastroc-nemiusmuscle(cut)

Popliteusmusclecut)

Obliquepoplitealligament

Arcuatepoplitealligament

Fibula Tibia

FemurJointcapsule

Fibularcollateralligament

Plantarismuscle(cut)

Tibialcollateralligament

Tendon ofsemimembranosus(cut)

(a) (b)

Femur

Lateralcondyle

LateralmeniscusLateralcondyleFibularcollateralligament

Fibula

Tibia

MedialcondyleAnteriorcruciateligamentMedialmeniscusMedialcondyle

TibialcollateralligamentPatellarligament(cut)

Posteriorcruciateligament

Tendon ofadductormagnus (cut)


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8.1 Clinical Application

Replacing Joints

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8.2 Clinical Application

Joint Disorders

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8.7: Lifespan Changes

• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) • Synovial joints lose elasticity• Disuse hampers the blood supply• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer

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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed

8.1: Introduction List the functions of joints.8.2: Classification of Joints Explain how joints can be classified according the type of tissue that binds the bones together. Describe how bones of fibrous joints are held together. Describe how bones of cartilaginous joints are held together.8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint Describe the general structure of a synovial joint.8.4: Types of Synovial Joints Distinguish among the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each type.8.5: Types of Joint Movements Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements.

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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed

8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints Describe the shoulder joint and explain how its articulating parts are held together. Describe the elbow, hip, and knee joints and explain how their articulating parts are held together.8.7: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in joints.

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Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System

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