Chapter 6Chapter 6

The The WorldWorld

of of IslamIslam

Section 1Section 1

The RiseThe Riseof Islamof Islam

The ArabsThe Arabs The Arabian Peninsula is a desert land. Arabs The Arabian Peninsula is a desert land. Arabs

were nomads who moved constantly to find food were nomads who moved constantly to find food and water. Organized into tribes with a Sheikh and water. Organized into tribes with a Sheikh in charge.in charge.

Were 1Were 1stst shepards and raiders of trading shepards and raiders of trading caravans. Then became traders.caravans. Then became traders.

Trade route developed between Makkah Trade route developed between Makkah (Mecca) and Yemen. Towns prospered along (Mecca) and Yemen. Towns prospered along route.route.

Tensions developed between wealthy merchants Tensions developed between wealthy merchants and Bedouins (Arabs in the desert). The and Bedouins (Arabs in the desert). The merchants were showing less and less concern merchants were showing less and less concern for the welfare of their poorer clanspeople and for the welfare of their poorer clanspeople and slaves.slaves.

Began as polytheistic. Traced ancestors to Began as polytheistic. Traced ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba, a house of worship whose Kaaba, a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred black stone.cornerstone was a sacred black stone.

1 supreme god, Allah (Arab for “God”). Also 1 supreme god, Allah (Arab for “God”). Also worshipped other tribal gods.worshipped other tribal gods.

Problems with Mesopotamia and Egypt Problems with Mesopotamia and Egypt allowed the Arab trade route to prospered allowed the Arab trade route to prospered and became more popular.and became more popular.

The Life of MuhammedThe Life of Muhammed Born in Makkah in 570. Became a caravan Born in Makkah in 570. Became a caravan

manager. Concerned about the gap manager. Concerned about the gap between rich merchants and Makkans.between rich merchants and Makkans.

Went to meditate & believed that Allah Went to meditate & believed that Allah revealed to him his beliefs. These were revealed to him his beliefs. These were written down into the Quran, the holy written down into the Quran, the holy scriptures of Islam (“peace through scriptures of Islam (“peace through submission to the will of Allah”).submission to the will of Allah”).

People who practice Islam are Muslims.People who practice Islam are Muslims. They believe that there was only 1 God, They believe that there was only 1 God,

Allah.Allah.

Most people didn’t accept Muhammad’s Most people didn’t accept Muhammad’s revelations. So he & his followers moved revelations. So he & his followers moved to Yathrib, later renamed Medina (“city of to Yathrib, later renamed Medina (“city of the prophet”). This journey became known the prophet”). This journey became known as the Hijrah in 622.as the Hijrah in 622.

Submission to the will of Allah meant Submission to the will of Allah meant submission to his prophet, Muhammad, submission to his prophet, Muhammad, who became both a political & religious who became both a political & religious leader. He formed a military and took over leader. He formed a military and took over Mecca. They converted to Islam.Mecca. They converted to Islam.

Muhammad died in 632. Muhammad died in 632.

The Teachings of MuhammadThe Teachings of Muhammad Islam is monotheistic. Allah created the Islam is monotheistic. Allah created the

universe and everything in it. universe and everything in it. Muhammad was a prophet, not divine. Allah Muhammad was a prophet, not divine. Allah

sent his final revelation through Muhammad sent his final revelation through Muhammad since his earlier prophets had been since his earlier prophets had been rejected.rejected.

Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam

1.1. Belief in Allah & his prophet Muhammad.Belief in Allah & his prophet Muhammad.

2.2. Standard prayer 5 times a day & public Standard prayer 5 times a day & public prayer on Fridays at midday.prayer on Fridays at midday.

3.3. Giving alms, such as food & money, to the Giving alms, such as food & money, to the poor.poor.

4.4. Observance of the holy month Ramadan, Observance of the holy month Ramadan, including fasting from dawn to sunset.including fasting from dawn to sunset.

5.5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime called the hajj.in a lifetime called the hajj.

Islam is a way of life. Shari’ah is a set of Islam is a way of life. Shari’ah is a set of laws to regulate daily life.laws to regulate daily life.

Muslims are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, Muslims are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior.behavior.

Section 2Section 2

The Arab EmpireThe Arab Empireand itsand its

SuccessorsSuccessors

Creation of an Arab EmpireCreation of an Arab Empire When Muhammad died, he had not named a When Muhammad died, he had not named a

successor. This created a problem.successor. This created a problem. They elected his father-in-law, Abu Bakr & named They elected his father-in-law, Abu Bakr & named

him caliph.him caliph. He began raiding their enemies to expand the He began raiding their enemies to expand the

movement. Became known as jihad “struggle in movement. Became known as jihad “struggle in the way of God”. Soldiers believed that if they died the way of God”. Soldiers believed that if they died in battle, they were assured a place in Paradise.in battle, they were assured a place in Paradise.

Conquered the entire Persian empire. Conquered Conquered the entire Persian empire. Conquered people were not expected to convert, rather be people were not expected to convert, rather be loyal to Muslim rule & to pay taxes.loyal to Muslim rule & to pay taxes.

After Abu Bakr died, the next 3 caliphs were After Abu Bakr died, the next 3 caliphs were assassinated.assassinated.

The UmayyadsThe Umayyads 661, Gen. Mu’awiyah became caliph. Used 661, Gen. Mu’awiyah became caliph. Used

force when only necessary. He made the force when only necessary. He made the office hereditary. Created the Umayyad office hereditary. Created the Umayyad dynasty.dynasty.

Arabs conquered the Berbers in N. Africa. Arabs conquered the Berbers in N. Africa. Tried to conquer Spain, but lost in the Battle Tried to conquer Spain, but lost in the Battle of Tours in Gaul. Expansion in Europe of Tours in Gaul. Expansion in Europe ended.ended.

Non-Muslims felt they were treated unfairly. Non-Muslims felt they were treated unfairly. Hussein, led a revolt that split Islam into 2 Hussein, led a revolt that split Islam into 2 groups: The Shiites, who accepted groups: The Shiites, who accepted descendents of Ali as true caliphs and The descendents of Ali as true caliphs and The Sunni, who accepted descendents of the Sunni, who accepted descendents of the Umayyads as caliphs. Umayyads as caliphs.

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyads.750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyads. Built new capital at Baghdad on the caravan Built new capital at Baghdad on the caravan

route from the Mediterranean to central Asia.route from the Mediterranean to central Asia. Muslims could hold civil & military offices, Muslims could hold civil & military offices,

regardless of their ethnic backgrounds.regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. During the Golden Age of the Abbasid, During the Golden Age of the Abbasid,

Harun al-Rashid was known for his charity. Harun al-Rashid was known for his charity. Period of great prosperity. Period of great prosperity.

A vizier, advised the caliph and helped rule A vizier, advised the caliph and helped rule the empire. His sons fought over who would the empire. His sons fought over who would succeed him. Abbasid Empire broke apart.succeed him. Abbasid Empire broke apart.

The Seljuk TurksThe Seljuk Turks The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt created an army The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt created an army

of soldiers from other countries to fight for them. of soldiers from other countries to fight for them. The Seljuk Turks were nomads from central The Seljuk Turks were nomads from central

Asia. Converted to Islam. 11Asia. Converted to Islam. 11thth century took over century took over the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Empire. the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Empire. Took over Baghdad and took command of the Took over Baghdad and took command of the empire.empire.

Sultan (“holder of power”) became the political Sultan (“holder of power”) became the political and military leader. Abbasid was religious and military leader. Abbasid was religious leader.leader.

Defeated the Byzantines when they attacked. Defeated the Byzantines when they attacked. Took over most of Anatolian peninsula.Took over most of Anatolian peninsula.

The CrusadesThe Crusades The Byzantine Emperor, who was Christian, The Byzantine Emperor, who was Christian,

asked for help against the Turks.asked for help against the Turks. 1096, a series of crusades began. They 1096, a series of crusades began. They

conquered areas & established crusader conquered areas & established crusader states.states.

Saladin, made himself Sultan after taking Saladin, made himself Sultan after taking control of Egypt, ended the Fatimid dynasty. control of Egypt, ended the Fatimid dynasty. Attacked the crusader states. Invaded Attacked the crusader states. Invaded Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian army Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian army there. there.

Crusades ended and led to centuries of Crusades ended and led to centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christians.mistrust between Muslims & Christians.

The MongolsThe Mongols 1313thth century had the Arab Empire being attacked century had the Arab Empire being attacked

by the Mongols.by the Mongols. From the Gobi, they were destructive and cruel. From the Gobi, they were destructive and cruel.

Goal was to create so much terror that people Goal was to create so much terror that people would not fight back.would not fight back.

Seized Persia & Mesopotamia. Hulegu hated Seized Persia & Mesopotamia. Hulegu hated Islam so he destroyed Baghdad. Unable to Islam so he destroyed Baghdad. Unable to conquer Egypt.conquer Egypt.

Cairo becomes new learning center of Islamic Cairo becomes new learning center of Islamic civilization.civilization.

Mongols later converted to Islam and rebuilt Mongols later converted to Islam and rebuilt many of the cities they had destoryed. Mongol many of the cities they had destoryed. Mongol Empire split into separate kingdoms. Empire split into separate kingdoms.

End of the old Islamic Empire.End of the old Islamic Empire.

Section 3Section 3

Islamic Islamic CivilizationCivilization

Prosperity in the Islamic WorldProsperity in the Islamic World Trade flourished under the Abbasid Trade flourished under the Abbasid

dynasty. Development of banking and the dynasty. Development of banking and the use of coins made it easier to buy/sell use of coins made it easier to buy/sell goods.goods.

Sahara- gold & slaveSahara- gold & slave China- silk & porcelainChina- silk & porcelain E. Africa- gold & ivoryE. Africa- gold & ivory SE Asia & India- sandalwood & spicesSE Asia & India- sandalwood & spices Egypt- grainEgypt- grain Iraq- linen, dates, precious stonesIraq- linen, dates, precious stones India- textile goodsIndia- textile goods

Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus became great Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus became great trading cities.trading cities.

Bazaar, or covered markets were important Bazaar, or covered markets were important part of every city/town.part of every city/town.

Most people still lived in the countrysides. Most people still lived in the countrysides. Lived by farming & herding. Peasants owned Lived by farming & herding. Peasants owned most of the farmland.most of the farmland.

Later, wealthy landowners began to create Later, wealthy landowners began to create large estates.large estates.

Islamic SocietyIslamic Society Belief that all people are equal in the eyes of Belief that all people are equal in the eyes of

Allah. But not true.Allah. But not true. Ruling families, government officials, and Ruling families, government officials, and

wealthy merchants were the upper class.wealthy merchants were the upper class. Slaves, because they were non-Muslims Slaves, because they were non-Muslims

were never considered equal.were never considered equal. Slaves served in the army & in households. Slaves served in the army & in households.

Could buy their freedom. Should be treated Could buy their freedom. Should be treated fairly. Considered a good act to set them fairly. Considered a good act to set them free.free.

Women were not considered equal. Women were not considered equal. Expected to be treated with respect by men. Expected to be treated with respect by men. Had right to inherit/own property. Expected Had right to inherit/own property. Expected to be good wives/mothers. Had a male to be good wives/mothers. Had a male guardian.guardian.

Parents arranged marriages.Parents arranged marriages. Men could have more than 1 wife, but no Men could have more than 1 wife, but no

more than 4. Had to pay dowry (a gift of more than 4. Had to pay dowry (a gift of money/property) to their brides. money/property) to their brides.

Women stayed home. Covered nearly all of Women stayed home. Covered nearly all of their body when in public. their body when in public.

Section 4Section 4

The CultureThe Culture

Of Of

IslamIslam

Preservation of KnowledgePreservation of Knowledge Arabs translated works of Aristotle and Plato Arabs translated works of Aristotle and Plato

& put them into the House of Wisdom in & put them into the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.Baghdad.

1212thth century, translated into Latin and taken century, translated into Latin and taken to Europe.to Europe.

Texts on math were brought from India.Texts on math were brought from India. Paper brought from China in 8Paper brought from China in 8thth century. century. Paper factories built in Baghdad to help Paper factories built in Baghdad to help

preserve the knowledge.preserve the knowledge.

Philosophy, Science, & HistoryPhilosophy, Science, & History Islamic scholars made great contributions in Islamic scholars made great contributions in

math & science.math & science. Adopted & passed on numerical system of Adopted & passed on numerical system of

India. In Europe, became known as “Arabic” India. In Europe, became known as “Arabic” system.system.

Set up observatory in Baghdad & named Set up observatory in Baghdad & named many stars.many stars.

Iranian mathematician created algebra.Iranian mathematician created algebra. Improved the astrolabe.Improved the astrolabe.

Developed medicine as a field of scientific Developed medicine as a field of scientific study. study.

Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. He Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. He stressed the contagious diseases.stressed the contagious diseases.

Ibn-Khaldun wrote Muqaddimah (Introduction Ibn-Khaldun wrote Muqaddimah (Introduction to History). Believed that civilizations go to History). Believed that civilizations go through regular cycles of birth, growth, and through regular cycles of birth, growth, and decay.decay.

LiteratureLiterature Quran was the greatest work of literature.Quran was the greatest work of literature. Rubaiyat and 1001 Nights (The Arabian Rubaiyat and 1001 Nights (The Arabian

Nights) were both told orally and written Nights) were both told orally and written down later. Both are a collection of folktales, down later. Both are a collection of folktales, fables, and romances, including Aladdin.fables, and romances, including Aladdin.

ArchitectureArchitecture Islamic art was a blend of Arab, Turkish, and Islamic art was a blend of Arab, Turkish, and

Persian traditions.Persian traditions. Muslim Mosques were the greatest Muslim Mosques were the greatest

examples.examples. Minaret, was the tower that the muezzin or Minaret, was the tower that the muezzin or

crier calls the faithful to prayer 5 times a day.crier calls the faithful to prayer 5 times a day. Most decorations consisted of Arabic letters, Most decorations consisted of Arabic letters,

abstract figures, and floral designs repeating abstract figures, and floral designs repeating over & over in geometric patterns called over & over in geometric patterns called arabesques.arabesques.