Chapter 6 - FEG
Transcript of Chapter 6 - FEG
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6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es6-2 Plural forms of nouns6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects6-4 Objects of prepositions6-5 Prepositions of time6-6 Word order: place and time6-7 Subject – verb agreement6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns6-9 Using nouns as adjectives6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects6-11 Possessive nouns6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives6-13 Reflexive pronouns6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)6-16 Summary of forms of other
CONTENTS
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
cats = cat/z/
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/ bikes = bike/s/
/s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/
bikes = bike/s/
/s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds
examples: /t/, /p/, /k/
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(b) reads = read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/
/z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(b) reads = read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/
/z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds
examples: /d/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /b/, all vowel sounds
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catch/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/
/ z/ adds a syllable –s/–es pronounced / z/
әәә
әәә
әә
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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES
(c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catches/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/
әә
әә
әә
/ z/ adds a syllable -s/-es pronounced / z/ after
–sh, –ch, –s, –z, –ge / –dge sounds
әә
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cupcakes = cupcake__
6-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e/s/
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watches = watch___
6-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e/ z/e
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cars = car__
6-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e/z/
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
one potato
six potatoes
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one dream two dreamsone boat two boats
one shoe two shoes
(a)
most plural nounsadd –s
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one wish two wishesone latch two latches
one glass two glassesone mix two mixes
(b)
add –esendings: –sh, –ch, –ss, –x
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one story two storiesone party two parties
(c)
–y –i and add –esendings: consonant + –y
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one boy two boysone ray two rays
(d)
add –sendings: vowel + –y
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one life two livesone elf two elves
(e)
–fe or –f –vesendings: –fe or –fExceptions:
beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cliffs
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
PLURAL
one potato two potatoesone piano two pianos
one zero two zeroes/zeros
(f)
sometimes –oes sometimes –os
endings: –o
SINGULAR
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one child two childrenone goose two geese
one tooth two teeth
(g)
irregular plural forms
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one deer two deerone sheep two sheep
one species two species
(h)
plural form = singular form
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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
one bacterium two bacteriaone cactus two cactione crisis two crises
one phenomenon two phenomena
(i)
foreign plurals
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6-2 LET’S PRACTICE
one goat two ______goats
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6-2 LET’S PRACTICE
one ape many ____apes
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6-2 LET’S PRACTICE
one stitch many ______stitches
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6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
The boys are happy.
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6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
Birdsnoun verb
noun verb
SUBJECT
(b) swim.
fly.(a)
Fish
A SUBJECT is a noun.
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6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
Birdsnoun verb
noun verb
VERB
(b) swim.
fly.(a)
Fish
A sentence hasSUBJECT and VERB.
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(d) have
6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
Birdsnoun verb noun
noun verb noun
OBJECT
have(c)
Fish
wings.
The OBJECT of a verb is a noun.
gills.
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6-3 LET’S PRACTICE
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
Jenna studies Italian.
? ? ?
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6-3 LET’S PRACTICE
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
Zebras have stripes.
? ? ?
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6-3 LET’S PRACTICE
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
Horses love apples.
? ? ?
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6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
He skied down the mountain.
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Prepositional Phrase = PREPOSITION + OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
subject verb object prep. objectof prep.
Lenny wrote a book about dolphins. (a)
of prep.
The snow fell on the trees. (b) subject verb object prep. object
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6-4 LET’S PRACTICE
They are
subject verb object prep. objectof prep.
hats.wearing
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6-4 LET’S PRACTICE
They are
subject verb object prep. objectof prep.
hatswearing on their heads.
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6-4 LET’S PRACTICE
The game
subject verb object prep. objectof prep.
went into overtime.
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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
She has a piano lesson at 4:30 on Tuesdays.
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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
IN(a) I hope to see you in the future.
(b) I like a cup of tea in the morning.
in + the past, the present, the futurein + the morning, the afternoon, the evening
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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
IN(c) We start school in September.(d) My son was born in 1975.(e) We are in the twenty-first century.(f) The leaves are beautiful in the fall.
in +
a montha yeara centurya season
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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
ON(g) They got married on February 14.(h) Her violin lesson is on Monday.(i) We eat out on Sunday afternoons.
on + a date on + a weekday on + a weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
AT(j) We usually have lunch at noon.(k) She has an appointment at 3:15.(l) I’m using the computer at the moment.
at + noon, night, midnight at + “clock time” at + present, the moment, the present time
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6-5 LET’S PRACTICE
inonat
I like to read __ the evening.inA friend gave me a book formy birthday __ “May 3”. on
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6-5 LET’S PRACTICE
inonat
I hope to get a good job __ the future.in
I have an interview __ June 8 __ 3:00.on at
I will graduate __ 2012.in
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6-6 WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME
Laurette moved to Seattle in 2008.
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6-6 WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME
S V
Alba went to Rome in October. (a)
PLACE TIME
place time
Alba went in October to Rome.
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We visited a friend in Caracas in 2006.
6-6 WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME
S V
(b)
P T
S-V-O-P-T = Subject – Verb – Object – Place – Time
O
S-V-O-P-T = a basic English sentence structure.
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6-6 WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME
S V
In October, Alba went to Rome. (c)
PLACETIME
time expression sentence,
Last week, she went to the park. (d)
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went
6-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Create a sentence.
2006. She Alaska July 7,
She 2006.went Alaska July 7,to on
onto
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Last spring
6-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Create a sentence.
toMoscow we moved Last spring
we moved to Moscow.
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to dance lessons on Fridays.They go
6-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Create another sentence.
to dance lessons they go Fridays
they go to dance lessons.On Fridays,
OR
on
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The history of the pyramids is very
interesting.
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
SINGULAR SINGULAR
(a) The earth spins.
(b) Dogs bark.
singular subject singular verb plural subject plural verb
PLURAL PLURAL
verb + -s
noun + -s
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
SINGULAR SINGULAR
(c) Our teacher comes from Madrid.
(d) Our teacher and her son come from Madrid.
subject + and + subject plural verb
PLURAL PLURAL
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(e) The giant pandas in the zoo eat bamboo.
(f) That money in my back pocket is for the rent.
phrases between subject & verb don’t change subject / verb agreement
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(g) There is a star in the sky.
(h) There are many stars in the sky.
There + be + subject something in a place
v s
v s
verb agrees with noun that follows be
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(i) Every star is shining.
(j) Everybody/Everyone loves ice cream.
Every a singular word
Subjects with every a singular verb
Every stars
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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(k) People in Honduras speak Spanish.
People a plural noun
takes a plural verb
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6-7 LET’S PRACTICE
The morning air feels refreshing.
subject ? verb
correct ?
yesno yes____
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____
6-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Everybody like dancing.
subject ? verb
correct ?
yesno no
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6-7 LET’S PRACTICE
The students in this class work hard.
subject ? verb
correct ?
yesno yes____
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6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
The young man is a talented musician.
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6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
(a) Marcela has a blue car.
words that describe nouns adjectives
ADJ NOUN
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6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
(b) The small child is sitting in a large chair.
(c) The colorful sunset makes a lovely picture.
(d) The baby elephants stay near the adult elephants.
adjectives “modify” nouns
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6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
(e) Elephants are interesting animals.
adjectives no plural form
Elephants are interestings animals.
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(f) Marcela has a blue car. Marcela has a car blue.
(g) Orchids are expensive.
(h) Her hair is red.
adjectives + nouns
main verb + adjectivesbe
6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
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6-8 LET’S PRACTICE
The playful lions are enjoying the cool weather.
Find the Adjective(s)
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6-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Find the Adjective(s)
The long movie bored my impatient friend.
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6-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Cows are farm animals, but lions are wild animals.
Find the Adjective(s)
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6-9 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
I use a computer mouse.
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6-9 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
(a) Kids love water slides.
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6-9 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
(a) Kids love water slides.
(b) The night market has fruits and vegetables.
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6-9 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
(a) Kids love water slides.
(b) The night market has fruits and vegetables.
(c) waters slides
(d) a nights market
noun used as adjective singular
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He is writing a report about his research.Nouns?
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He is writing a report about his research.
It is a ________ report.
Nouns
research
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
We use computers in the lab.Nouns?
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
We use computers in the lab.
It is a _________ lab.
Nouns
computer
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He is a clown in the circus.
Nouns ?
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6-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He is a clown in the circus.
He is a ______ clown.
Nouns
circus
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
Gina is running fast.
She is late for work.
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS:
OBJECT PRONOUNS:
PERSONAL PRONOUNSI we you he, she, it they
me us you him, her, it them
(a) Emma is a professor. She has a PhD.
(b) Bill is a kind person. I like him very much.
Emma sheBill him
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS:
OBJECT PRONOUNS:
PERSONAL PRONOUNSI we you he, she, it they
me us you him, her, it them
(c) Marcela has a new blue car. It is nice.
new blue car it
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS:
OBJECT PRONOUNS:
PERSONAL PRONOUNSI we you he, she, it they
me us you him, her, it them
(d) Ahmid and I are teachers.
(e) Mary met Ahmid and me at our school.
(f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me.
S
pronoun part of subject subject pronounpronoun part of object object pronoun
O
O of PREP
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
(d) Ahmid and I are teachers.
(e) Mary also works with Ahmid and me.
(f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me.
pronoun part of subject subject pronounpronoun part of object object pronoun
Ahmid and me are teachers.
Mary works with Ahmid and I.
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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
SINGULAR PRONOUNS:
PLURAL PRONOUNS:
I me you he, she, it him, her we us you they them
(g) Emma works hard. She is a good teacher.
(h) The exams are long. They can be difficult.
(i) My husband and I like to travel. We often fly.
singular pronouns singular nounsplural pronoun plural nouns
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6-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Ime
Do you want to go for a walk with Spot and ___ ?me
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6-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Ime
Waldo and ___ usually walk him at night.I
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6-10 LET’S PRACTICE
theythem
I bought some peaches at the store.
I will serve ____ for dessert tonight.them
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
I try to remember my classmates’
names.
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name?
‘
PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names?PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names?
‘‘
SINGULAR
(d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name
(e) Miles Miles’/Miles’s name
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
SINGULAR
(d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name
(e) Miles Miles’/Miles’ name
SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s
two possibilities
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name?
‘
PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names?PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names?
‘‘
PLURAL
(f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names
(g) men men’s names children the children’s names
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
PLURAL
(f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names
(g) men men’s names children the children’s names
PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + -s + apostrophe
IRREGULAR PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s
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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
COMPARE
(h) Camilla’s here.
(i) Camilla’s son is here.
Camilla’s = Camilla + is
Camilla’s = a possessive
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6-11 LET’S PRACTICE
The __________ drawing is almost complete.engineer’s
1. engineer’s2. engineers’
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6-11 LET’S PRACTICE
1. engineer’s2. engineers’
The __________ drawingis for a new symphony hall.
engineers’
Sometimes people workin teams.
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6-11 LET’S PRACTICE
The __________ drawingsare almost complete.
engineers’
A project may require multiple drawings.
1. engineer’s2. engineers’
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6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
That suitcase is mine.
It is my suitcase.
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6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
The suitcase belongs to me.
(a) It’s mine.(b) It is my suitcase.
same meaning
possessive pronounpossessive adjective
99used alone used only with a noun
6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
(c) I have mine. I have my suitcase.(d) You have yours. You have your suitcase.(e) She has hers. She has her suitcase.(f) He has his. He has his suitcase.(g) We have ours. We have our suitcases.(h) You have yours. You have your suitcase.(i) They have theirs. They have their suitcases.(j) -------- I have a suitcase. Its handle is broken.
POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS ADJECTIVES
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6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
COMPARE its vs. it’s:
its = a possessive adjective
it’s = contraction of it + is
(k) I read a great book. Its title is Moby Dick.
(l) It’s wonderful to read a good book.
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6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
(m) The travelers have their suitcases.
(n) The suitcases are over there.
(o) They’re very heavy.
COMPARE their vs. there vs. they’re
possessive adjective
an expression of place
they + are
sound the
same
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6-12 LET’S PRACTICE
it’sits
The elephant is spraying sand on ___ back
with ___ trunk. ___ fun to watch!It’s
its
its
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6-12 LET’S PRACTICE
People should cover _____
mouths when they sneeze.
their
her there their
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6-12 LET’S PRACTICE
1. their2. there3. they’re
This team is working on a report. _____ boss wants it by tomorrow. ______ working as fast as possible. They can finish on time if _____ aren’t any new problems.
TheirThey’re
there
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6-13 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
They can see themselves
in the water.
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6-13 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
subject & object are same person
myself (a) I can see myself in the water.yourself (b) You saw yourself.herself (c) She saw herself.himself (d) He saw himself.itself (e) It saw itself.ourselves (f) We saw ourselves.yourselves (g) You saw yourselves.themselves (h) They saw themselves.
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6-13 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
by + reflexive pronoun = alone
(i) Angela is lonely when she eats out by herself.
(j) Sometimes I enjoy eating by myself.
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6-13 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
enjoy (and other verbs) reflexive pronoun
(k) Angela usually enjoys herself.
pinch yourself be proud of yourself
kill yourself
help yourselfblame yourself
teach yourself
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6-13 LET’S PRACTICE
myselfyourselfherselfitself
ourselves
We all enjoy seeing old
pictures of _________.ourselves
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6-13 LET’S PRACTICE
myselfyourselfherself
ourselvesthemselves
When people talk on cell
phones, it can look as if
they are talking
to __________.themselves
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6-13 LET’S PRACTICE
myselfyourselfherselfitself
ourselves
If cities had eyes, this one
could see ______ in the water.itself
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6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
May I have another piece of pizza?
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another – “one more of a group”
another = an + other
6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
ANOTHER
(a) I already ate one cookie, but I want another one.
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the other – “last one in a
specific group”
6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
THE OTHER
(b) I’ll eat one cookie. I’ll give you the other one.
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6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
(c) He ate one cookie. another cookie.another one.another.
Then he ate
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6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
(c) He ate one cookie. another cookie.another one.another.
Then he ate
(d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie.the other one.the other.
Then he ate
Simone, the animation for part (c) works, but we need to get rid of the animation and cookies for part (d)
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another, the other can beadjectives noun
6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
THE OTHER
(c) He ate one cookie. another cookie.another one.another.
Then he ate
(d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie.the other one.the other.
Then he ate
or alone as pronouns
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6-14 LET’S PRACTICE
My TV broke, so I bought _______ one.
anotherthe other
another
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6-14 LET’S PRACTICE
Here are two animals.
One is a guinea pig; _______ is a mouse.
anotherthe other
the other
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6-14 LET’S PRACTICE
Here are three animals.
One is a guinea pig.
________ is an elephant.
________ is a dog.
anotherthe other
The other
Another
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6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)
There are other paintings in Mary’s
studio.
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6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)
There are many paintings in Mary’s studio. Mary isworking on one of them.
(a) There are other paintings on the wall.
(b) There are other ones on the chair.
(adjective) + (noun)
(adjective) + (ones)
several more out of a groupother + plural noun or ones
OTHER(S)
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6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)
(c) There are others on the wall.(pronoun)
others = other paintings
OTHER(S)
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6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)
There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them.
(d) Lin is going to buy the other paintings.
(e) Lin is going to buy the other ones.(adjective) + (noun)
last ones in a group
THE OTHER(S)
the other + (noun or ones)
(adjective) + (ones)
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6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)
There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them.
(f) Lin is going to buy the others.
THE OTHER(S)
(pronoun)
the others = other paintings
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6-15 LET’S PRACTICE
One of these fruits is a lemon,
and _______ is a pear.the other
otherothers
the otherthe others
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6-15 LET’S PRACTICE
One of these fruits is an orange;
________ are both apples.the others
otherothers
the otherthe others
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I ate one kebab, but I’m still hungry.
I want to eat ________ one.
6-15 LET’S PRACTICE
another
anotherotherothers
the otherthe others
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6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
Another cookie, please.
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6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
SINGULARADJECTIVE
I think I’ll have another cookie.
SINGULAR PRONOUN
I’ll have another
too, please.
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6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
PLURALADJECTIVE
The chocolate ones are good, but I like the other cookies better.
SINGULAR PRONOUN
Some of the cookies are chocolate; others
are vanilla creme.
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6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
Ben will eat one cookie and leave the other cookie for Rachel.
SINGULARADJECTIVE
Ben will eat one and leave the other for Rachel.
SINGULARPRONOUN
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Jill will eat one and leave the others for Ahmed.
6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
Jill will eat one cookie and leave the other cookies for Ahmed.
PLURALADJECTIVE
PLURALPRONOUN
other + -s only as a plural pronoun
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6-16 LET’S PRACTICE
One of our friends wants to go to the movies.
_________ wants to go dancing.
_________ want to stay home and play video games.
Another
The others
other the otherothers the othersanother
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6-16 LET’S PRACTICE
Two of the triplets are girls.
_________ is a boy.The other
other the otherothers the othersanother
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6-16 LET’S PRACTICE
One thing to do for good
health is to eat healthy food.
_______ one is to have hobbies.
_______ things include exercising
and sleeping well. A very important
one is not to smoke.
Another
Other
other the otherothers the othersanother
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