Chapter 7: Consonantal Gestures

Place

Purpose

Review English CategoriesLook at Other Place and Manner Possibilities - Examples in Other Languages

 Look at Common Disordered Categories

Place

Need to Specify Passive articulator Active articulator

Most Non-English Sounds

Similar PlacesDifferent Manner

1. Bilabial

2. Labiodental

3. Dental

4. Alveolar

5. Retroflex

6. Palato-Alveolar

7. Palatal

8. Velar

9. Uvular

10. Pharyngeal

11. Epiglottal

Bilabials

English: Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides

Other languages Fricatives

Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/

Linguo-labials - tongue + lip

LABIAL

Labiodental

English: FricativesMany languages have fricatives, affricates German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/

No phonemic Stops or Nasals Acoustic similarity to bilabials

Many allophonic nasals E.g., “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/

“emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/

LABIAL

Interdental/Dental

English: FricativesOther Languages: Stops Nasals

CORONAL

Alveolar

English: Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants

Other Languages: Affricates

E.g., German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/ Nonphonemic in English

E.g., eats /its/

CORONAL

Retroflex

English: Liquids

Other Languages: Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives

E.g., Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/

Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue)

CORONAL

Part of Tongue Used

Apical - Tongue TipLaminal - Tongue BladeDorsal - Back of Tongue

CORONAL

Alveolar and Palatal

English: Fricatives

Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip

near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside)Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-

alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)

CORONAL

Palatal

English: Fricatives, Liquids, Glides

Other Languages Stops, Fricatives, Nasal

Laminal vs. DorsalPhonemic vs. Allophonic Uses

CORONAL

Velar

English Stops, Nasals

Fricatives Spanish German

DORSAL

Uvular

Back of tongue to uvulaNot in American EnglishFricatives French

Trill German /R/

Nasals Iniktitut /N/

Stop Iniktitut /q, G/

DORSAL

Epiglottis

Epiglottis to back wall of pharynxRareFricativesPhonemic contrast between pharyngeal & epiglottal place extremely rare. Acoustic similarity

DORSAL

See Agul

Pharyngeal

Root of tongue to back wall of pharynxFricatives

DORSAL

Manner

Stops

Summary Table 7.5, p. 168.

Know how each is produced

Nasals

In many languagesPrimarily Voiced, some voiceless.

Fricatives

Largest varietyClassification Tongue grooved or flat

not bilabial Sibilants and Non-sibilants

Auditory distinction Sibilants have greater acoustic energy Different means of obstruction

Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the left)

Trill

Tip of tongue set in motion by airUvular, Alveolar, Bilabial

Tap/FlapTap Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/

Flap One articulator being thrown against another.

Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolarOften grouped, terminology used interchangeably.E.g., “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)

Affricates

Phonemic – DurationTypes Alveopalatal Alveolar Labial Ejectives Possible

Lateral vs. Central / Approximants (liquids & glides)

Lateral Air passes out sides

Central Air passes out center Alveolar vs. Velar

Place & Manner Differences in Disordered Speech

Lateralization

Primarily Stops Fricatives

Speech with a Cleft Palate

Cleft in hard/soft palate Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle

Inadequate closure/obstruction of airStructurally unable to produce certain soundsAttempt to keep same manner with different place May result in Nasal Fricatives Glottal Stops Pharyngeal Fricatives

What you know about consonants:

1. Airstream Mechanism2. Airstream Direction3. Glottis State4. Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some)5. Primary Place of Articulation6. Manner of Articulation7. Centrality8. Nasality

Airstream Mechanism

1. Pulmonic2. Glottalic3. Velaric

Airstream Direction

1. Egressive2. Ingressive

Glottis State

1. Voiced2. Voiceless3. Murmured4. Laryngealized5. Closed

Part of Tongue Involved

1. Apical2. Laminal3. Neither

Primary Place of Articulation

1. Bilabial2. Labiodental3. Dental4. Alveolar5. Retroflex6. Alveopalatal7. Palato-alveolar8. Palatal9. Velar10. Uvular11. Pharyngeal12. (Labial-Velar)

Manner of Articulation

1. Stop2. Fricative3. Approximant4. Trill5. Flap6. Tap7. Affricate

Centrality

1. Central2. Lateral

Nasality

1. Oral2. Nasal

Practice – match the transcription with the sound

1

2

3

4

5

a

b

c

d

e

Practice – match the transcription with the sound

1

2

3

4

5

a

b

c

d

e

Difficult Fricative

Practice1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

Difficult Fricative

Practice1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j