Chapter 8 How good is your memory? Number 1-15 (room for yes/no answers) A. Encoding GET IT IN!!! B. Storage/Processing KEEP IT (RETAIN)!!! 1.Sensory Memory a. Iconic (visual) REGISTER Few tenths of a second b. Echoic (acoustic) REGISTER Echo echo echo 3 4 seconds 2.Short-term Memory (active/working) 3.Long-term Memory (permanent/cues/3 types) C. Retrieval GET IT OUT!!! How many times do the players pass the ball? Basketball - Encoding and Attention What did you notice? What did you miss? What did you pay attention to? What did you not attend to? Midterm Exam FORGET 12-6 A. Automatic Encoding 1.effortless 2.without awareness 3.without interfering 4.requires no special attention *but it does require attention!! 5.cannot switch on and off at will I hope you didnt encode the information! That means you paid attention! B. Effortful Encoding 1.Rehearsal a. Rote Rehearsal (A, B, C, D.. Over and Over and Over) b. Elaborative Rehearsal (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, Outline the Text) 2.Requires that you spend time. 3.May require that you practice overlearning. 4.May require spaced rehearsal. Read the chapter. Listen to lectures.Do CC NotesDo Study Guide...Study for testStudy vocab cardsTalk about concepts with a friend/family member 12-6? Listen and rate the sentences I will read aloud based on the instructions. 1. Visual Encoding (of images) Works best for remembering words not best for MEANING of words a. Images Pronunciation or mental picture? Which worked best? b. Mnemonics Which finger represents the behavioral approach? Why? Which part of your hand represents the dendrites of a neuron? Why? Which two fingers represent the amygdala? Why? How is a neuron firing like a urinal? Which image is on YOUR brain to represent the function of the thalamus? Peg Word: Involves linking words with numbers. It is utilized by creating mental associations between items to be remembered and items that are already associated with numbers. For example, to remember the seven deadly sinslust, pride, greed, anger, sloth, envy, and gluttonythe number one could be associated with a bun, two with a shoe, three with a tree, four with a door, five with a hive, six with sticks, and seven with heaven.seven deadly sins Lust would be remembered by imagining a man drooling over a cinnamon bun Pride would be remembered by picturing a man polishing his expensive shoes Greed would be remembered by envisioning the word hanging from a tree in place of fruit Method of Loci: Using visualization of locations to memorize lists, scripts, speeches, etc. To use the Method of Loci, you simply need to visualize a location through which you can take an imaginary walk. If you are memorizing a speech, it is helpful for the location to have a beginning, middle, and an end, perhaps similar to a route you have memorized on your way to work. You will 'store' parts of what you need to memorize throughout each space of the location you have chosen. Others: (write your own here) 2. Acoustic *Craik and Tulving Works best for remembering rhyming info. rhyme fake it til you _____ _____ now I know my ABCs, next time wont you _____ ______ ______ Encoding (of sounds) 3. Semantic Encoding (of meaning) Works best when you need to remember verbal information long-term. a. Self-reference Effect *You remember best the information that has personal meaning. *Personally colored APPLICATIONS in CCN *Reflection questions in class *Rewind *Demonstrations you do them/you remember them *Well-designed Mnemonic Devices (images/meaning) b.Organized Information Chunking SS # (3 chunks) Phone Number (2 or 3 chunks) Steps of Memory:Systems of Memory:Short-Term Memories EncodeSensoryCentral Store Short-TermPhonological RetrieveLong-TermVisuo-Spatial Long-Term Memories:Retrieval Types: SemanticRecall EpisodicRecognition ProceduralRelearning Hierarchies Chapters in a book Schedule of your day Cognitive Webs Graphic organizers main idea connected to key concepts connected to each other *Nervous System Reflection: How do you remember best? How do you generally study spaced out or crammed together? Sensory Register Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Iconic Echoic Other Senses Brief Decays Quickly External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Retrieving Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly the information coming in through your sensory registers AND the information retrieved from LTM your working memory. Read Each List *Time is limited for each one. Wait Until I Say GO! Write the entire list down (or whatever you can remember). NO CHEATING Test your own memory. CX W M N KT Y R P J H B Z S GB M P V QF JD E G Q W J P B R H KA K F M C A J V B T Y I J F K Y M C A T V F B I A.Define: activated (working) memory that holds a few items briefly either from the senses or from LTM. 1.When did the lists get difficult for you? 2.What did you do to remember the letters? Rote Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal B.Coding Capacity of STM 1.7 chunks 2 chunks 2.What you can say in 2 seconds. What if you LOST your working/STM? Clive Wearing Example describe what happens to Clive Clive C.How do you move STM information into LTM? 1.Requires:Effortful Encoding (attention/time) a.Rote Rehearsal b.Elaborative Rehearsal D.Baddeleys Three Systems of Working Memory * Windows:______* Sentence:_____ Can use two tools for STM simultaneously CANNOT use ONE tool twice for the same task 1. Central Executive - Controls our attention and coordinates working memory for a specific task *Coordinates Phonological Loop with Sketchpad 2.Phonological Loop Stores and utilizes semantic (word) information *Count/verbal labels *Holds on and repeats sentence *Also needs to count words *Cant do BOTH at once so you use your fingers 3.Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Stores and utilizes speech based information *Visualize house/walk through and count windows II. Long Term Memory Is our LTM limitless? Yes, but it can FADE or be INTERFERED with. Rajan Rajan What does he teach you about making the most of your memory? Is his LTM limitless? What kind of rehearsal is he using? What are the recommendations he makes for permanently storing information while studying? (list all) Do you use these methods? Could you benefit from any that you DONT use? Article: Read through and hi-lite. Circle the title of any method you DO use. Put a boxaround any method you WILL use. Retake for those missing both parts of their test. Must come in and take both parts together (1 hour no Flex). On or before December 17. *No notes Recapture Due DEC. 17 Study Plan due BEFORE Dec. 16 Retake portions of test BEFORE CLASS Dec. 16. *May use CCN! B.How are long-term memories stored? Are these memories stored accurately? 1. Loftus and Loftus(brain/touch studies and witness) a.Content is often inventedb.We dont store EVERY moment fully. (memory can be flawed)c.There is not one place in the brain that holds LTMs? Brain/Touch Studies Hippocampus (new semantic/episodic memories) Cerebellum (new procedural memories) Temporal Lobes (faces/auditory information) Association Areas (entire cerebrum) C.What is the Biological Basis of Memory? 1. Long-Term Potentiation a.RehearseRehearseRehearse!! Dendrite Soma Axon Terminal Neurotransmitters Receptor Site REPEAT (through rehearsal) all throughout the LONG TERM! This will increase the POTENTIAL for getting a high score! b. Firing Potential The ability of a synapse to send a signal when the threshold is reached. This leads to efficient action potentials. c.If you briefly, continuously, and rapidly stimulate a synapse, the firing potential INCREASES. This is called Long-Term Potentiation. d.The more the LTP, the stronger the memory.