Chapter 8Chapter 8 Geography Geography

 

 

Alyssa Bisanz, Jenna Whiting, Monica Payne, Sherry ZhaoAlyssa Bisanz, Jenna Whiting, Monica Payne, Sherry Zhao

What is Geography?What is Geography?

Geography is more than Geography is more than finding a location on a map. It finding a location on a map. It links people and places links people and places together based on location, together based on location, culture, and customs.culture, and customs.

Geography is more than Geography is more than finding a location on a map. It finding a location on a map. It links people and places links people and places together based on location, together based on location, culture, and customs.culture, and customs.

The book definition is: the The book definition is: the study of places, cities, study of places, cities, countries, savannahs, countries, savannahs, mountains, deserts, rural areas, mountains, deserts, rural areas, oceans, continents, and oceans, continents, and communities.communities.

The book definition is: the The book definition is: the study of places, cities, study of places, cities, countries, savannahs, countries, savannahs, mountains, deserts, rural areas, mountains, deserts, rural areas, oceans, continents, and oceans, continents, and communities.communities.

Types of GeographyTypes of GeographyTypes of GeographyTypes of GeographyPhysical GeographyPhysical Geography• The study of the The study of the

physical features of the physical features of the earth such as the earth such as the climate, vegetation, climate, vegetation, soils, water, and soils, water, and landforms.landforms.

Human GeographyHuman Geography• The study of the The study of the

economic, social, and economic, social, and cultural systems that have cultural systems that have evolved in a specific evolved in a specific location. location.

• Examples of human Examples of human geographygeography include: include: poverty,poverty, language, andlanguage, and religions.religions.

Regional Diversity in the United StatesRegional Diversity in the United States

• Regional differences become apparent to educators as they move Regional differences become apparent to educators as they move from one area to another to work.from one area to another to work.

• Sometimes local and regional differences are barely noticeable; Sometimes local and regional differences are barely noticeable; however, if they are apparent these regional differences cause a however, if they are apparent these regional differences cause a number of adjustments in the way that a person lives, interacts with number of adjustments in the way that a person lives, interacts with others, and learns or teaches subject matter in the classroom.others, and learns or teaches subject matter in the classroom.

• A subject matter example would be religion. Religion plays a more A subject matter example would be religion. Religion plays a more influential role in some parts of the U.S. than others. As a result, this influential role in some parts of the U.S. than others. As a result, this type of influence can affect a teacher’s instructional approach to type of influence can affect a teacher’s instructional approach to topics like sex education or evolution. topics like sex education or evolution.

• Regional differences become apparent to educators as they move Regional differences become apparent to educators as they move from one area to another to work.from one area to another to work.

• Sometimes local and regional differences are barely noticeable; Sometimes local and regional differences are barely noticeable; however, if they are apparent these regional differences cause a however, if they are apparent these regional differences cause a number of adjustments in the way that a person lives, interacts with number of adjustments in the way that a person lives, interacts with others, and learns or teaches subject matter in the classroom.others, and learns or teaches subject matter in the classroom.

• A subject matter example would be religion. Religion plays a more A subject matter example would be religion. Religion plays a more influential role in some parts of the U.S. than others. As a result, this influential role in some parts of the U.S. than others. As a result, this type of influence can affect a teacher’s instructional approach to type of influence can affect a teacher’s instructional approach to topics like sex education or evolution. topics like sex education or evolution.

Degree of Diversity by StateDegree of Diversity by State

• The diversity of the The diversity of the population in the United population in the United States differs in many States differs in many regions. Some states regions. Some states have a lot of white have a lot of white people, while others are people, while others are dominated by other dominated by other cultures.cultures.

• African Americans are African Americans are the majority in the the majority in the District of Columbia and District of Columbia and over 1/4 of the over 1/4 of the population in population in Mississippi, Louisiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Maryland, and Alabama. Maryland, and Alabama.

• Asian Americans are the Asian Americans are the majority in Hawaii.majority in Hawaii.

• Latinos comprise 43% of Latinos comprise 43% of New Mexico and 35% of New Mexico and 35% of California and Texas. California and Texas.

• The diversity of the The diversity of the population in the United population in the United States differs in many States differs in many regions. Some states regions. Some states have a lot of white have a lot of white people, while others are people, while others are dominated by other dominated by other cultures.cultures.

• African Americans are African Americans are the majority in the the majority in the District of Columbia and District of Columbia and over 1/4 of the over 1/4 of the population in population in Mississippi, Louisiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Maryland, and Alabama. Maryland, and Alabama.

• Asian Americans are the Asian Americans are the majority in Hawaii.majority in Hawaii.

• Latinos comprise 43% of Latinos comprise 43% of New Mexico and 35% of New Mexico and 35% of California and Texas. California and Texas.

South-History and CharacteristicsSouth-History and CharacteristicsSouth-History and CharacteristicsSouth-History and Characteristics

• 1 of 4 of the nation's residents 1 of 4 of the nation's residents lives in the South.lives in the South.

• The South started in Virginia and The South started in Virginia and North Carolina but quickly North Carolina but quickly spread to Georgia, Alabama, spread to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, etc when the settlers Mississippi, etc when the settlers learned that they could establish learned that they could establish plantations for tobacco, indigo, plantations for tobacco, indigo, cotton, and rice.cotton, and rice.

• After the Civil War, race became After the Civil War, race became a defining feature of the South, a defining feature of the South, separating the blacks and whites separating the blacks and whites until the civil rights struggle in until the civil rights struggle in the 1950's and 1960's. the 1950's and 1960's.

• 1 of 4 of the nation's residents 1 of 4 of the nation's residents lives in the South.lives in the South.

• The South started in Virginia and The South started in Virginia and North Carolina but quickly North Carolina but quickly spread to Georgia, Alabama, spread to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, etc when the settlers Mississippi, etc when the settlers learned that they could establish learned that they could establish plantations for tobacco, indigo, plantations for tobacco, indigo, cotton, and rice.cotton, and rice.

• After the Civil War, race became After the Civil War, race became a defining feature of the South, a defining feature of the South, separating the blacks and whites separating the blacks and whites until the civil rights struggle in until the civil rights struggle in the 1950's and 1960's. the 1950's and 1960's.

• Now, more African-Americans Now, more African-Americans continue to live in the South continue to live in the South more than any other region in more than any other region in the United States.the United States.

• The Southern culture has The Southern culture has evolved from mixing American, evolved from mixing American, Indian, European, and African Indian, European, and African cultures. This is a process cultures. This is a process known as Creolization. known as Creolization.

Education in the SouthEducation in the South

• Schools were slow to develop and when they did, they were for children of Schools were slow to develop and when they did, they were for children of landowners. It was illegal to teach slaves and their children. Slaves still taught landowners. It was illegal to teach slaves and their children. Slaves still taught themselves and made their own schools before the government provided themselves and made their own schools before the government provided support for them.support for them.

• Literacy among African Americans grew dramatically after the Civil War since Literacy among African Americans grew dramatically after the Civil War since they were then allowed to learn without having to hide it. they were then allowed to learn without having to hide it.

• Until 1954, schools in the South were segregated. Many European American Until 1954, schools in the South were segregated. Many European American families didn't like when the schools were desegregated and many moved to families didn't like when the schools were desegregated and many moved to different areas to avoid their children going to school with African Americans.different areas to avoid their children going to school with African Americans.

Appalachia-History and CharacteristicsAppalachia-History and CharacteristicsAppalachia-History and CharacteristicsAppalachia-History and Characteristics

• Appalachia is the region of the Appalachia is the region of the country that follows the country that follows the Appalachian Mountain chain Appalachian Mountain chain crossing the states from New York crossing the states from New York all the way down into Mississippi. all the way down into Mississippi.

• The people of Appalachia have The people of Appalachia have been stereotyped as mountaineers been stereotyped as mountaineers or hillbillies. The Mountaineer is a or hillbillies. The Mountaineer is a rugged and independent individual rugged and independent individual who has mastered the mountains. who has mastered the mountains. The Hillbilly is a caricature of a The Hillbilly is a caricature of a person from the backcountry. person from the backcountry.

• Appalachia is primarily rural even Appalachia is primarily rural even though it is bordered by large cities though it is bordered by large cities such as Atlanta and Cincinnati. such as Atlanta and Cincinnati.

• Appalachia's diversity is limited. Appalachia's diversity is limited. The population is mostly white with The population is mostly white with only about 8% African-American only about 8% African-American and 2% Latino. and 2% Latino.

• Appalachia is the region of the Appalachia is the region of the country that follows the country that follows the Appalachian Mountain chain Appalachian Mountain chain crossing the states from New York crossing the states from New York all the way down into Mississippi. all the way down into Mississippi.

• The people of Appalachia have The people of Appalachia have been stereotyped as mountaineers been stereotyped as mountaineers or hillbillies. The Mountaineer is a or hillbillies. The Mountaineer is a rugged and independent individual rugged and independent individual who has mastered the mountains. who has mastered the mountains. The Hillbilly is a caricature of a The Hillbilly is a caricature of a person from the backcountry. person from the backcountry.

• Appalachia is primarily rural even Appalachia is primarily rural even though it is bordered by large cities though it is bordered by large cities such as Atlanta and Cincinnati. such as Atlanta and Cincinnati.

• Appalachia's diversity is limited. Appalachia's diversity is limited. The population is mostly white with The population is mostly white with only about 8% African-American only about 8% African-American and 2% Latino. and 2% Latino.

Education in AppalachiaEducation in Appalachia• Until the 1960's, school attendance in the rural and mountain regions of Appalachia Until the 1960's, school attendance in the rural and mountain regions of Appalachia

was lower than any other part of the country. It has since improved a lot. was lower than any other part of the country. It has since improved a lot.

• For example, West Virginia has a graduation rate similar to the rest of the country. For example, West Virginia has a graduation rate similar to the rest of the country. 

• The region also has a history of providing higher education opportunities such as The region also has a history of providing higher education opportunities such as Berea College in Kentucky which serves students with financial need from Berea College in Kentucky which serves students with financial need from Appalachia. The students attend the school on a full time basis with full scholarships. Appalachia. The students attend the school on a full time basis with full scholarships. In exchange, each student works 10 hours in school-owned shops. Many of these In exchange, each student works 10 hours in school-owned shops. Many of these students have gone on to professional and graduate schools. students have gone on to professional and graduate schools.

• Until the 1960's, school attendance in the rural and mountain regions of Appalachia Until the 1960's, school attendance in the rural and mountain regions of Appalachia was lower than any other part of the country. It has since improved a lot. was lower than any other part of the country. It has since improved a lot.

• For example, West Virginia has a graduation rate similar to the rest of the country. For example, West Virginia has a graduation rate similar to the rest of the country. 

• The region also has a history of providing higher education opportunities such as The region also has a history of providing higher education opportunities such as Berea College in Kentucky which serves students with financial need from Berea College in Kentucky which serves students with financial need from Appalachia. The students attend the school on a full time basis with full scholarships. Appalachia. The students attend the school on a full time basis with full scholarships. In exchange, each student works 10 hours in school-owned shops. Many of these In exchange, each student works 10 hours in school-owned shops. Many of these students have gone on to professional and graduate schools. students have gone on to professional and graduate schools.

New England & the Mid-AtlanticNew England & the Mid-AtlanticRegionRegion

•Regions are quite Regions are quite urbanized with lots urbanized with lots of industry, but there of industry, but there are states which are states which remain primarily remain primarily ruralrural

•Home to the earliest Home to the earliest European settlements European settlements and have some of the and have some of the richest history.richest history.

Besides English, Besides English, French is the first French is the first language for children language for children in some areas.in some areas.

•In the past 25 years, In the past 25 years, the states in this the states in this region have lost region have lost more of their more of their population than any population than any other states because other states because residents have been residents have been moving to the Sun moving to the Sun Belt states.Belt states.

New EnglandNew EnglandNew EnglandNew England

• Little Racial Diversity: 82% Little Racial Diversity: 82% white, 7% Latino, 6% African white, 7% Latino, 6% African American, 3% Asian American, American, 3% Asian American, and 3% American Indian.and 3% American Indian.

• Many of the schools used to be Many of the schools used to be religious in nature, but there is religious in nature, but there is a much more secular a much more secular curriculum in public schools curriculum in public schools today.today.

• Some of the highest graduation Some of the highest graduation rates in the country.rates in the country.

• Poverty rates range from 8% -Poverty rates range from 8% -13%.13%.

• Little Racial Diversity: 82% Little Racial Diversity: 82% white, 7% Latino, 6% African white, 7% Latino, 6% African American, 3% Asian American, American, 3% Asian American, and 3% American Indian.and 3% American Indian.

• Many of the schools used to be Many of the schools used to be religious in nature, but there is religious in nature, but there is a much more secular a much more secular curriculum in public schools curriculum in public schools today.today.

• Some of the highest graduation Some of the highest graduation rates in the country.rates in the country.

• Poverty rates range from 8% -Poverty rates range from 8% -13%.13%.

Mid-AtlanticMid-AtlanticMid-AtlanticMid-Atlantic

• One of the most racially One of the most racially diverse regions: 67% white, diverse regions: 67% white, 17% African American, 11% 17% African American, 11% Latino, 5% Asian American, Latino, 5% Asian American, and 1% two or more races.and 1% two or more races.

• Region contains above Region contains above average graduation rates.average graduation rates.

• Poverty rates range from Poverty rates range from 9% - 19%.9% - 19%.

• One of the most racially One of the most racially diverse regions: 67% white, diverse regions: 67% white, 17% African American, 11% 17% African American, 11% Latino, 5% Asian American, Latino, 5% Asian American, and 1% two or more races.and 1% two or more races.

• Region contains above Region contains above average graduation rates.average graduation rates.

• Poverty rates range from Poverty rates range from 9% - 19%.9% - 19%.

VSVS

New England and Mid-AtlanticNew England and Mid-AtlanticNew England and Mid-AtlanticNew England and Mid-Atlantic

HarvardHarvard

YaleYale

PrincetonPrinceton

•Some of the country’s Some of the country’s most prestigious and oldest most prestigious and oldest colleges and universities colleges and universities are located in this region. are located in this region.

•Teacher salaries are also Teacher salaries are also the highest in these the highest in these regions. regions.

West Region

•CA, AK, HA, WA, CA, AK, HA, WA, and OR are the and OR are the coastal West.coastal West.•AZ, NM, NV, UT, WY, AZ, NM, NV, UT, WY, ID, MT, and CO are ID, MT, and CO are the mountain West the mountain West states.states.•Some of the fastest Some of the fastest growing cities are growing cities are located in this region located in this region and many Asian and and many Asian and Hispanic migrants Hispanic migrants are attracted to live are attracted to live there.there.

•CA, AK, HA, WA, CA, AK, HA, WA, and OR are the and OR are the coastal West.coastal West.•AZ, NM, NV, UT, WY, AZ, NM, NV, UT, WY, ID, MT, and CO are ID, MT, and CO are the mountain West the mountain West states.states.•Some of the fastest Some of the fastest growing cities are growing cities are located in this region located in this region and many Asian and and many Asian and Hispanic migrants Hispanic migrants are attracted to live are attracted to live there.there.

• Perhaps due to the significant amount of Perhaps due to the significant amount of regional diversity, many of the West regional diversity, many of the West Region states have strong opposition to Region states have strong opposition to immigration reform and policies.immigration reform and policies.

• Along with the large number of migrants, Along with the large number of migrants, the native languages of students are also the native languages of students are also extremely diverse.extremely diverse.

• The increasing population of the states in The increasing population of the states in this regions causes somewhat of a strain this regions causes somewhat of a strain on the public education system.on the public education system.

• Arizona and California have both passed Arizona and California have both passed measures banning bilingual education, measures banning bilingual education, unless waivers are obtained.unless waivers are obtained.

• Perhaps due to the significant amount of Perhaps due to the significant amount of regional diversity, many of the West regional diversity, many of the West Region states have strong opposition to Region states have strong opposition to immigration reform and policies.immigration reform and policies.

• Along with the large number of migrants, Along with the large number of migrants, the native languages of students are also the native languages of students are also extremely diverse.extremely diverse.

• The increasing population of the states in The increasing population of the states in this regions causes somewhat of a strain this regions causes somewhat of a strain on the public education system.on the public education system.

• Arizona and California have both passed Arizona and California have both passed measures banning bilingual education, measures banning bilingual education, unless waivers are obtained.unless waivers are obtained.

Rural, Urban, and Suburban AreasRural, Urban, and Suburban AreasRural, Urban, and Suburban AreasRural, Urban, and Suburban Areas• Teaching in rural, urban, and suburban Teaching in rural, urban, and suburban

areas is significantly affected by a areas is significantly affected by a school’s proximity to an abundance of school’s proximity to an abundance of local resources and prospects.local resources and prospects.

• Teaching in rural, urban, and suburban Teaching in rural, urban, and suburban areas is significantly affected by a areas is significantly affected by a school’s proximity to an abundance of school’s proximity to an abundance of local resources and prospects.local resources and prospects.

•Resource examples Resource examples include, retail include, retail outlets/stores, tourist outlets/stores, tourist attractions, sporting attractions, sporting events, and cultural events, and cultural museums alter the museums alter the opportunities teachers opportunities teachers have.have.

•Resource examples Resource examples include, retail include, retail outlets/stores, tourist outlets/stores, tourist attractions, sporting attractions, sporting events, and cultural events, and cultural museums alter the museums alter the opportunities teachers opportunities teachers have.have.

•Interestingly, Interestingly, 79 percent of 79 percent of the U.S. the U.S. population lives population lives in towns, cities, in towns, cities, and and metropolitan metropolitan areas with 2,500 areas with 2,500 people or more.people or more.

•Interestingly, Interestingly, 79 percent of 79 percent of the U.S. the U.S. population lives population lives in towns, cities, in towns, cities, and and metropolitan metropolitan areas with 2,500 areas with 2,500 people or more.people or more.

Rural SchoolsRural Schools

Limitations:Limitations:-Less school resources to offer -Less school resources to offer a variety in class curricula (e.g. a variety in class curricula (e.g. foreign languages, music, art, foreign languages, music, art, technology education)technology education)-Teachers may be required to -Teachers may be required to teach subjects outside of their teach subjects outside of their expertiseexpertise-Low student enrollment-Low student enrollment-School consolidation-School consolidation-Travel time for students to -Travel time for students to and from schooland from school

Limitations:Limitations:-Less school resources to offer -Less school resources to offer a variety in class curricula (e.g. a variety in class curricula (e.g. foreign languages, music, art, foreign languages, music, art, technology education)technology education)-Teachers may be required to -Teachers may be required to teach subjects outside of their teach subjects outside of their expertiseexpertise-Low student enrollment-Low student enrollment-School consolidation-School consolidation-Travel time for students to -Travel time for students to and from schooland from school

Benefits:Benefits:-Low student to teacher ratio-Low student to teacher ratio-Teachers and principal know -Teachers and principal know students and familiesstudents and families-Individual student attention-Individual student attention-Satellite connections allow -Satellite connections allow students to take distance students to take distance learning courseslearning courses-Schools are located in -Schools are located in students home communities, students home communities, Minimizing student Minimizing student transportation issues to and transportation issues to and from schoolfrom school

Benefits:Benefits:-Low student to teacher ratio-Low student to teacher ratio-Teachers and principal know -Teachers and principal know students and familiesstudents and families-Individual student attention-Individual student attention-Satellite connections allow -Satellite connections allow students to take distance students to take distance learning courseslearning courses-Schools are located in -Schools are located in students home communities, students home communities, Minimizing student Minimizing student transportation issues to and transportation issues to and from schoolfrom school

Urban SchoolsUrban Schools

• Inner-city students need the most support, and often look at schools as a place of refuge from home/family problems.

• Many affluent parents and students will attend magnet or charter schools that emphasize particular curricula and more individualized attention.

•Typically, there is a disparity between schools located in the city. •There is a disconnect between the more affluent and poverty stricken schools and the resources each school has access to. •Often characterized as centralized, authoritative, and bureaucratic.

Suburban SchoolsSuburban Schools• 1/3 students are eligible for free or 1/3 students are eligible for free or

reduced-price lunch—compared to reduced-price lunch—compared to over half of urban school students.over half of urban school students.

• 1/3 students are eligible for free or 1/3 students are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch—compared to reduced-price lunch—compared to over half of urban school students.over half of urban school students. Often are smaller than urban schools.Often are smaller than urban schools.Often are smaller than urban schools.Often are smaller than urban schools.

Schools face difficulty in Schools face difficulty in offering competitive teacher offering competitive teacher salaries and employing salaries and employing qualified, licensed teachers.qualified, licensed teachers.

Schools face difficulty in Schools face difficulty in offering competitive teacher offering competitive teacher salaries and employing salaries and employing qualified, licensed teachers.qualified, licensed teachers.

Contain diverse school populations.Contain diverse school populations.Contain diverse school populations.Contain diverse school populations.

Face many problems that urban schools face. These Face many problems that urban schools face. These challenges include drugs, student-on-student challenges include drugs, student-on-student harassment, and lack of specialized, individual student harassment, and lack of specialized, individual student attention.attention.

Face many problems that urban schools face. These Face many problems that urban schools face. These challenges include drugs, student-on-student challenges include drugs, student-on-student harassment, and lack of specialized, individual student harassment, and lack of specialized, individual student attention.attention.

Globalization and Its OriginsGlobalization and Its Origins• Inside today’s world, it Inside today’s world, it

is important for people is important for people to know communities to know communities outside of their home outside of their home zip code. Therefore, zip code. Therefore, during the 21during the 21stst century, century, it is important for it is important for students and the students and the general population to general population to understand and be understand and be cognizant of other cognizant of other countries’ cultural, countries’ cultural, political, environmental, political, environmental, and economic systems. and economic systems.

•Globalization can be Globalization can be traced back to early traced back to early European colonization European colonization in the late 15in the late 15thth century. century.

•By mid-1800’s, By mid-1800’s, European and European and American colonization American colonization moved resources in moved resources in one direction--back to one direction--back to their respective their respective countries of origin.countries of origin.

Globalization and Its Origins (cont.)Globalization and Its Origins (cont.)

• In 1989, the United Nations Convention In 1989, the United Nations Convention on the Human Rights of the Child made on the Human Rights of the Child made early childhood care and education their early childhood care and education their top priorities. To assess whether a top priorities. To assess whether a country is progressing and meeting country is progressing and meeting those priorities, various data is collected those priorities, various data is collected and evaluated.and evaluated.

• In 1989, the United Nations Convention In 1989, the United Nations Convention on the Human Rights of the Child made on the Human Rights of the Child made early childhood care and education their early childhood care and education their top priorities. To assess whether a top priorities. To assess whether a country is progressing and meeting country is progressing and meeting those priorities, various data is collected those priorities, various data is collected and evaluated.and evaluated.

•1948, after WWII, colonies were 1948, after WWII, colonies were able to assert their independence able to assert their independence from European and American from European and American colonizers. This independence colonizers. This independence helped form and establish the helped form and establish the World Trade Organization, The World Trade Organization, The International Monetary Fund and International Monetary Fund and World Bank.World Bank.

•The United Nations Educational, The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) served as Organization (UNESCO) served as the primary organization the primary organization concerned with evaluating the concerned with evaluating the status of each country’s self-status of each country’s self-sufficiency, and economic status.sufficiency, and economic status.

Resistance by Indigenous PeopleResistance by Indigenous PeopleResistance by Indigenous PeopleResistance by Indigenous People

• The rights of indigenous people have often been The rights of indigenous people have often been violated, and many want to protect their own violated, and many want to protect their own languages, cultures, traditions, artifacts, religions, languages, cultures, traditions, artifacts, religions, and other aspects of life. and other aspects of life.

• Globalization has been a threat to the indigenous Globalization has been a threat to the indigenous groups because often times the newcomers to the groups because often times the newcomers to the land are investors and have more of an interest in land are investors and have more of an interest in making a substantial profit.making a substantial profit.

Resistance of Indigenous Resistance of Indigenous PeoplePeople

Resistance of Indigenous Resistance of Indigenous PeoplePeople• In various parts of the In various parts of the

world and in the United world and in the United States, as part of the States, as part of the resistance of the resistance of the indigenous people, indigenous people, Indigenous People’s Day Indigenous People’s Day is being celebrated is being celebrated instead of Columbus Day. instead of Columbus Day.

• This day is meant to This day is meant to commemorate the history commemorate the history and culture of the native and culture of the native people.people.

• In various parts of the In various parts of the world and in the United world and in the United States, as part of the States, as part of the resistance of the resistance of the indigenous people, indigenous people, Indigenous People’s Day Indigenous People’s Day is being celebrated is being celebrated instead of Columbus Day. instead of Columbus Day.

• This day is meant to This day is meant to commemorate the history commemorate the history and culture of the native and culture of the native people.people.

Classroom FocusClassroom Focus

• Sometimes classroom focus can be derived from connections Sometimes classroom focus can be derived from connections students have with certain places like their home communities, students have with certain places like their home communities, group memberships, school rivalries, and school traditions. group memberships, school rivalries, and school traditions.

• Effective classroom teaching Effective classroom teaching methods incorporate the methods incorporate the local culture, language, and local culture, language, and student narratives.student narratives.

Teaching Immigrant StudentsTeaching Immigrant Students

The education of The education of immigrant children can immigrant children can be affected by a variety be affected by a variety of factors:of factors:• Family incomeFamily income• CommunityCommunity• Occupation of parentsOccupation of parents• Possibly deportation if Possibly deportation if

they are undocumentedthey are undocumented• Low levels of English Low levels of English

comprehensioncomprehension• Lack of ESL or bilingual Lack of ESL or bilingual

education in schoolseducation in schools

The education of The education of immigrant children can immigrant children can be affected by a variety be affected by a variety of factors:of factors:• Family incomeFamily income• CommunityCommunity• Occupation of parentsOccupation of parents• Possibly deportation if Possibly deportation if

they are undocumentedthey are undocumented• Low levels of English Low levels of English

comprehensioncomprehension• Lack of ESL or bilingual Lack of ESL or bilingual

education in schoolseducation in schools

Teaching Immigrant StudentsTeaching Immigrant Students• Understanding the background of the students is necessary and Understanding the background of the students is necessary and

teachers should meet with the parents of the students.teachers should meet with the parents of the students.• Use parts of their native culture to interest them and to help them Use parts of their native culture to interest them and to help them

learn.learn.• Have high expectations for the immigrant students and set goals Have high expectations for the immigrant students and set goals

for them. for them. • If they are likely to move because family members are seasonal If they are likely to move because family members are seasonal

agricultural workers, make an effort to learn what their previous agricultural workers, make an effort to learn what their previous educational experiences were like and what they already know.educational experiences were like and what they already know.

• Do not think of all immigrant students as a homogenous group.Do not think of all immigrant students as a homogenous group.

• Understanding the background of the students is necessary and Understanding the background of the students is necessary and teachers should meet with the parents of the students.teachers should meet with the parents of the students.

• Use parts of their native culture to interest them and to help them Use parts of their native culture to interest them and to help them learn.learn.

• Have high expectations for the immigrant students and set goals Have high expectations for the immigrant students and set goals for them. for them.

• If they are likely to move because family members are seasonal If they are likely to move because family members are seasonal agricultural workers, make an effort to learn what their previous agricultural workers, make an effort to learn what their previous educational experiences were like and what they already know.educational experiences were like and what they already know.

• Do not think of all immigrant students as a homogenous group.Do not think of all immigrant students as a homogenous group.

Incorporating Global Perspectives

• The connectivity of resources and cultures inside and outside of the classroom affects the way teachers are able to deliver lesson objectives.

• Including various perspectives is important because it helps students create relevance to world events, and keep them interested in what is happening across the globe.

• Creating relevance also helps students understand the impact that world events have on them, and enhances their understanding of various types of cultures.

SummarySummary

• The regions of the United States differ in their history, religion, The regions of the United States differ in their history, religion, racial diversity, poverty levels, and many other factors. These racial diversity, poverty levels, and many other factors. These attributes help to determine what the education system is like in attributes help to determine what the education system is like in each region, and how teachers should teach their students. In each region, and how teachers should teach their students. In addition, the migration of citizens, immigration of people into the addition, the migration of citizens, immigration of people into the United states, and location of schools in rural, suburban, and urban United states, and location of schools in rural, suburban, and urban areas also cause changes within the education system. In order to areas also cause changes within the education system. In order to create the best learning environment for students, teachers should create the best learning environment for students, teachers should first understand the background of their region and geography.first understand the background of their region and geography.

• The regions of the United States differ in their history, religion, The regions of the United States differ in their history, religion, racial diversity, poverty levels, and many other factors. These racial diversity, poverty levels, and many other factors. These attributes help to determine what the education system is like in attributes help to determine what the education system is like in each region, and how teachers should teach their students. In each region, and how teachers should teach their students. In addition, the migration of citizens, immigration of people into the addition, the migration of citizens, immigration of people into the United states, and location of schools in rural, suburban, and urban United states, and location of schools in rural, suburban, and urban areas also cause changes within the education system. In order to areas also cause changes within the education system. In order to create the best learning environment for students, teachers should create the best learning environment for students, teachers should first understand the background of their region and geography.first understand the background of their region and geography.

Resource GuideResource Guide

• Questions, or looking Questions, or looking for more information? for more information? The following The following resources will provide resources will provide some additional some additional information and information and research guidance. research guidance.

What Is Geography VideoWhat Is Geography Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU

What is geographyWhat is geography. (2009). . (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/wahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU tch?v=QwbToV-FvsU

Video provides an overview of Video provides an overview of the importance of geography the importance of geography by incorporating a geography by incorporating a geography definition and several images definition and several images that show various world that show various world locations. These images locations. These images provide a visual provide a visual representation of geography.representation of geography.

US Culture by RegionUS Culture by RegionAdvameg Inc. (2011). Advameg Inc. (2011). Countries and their Countries and their

culturescultures. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Unitedhttp://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html -States-of-America.html

The different cultural backgrounds of each The different cultural backgrounds of each individual make up the United States. As individual make up the United States. As mentioned in the slides, regions may vary mentioned in the slides, regions may vary by races, languages, or income level, but by races, languages, or income level, but there are so many different factors which there are so many different factors which define culture. The cuisine, industry, define culture. The cuisine, industry, politics, gender roles, and even family ties politics, gender roles, and even family ties can add to the culture of each region. can add to the culture of each region. Teachers should be aware of the many Teachers should be aware of the many facets of culture in order to understand facets of culture in order to understand their students and to best relate to them. their students and to best relate to them.

http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html

Second Language LearnersSecond Language Learners by Stephen Cary by Stephen Cary

Cary, Stephen. (1997). Cary, Stephen. (1997). Second language Second language learnerslearners. Portland, ME: Stenhouse . Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.Publishers.

• Many immigrant students are ELLs, Many immigrant students are ELLs, and this particular book has many and this particular book has many different techniques which are helpful different techniques which are helpful in creating the best educational in creating the best educational environment for the students. In environment for the students. In addition, not only are there methods addition, not only are there methods which the teacher can employ, but which the teacher can employ, but also methods which students should also methods which students should employ in order to learn efficiently. employ in order to learn efficiently. Though the targets of these Though the targets of these techniques are the ELL and immigrant techniques are the ELL and immigrant students, they can be used for all students, they can be used for all students.students.

Success of Immigrant StudentsSuccess of Immigrant StudentsWalqui, Aida. (2000, June). Walqui, Aida. (2000, June). Strategies for success: Strategies for success:

engaging immigrant students in secondary engaging immigrant students in secondary schoolsschools. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0003strathttp://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0003strategies.html egies.html

• There is a high dropout rate among second There is a high dropout rate among second language learners, which are often immigrant language learners, which are often immigrant students, which suggests that many are being students, which suggests that many are being taught inadequately. When teaching ELLs and taught inadequately. When teaching ELLs and immigrant students, teachers often focus on the immigrant students, teachers often focus on the English part and not the context and content. English part and not the context and content. The website lists 10 different principles that The website lists 10 different principles that teachers should follow in order to further the teachers should follow in order to further the success of their immigrant students. success of their immigrant students. http://www.cal.org/res

ources/digest/0003strategies.html

English-Only Laws in the Western English-Only Laws in the Western RegionRegion

Crawford, James. (2000). Crawford, James. (2000). English-only English-only vs. english-onlyvs. english-only. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/203-227.htm

• Following in California’s footsteps, Following in California’s footsteps, Arizona passed the Prop 203. The Arizona passed the Prop 203. The proposition bans most cases of proposition bans most cases of bilingual education, preventing the bilingual education, preventing the effective instruction of many effective instruction of many immigrant and ELL students. People immigrant and ELL students. People have to realize that ELLs are not just have to realize that ELLs are not just the immigrant children, but also the immigrant children, but also American citizens whose native American citizens whose native language was not English. These language was not English. These laws are denying many children a laws are denying many children a fair education.fair education.

http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/203-227.htm

Teach for AmericaTeach for America• Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Teach for Teach for

america founder & ceo wendy kopp america founder & ceo wendy kopp interview interview . [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU v=QwbToV-FvsU

• Children are often born into Children are often born into educational inequity. The quality of educational inequity. The quality of education is often reflected by the education is often reflected by the income levels of a community, and income levels of a community, and children are often unable to reach children are often unable to reach their potential in these schools. their potential in these schools. Teach for America trains and sends Teach for America trains and sends out teachers to various urban and out teachers to various urban and rural regions in our nation in order rural regions in our nation in order to create more educational equity.to create more educational equity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYh9AnwHsZc

Clip from “Lean on Me”Clip from “Lean on Me”• Avildson , J (Director). (1989). Avildson , J (Director). (1989). Lean on Lean on

MeMe [Web]. Available from [Web]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWW4KogocfQ

• In the movie “Lean On Me”, Morgan Freeman In the movie “Lean On Me”, Morgan Freeman gives an inspirational speech to students at an gives an inspirational speech to students at an inner city school filled with urban youth who inner city school filled with urban youth who lack the motivation to succeed. There is a lack the motivation to succeed. There is a shortage of support from teachers, district shortage of support from teachers, district heads, and the city itself, as the school is heads, and the city itself, as the school is threatened to be closed due to low test scores. threatened to be closed due to low test scores. The scores of a test will determine if they can The scores of a test will determine if they can say goodbye to their school, and for many, say goodbye to their school, and for many, goodbye to any possibility of an education. goodbye to any possibility of an education. Though in the form of a movie, the depressing Though in the form of a movie, the depressing situations featured in the film are similar to the situations featured in the film are similar to the experiences that some urban students may have experiences that some urban students may have to face.to face.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWW4KogocfQ

Freedom WritersFreedom Writers• LaGravenese, R (Director). LaGravenese, R (Director).

(2007). (2007). Freedom WritersFreedom Writers[Web]. [Web]. Available from Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0PRB4YsXn4&feature=relatedv=m0PRB4YsXn4&feature=related

• "Freedom Writers” is based on the true "Freedom Writers” is based on the true story of Erin Gruwell (played by Hilary story of Erin Gruwell (played by Hilary Swank) and a racially diverse group of Swank) and a racially diverse group of students. This film illustrates the students. This film illustrates the difference that a good teacher can make difference that a good teacher can make in the lives of students in an urban in the lives of students in an urban school. Teaching methods may be a bit school. Teaching methods may be a bit unorthodox, but if they work for the unorthodox, but if they work for the students, then that’s what’s important. students, then that’s what’s important. Teachers can use their influence to help Teachers can use their influence to help the students in urban areas to realize the students in urban areas to realize their potential.their potential.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0PRB4YsXn4&feature=related

Experiences of an Inner-City School TeacherExperiences of an Inner-City School Teacher

• Geib, R. (n.d.). Geib, R. (n.d.). Inner-city school Inner-city school teacherteacher. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.rjgeib.com/biography/inner-city-blues/innerblu.html

• This is an autobiography of an Inner-This is an autobiography of an Inner-city school teacher in Los Angeles, CA. city school teacher in Los Angeles, CA. The teacher explains what it’s really The teacher explains what it’s really like to teach at an impoverished urban like to teach at an impoverished urban school, and describes the time there as school, and describes the time there as some of the most difficult. Of course some of the most difficult. Of course there are instances when the teachers there are instances when the teachers are able to make a huge difference for are able to make a huge difference for their students, but people need to their students, but people need to realize that much of the time, the realize that much of the time, the teachers are unable to change the teachers are unable to change the education and social system of the education and social system of the their school.their school.

Photograph SourcesPhotograph SourcesPhotograph SourcesPhotograph Sources

• The sources of all images used in the The sources of all images used in the PowerPoint are included within the notes PowerPoint are included within the notes

sections of each slide.sections of each slide.

• The sources of all images used in the The sources of all images used in the PowerPoint are included within the notes PowerPoint are included within the notes

sections of each slide.sections of each slide.

Powerpoint Works CitedPowerpoint Works CitedPowerpoint Works CitedPowerpoint Works Cited

• All information from this powerpoint came All information from this powerpoint came from the Gollinck and Chinn text, Chapter 8: from the Gollinck and Chinn text, Chapter 8: Geography, Multicultural Education in Geography, Multicultural Education in Plurastic Society. Pages 287-336.Plurastic Society. Pages 287-336.

• Gollnick, D, & Chinn, P. (2009). Gollnick, D, & Chinn, P. (2009). Multicultural Multicultural education in a pluralistic societyeducation in a pluralistic society. Upper . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

• All information from this powerpoint came All information from this powerpoint came from the Gollinck and Chinn text, Chapter 8: from the Gollinck and Chinn text, Chapter 8: Geography, Multicultural Education in Geography, Multicultural Education in Plurastic Society. Pages 287-336.Plurastic Society. Pages 287-336.

• Gollnick, D, & Chinn, P. (2009). Gollnick, D, & Chinn, P. (2009). Multicultural Multicultural education in a pluralistic societyeducation in a pluralistic society. Upper . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Resource Guide Works CitedResource Guide Works CitedResource Guide Works CitedResource Guide Works Cited

• Advameg Inc. (2011). Advameg Inc. (2011). Countries and their culturesCountries and their cultures. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html

• Avildson , J (Director). (1989). Lean on Me [Web]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWW4KogocfQ

• Cary, Stephen. (1997). Cary, Stephen. (1997). Second language learnersSecond language learners. Portland, ME: Stenhouse . Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.Publishers.

• Crawford, James. (2000). Crawford, James. (2000). English-only vs. english-onlyEnglish-only vs. english-only. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/203-227.htm

• Geib, R. (n.d.). Inner-city school teacher. Retrieved from http://www.rjgeib.com/biography/inner-city-blues/innerblu.html

• LaGravenese, R (Director). (2007). Freedom Writers[Web]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0PRB4YsXn4&feature=related

• Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Teach for america founder & ceo wendy kopp Teach for america founder & ceo wendy kopp interview interview . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-. [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU FvsU

• Walqui, Aida. (2000, June). Walqui, Aida. (2000, June). Strategies for success: engaging immigrant students Strategies for success: engaging immigrant students in secondary schoolsin secondary schools. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0003strategies.html

• What is geographyWhat is geography. (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from . (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU

• Advameg Inc. (2011). Advameg Inc. (2011). Countries and their culturesCountries and their cultures. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html

• Avildson , J (Director). (1989). Lean on Me [Web]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWW4KogocfQ

• Cary, Stephen. (1997). Cary, Stephen. (1997). Second language learnersSecond language learners. Portland, ME: Stenhouse . Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.Publishers.

• Crawford, James. (2000). Crawford, James. (2000). English-only vs. english-onlyEnglish-only vs. english-only. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/203-227.htm

• Geib, R. (n.d.). Inner-city school teacher. Retrieved from http://www.rjgeib.com/biography/inner-city-blues/innerblu.html

• LaGravenese, R (Director). (2007). Freedom Writers[Web]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0PRB4YsXn4&feature=related

• Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Molaro, M. (Producer). (2007). Teach for america founder & ceo wendy kopp Teach for america founder & ceo wendy kopp interview interview . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-. [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU FvsU

• Walqui, Aida. (2000, June). Walqui, Aida. (2000, June). Strategies for success: engaging immigrant students Strategies for success: engaging immigrant students in secondary schoolsin secondary schools. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0003strategies.html

• What is geographyWhat is geography. (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from . (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToV-FvsU