CHAPTER 7: THE ROMANSThe Rise of Rome

GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY• Peninsula similar to Greece

• 750 miles long• Apennine Mountains divide Italy between east and west• Large fertile plains for farming

• 2 major ones• 1. Po River Valley in North• 2. Latium where Rome is located

• Apennine Mountains• Easy to navigate, therefore communities were not divided due to it

• Rome• Located inland but had the Tiber River to connect it to the sea for trading• Its location on Tiber River allowed for large amounts of foot traffic too

PEOPLE OF ITALY• 1500-1000BC

• Indo-European people moved into the area• Little known about them except they lived in Latium and spoke Latin• These “Latins” were herders and farmers living in the hills of Rome

• 750-550BC• Greeks began to colonize in the south• Moved up coast and also occupied Sicily• What did Greeks pass on? Alphabet, art, culture, farming, literature

• 650BC• Etruscans developed Rome beyond a small town• What did Etruscans pass on? The toga and structure of army

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Rome (753-509BC)• Under the control of 7 kings• Some kings were Etruscans• 509BC• Revolt from the Etruscans• Established the Roman Republic• Differences• Leader was not part of monarchy• Certain people had the right to vote

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Conquests of Rome

• 338BC• Defeated the Latin states

• 300BC• Defeated the people of the Apennine Mountains

• 264BC• Defeated the Greeks in Southern Italy

• Roman Confederation• Needed to rule all of Italy• Certain groups allowed to be Roman citizens• Were allowed to run own affairs but required to give soldiers to Rome• If Rome did well, these communities did too

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• How was Rome able to be so successful?

• 1. Good Diplomacy• Gave incentives like citizenship to certain groups• Had ability to be firm and down right cruel when needed• Showing force earned them respect

• 2. Strength of Military• Persistent• Defeats never led them to quit• They simply rebuilt stronger ones• Creation of fortified towns allowed fro quicker movement through Republic

• 3. Law and Politics• Practical. Did not look for perfect empire but rather one that responded to

problems

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• The Political Structure

• Divided into 2 groups• 1. Patricians

• Wealthy land owners• Became the ruling class

• 2. Plebeians• Less wealth landowners• Craftsmen, small farmers, and merchants

• Men from both groups had to pay taxes, serve in military, and could vote• Only men from Patricians could be elected to government offices

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• The Government of Rome• The top officials were• 1. The consuls• 2 were elected every year and ran the government• Responsible for leading army into battle

• 2. The Praetors• In charge of civil law• Responsible for hearing court cases

THE ROMAN REPUBLICThe Roman Senate• Group of 300 Patricians• Responsible for advising government officials• Later responsible for creation of laws

• The Roman Republic• Responsible for electing the chief officials• Sub-group of the Senate• Wealthiest citizens had majority

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Struggle of the Orders

• Patricians vs. Plebeians• Forbidden to marry into opposite group• Led to creation of the council of plebs (471BC)• Council of Plebs

• Tribunes given power to protect plebs• In 300’s BC, groups were allowed to marry into each other• 287BC: Plebs allowed to pass laws for all of Rome

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Roman Law• 450BC: The 12 Tables• First code of Roman Law• Product of a simple farming society

• Law of Nations• Universal law based on reason• Innocent until proven guilty• Accused can present case before a judge• Judge expected to make a ruling based on evidence

ROMAN EXPANSION• Romans vs. Carthage• Carthage• Founded by the Phoenicians in 800BC• Massive Trading empire included:• Spain, Northern Africa, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily

• Sicily being so close to Italy made Rome nervous• Beginning in 264BC, war began between the 2 states

ROMAN EXPANSION• 1st Punic War

• 264-241BC• Romans send army to Sicily• Romans had superior land army but a weak navy• Eventually built up a navy• Defeated the Carthaginians in 241BC• Carthage gave up rights to Sicily

• Also had to pay Rome

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War (218-201BC)• Hannibal: The Great General of Carthage• Vowed revenge after the 1st Punic War• Wanted to invade Rome• 46,000 troops, horses, and 37 battle elephants• Trek across the Alps killed most elephants• 216BC, Romans met him at Cannae• Killed 40,000 Roman soldiers• Caused a revolt of cities in southern Italy

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War• Roman Reaction• Slowly built army back up• Could not handle Hannibal’s army in Italy• Decide to attack Carthage instead• First they removed all Carthaginians from Spain • By attacking Carthage, they forced Hannibal to leave Italy

and return

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War’

• Battle of Zama (202BC)• Roman general Scipio Africanus• Carthaginian General Hannibal• Rome crushes Carthage

• What did Rome get?• Spain became a Roman province• Rome became the super power of the Mediterranean

• What happened to Hannibal?• Fled Carthage • Was eventually chased down to Bithynia which is near Black Sea• Poisoned himself to avoid being captured

ROMAN EXPANSION• 3rd Punic War (150-146BC)

• Destruction of Carthage• Roman Emperor Cato demanded it• 10 day stretch in 146 of burning and demolishing the city of Carthage• 50,000 Carthaginians became slaves• Carthage becomes a Roman Province

• 4th Macedonian War (148BC)• Rome conquers Macedonia

• 146BC: Rome conquers Greece• 129BC: Rome makes Pergamum 1st province in Asia

CHAPTER 7: THE ROMANSFrom Republic to Empire

DECLINE OF ROMAN REPUBLIC• The Roman Senate• Over time, they became the real rulers of Rome• Allowed themselves to be senators for life• They were the wealthy landowners• Responsible for:• Leading wars• Foreign Policy• Domestic Policy• Financial Affairs of Rome

DECLINE OF ROMAN REPUBLIC• Senators controlled by the aristocracy• Aristocracy slowly built up large estates from small landowners who

could not longer afford their lands• Slave labor becomes popular and the small farmers move to the

cities• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus• Roman Senators that fought for small farmers• Allowed council of plebs to pass land reform laws• Gave small farmers land from aristocracy• Both eventually killed by the aristocracy for these laws

DECLINE OF ROMAN REPUBLIC• Role of the Army

• Marius (107BC)• Roman general that recruited the poor for an army• New armies pledged allegiance to a general and not to Rome• Soldiers given land and resources by general• Generals now got involved in politics and forced laws to be passed• Whoever controlled the army, controlled Rome in some cases

• Lucius Sulla (82BC)• Roman general that took control of the Republic by winning civil war over Marius• Put control of the State back in hands of the Senate• Eliminated most power from the populous

END OF THE REPUBLIC• Downfall of Rome stemmed from civil wars and competition for

power• Creation of the Triumvirate (Rule by 3)(60BC)• 1. Crassus (Richest man in Rome)• 2. Pompey (General of army in Spain)• 3. Julius Caesar (Commander in Spain)

• Held all political and military power

END OF THE REPUBLIC• Caesar

• Gained more power with death of Crassus in 53BC• Was powerful and famous during battles in Gaul (France)• Willing to face danger to earn respect• Was told to lay down command by Senate for fear of overthrowing

government• Battled army of Pompey and defeated him in 47BC• Became first dictator of Rome (absolute Power)

END OF REPUBLIC• Caesar as Dictator

• Gave land to the poor• Senate went up to 900 people filled with his supporters• Granted citizenship to provinces who helped him• Introduced the Egyptian calendar to Rome• Wanted to expand Rome east• 44BC: assassinated by Senators trying to bring back old Republic• Led to another civil war

END OF THE REPUBLIC• Second Triumvirate

• Followers of Julius Caesar• 1. Octavian (heir of Caesar)• 2. Antony (assistant to Caesar)• 3. Lepidus (Commander in army)

• 31BC: Battle of Actium• Octavian’s army vs. Antony/Cleopatra’s navy• Octavian defeats Antony (Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide)• Octavian created peace in Rome• 31BC-14AD: Foundation of the Empire

BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• 27BC• Octavian “restores the Republic”• Gives Senate limited power• Becomes first Emperor• Claims title of Caesar Augustus (“The revered one”)• Gave him the title of Commander in Chief

BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Reign of Caesar Augustus (27BC-14AD)• Caesar’s Army

• 28 legions• 151,000 troops• Only Roman citizens could be part of a legion

• Auxiliary Army• 130,000 troops• Subject of Rome but not citizens

• Praetorian Guard• Caesar’s personal army• 9,000 soldiers

BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE:DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE

• Roman Republic• Senate assigned governors

of provinces before Caesar• After Caesar, the senate was

only allowed to appoint governors of certain provinces

• Caesar’s Rome• Caesar assigned deputies to

certain provinces• Caesar could overrule any

governor put into order by the Senate

BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Conquests of Caesar Augustus• Conquered the nations along the Alps• Conquered the Balkan Peninsula• Attempted conquest of Germany failed

• Lost 15,000 troops in the process• Augustus’ Beliefs on Religion

• Lost during the civil wars• Worked to rebuild the temples to the Roman gods• Also wanted a cult dedicated to the emperor• He himself was named a god by the Senate

CHAPTER 7: THE ROMANSThe Early Roman Empire

EARLY EMPERORS OF ROME• Caesar Augustus set precedent by allowing the emperor to choose his

successor• The Augustus Family (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero)

• Began a series of corrupt emperors• They slowly took more power away from the Senate• Nero had people killed that he found a threat

• This included his mother• His actions caused him to gain many enemies• Eventually the Legions revolted against him• Nero commits suicide, which leads to civil war in 69AD

EMPERORS OF THE EARLY EMPIRE

• The 5 Good Emperors• Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonimius Pius, Marcus Aurelius• The Pax Romana

• Period of peace lasting 200 years• How did emperors maintain peace?

• Ended executions• Respected the ruling class• Created better domestic laws

• Emperors took more power from the Senate but put in place public service programs• Trajan created a program to help poor parents• Created more buildings and public attractions

EXPANDING THE EMPIRE• How far did Rome expand?• Trajan expanded to Romania, Mesopotamia, and Sinai Peninsula• Hadrian felt the empire got too big• Took a step back from Mesopotamia• Instead refortified the rest of the empire with extra soldiers• Fortified the line between the Danube and Rhine Rivers

• Hadrian’s Wall: 74 miles long along Britain• Designed to keep out the Scots

EXPANDING THE EMPIRE• Roman Empire covered 3.5 million square miles• Contained 50 million people • Roman Rule

• Very lenient on local customs for nations• 212 AD, every free person in empire became Roman citizen• Local officials responsible for

• Running government• Enforcing laws• Collecting taxes

ROMAN ART• Art• Adopted many things from classical Greek art• Looked to go for a realistic view of people instead of the Greek

style of sculpting perfection• Architecture• Adopted Greek Columns and Rectangular buildings• Used the ideas of arches and domes• First people to use concrete on large scale operations

ROMAN LITERATURE• Age of Augustus was the Golden Age of Roman Literature• Virgil

• Epic poem Aeneid• Story of Aeneas (The perfect Roman citizen)

• Horace• Satires

• Attacks those that are greedy• Be happy with what you have

• Livy• The Early History of Rome

• Traces the origins of Rome but with moral lessons attached to itr

LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD• Paterfamilias

• Family life was male dominant • All upper-class children were educated

• Boys learned reading, writing, law, morals, and physical training• At age 16, they became men and wore white togas instead of purple ones

• Girls were sent to schools or given tutors to be educated although ultimately they would become married by 14. (Legal age was 12)

• Marriage• Meant to be for life but divorce was introduced• Either side could ask for one

LIFE IN ROMAN WORLD• Change in Time (100AD)• Eventually the Paterfamilias had less power• No longer had the right to sell children into slavery• Women were allowed to go into public unaccompanied• Women had the right to inherit or own land• Not allowed to have voice in politics• Were allowed to go to sporting events and religious

ceremonies• Did not have to be separate from husbands in the house like

Greeks

SLAVERY• Slaves of all nationalities were used in every position needed• Greeks used as tutors• Slaves who murdered their master had all slaves under that master

executed• Sparatcus

• Gladiator slave that revolt• Southern Italy• 70,000 slaves revolt• Killed in 71BC after defeating a number of legions• 6,000 of his followers were crucified